Gear measurements:- MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY

1.1. MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY

2.2. GUIDED BY:- D.K.PATEL NAME ENROLLMENT NO PATEL JAIMIN 150280119080 PARMAR
ASHISH 150280119068 4TH SEMESTER B1 BATCH
3.3.  Gear is an mechanical device used for transmission of power and motion  Gears can also be used to
achieve variable speeds by using different drives  They transmit power by meshing with other gear 
Manufactured precisely and accurately  There are mainly two types of profiles are used for manufacturing of
the gear teeth. They are 1) Involute profile 2) Cycloidal profile
4.4. 1) Involute Profile: Involute gear design was designed Leonhard Euler it is defined as the locus of a point on
a straight line which rolls around the cylinder without slipping
5.5. 2) Cycloidal Profile: It is defined as the curve traced by a point on the circumference of the circle which rolls
without slipping on a fixed straight line
6.6. TERMINOLOGY OF GEAR TEETH 1)PITCH CIRCLE: It is an imaginary circle by which pure rolling
action. Would give the same motion as the actual gear 2)PITCH CIRCLE DIAMETER: It is the diameter of the
circle which by pure rolling action would produce the same motion as the toothed gear. 3)PRESSURE ANGLE: It
is the angle between the common normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and the common tangent at the
pitch point 4)ADDENDUM: It is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the tip of the tooth 5)DEDENDUM:
It is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth Dedendum=Addendum + Clearance
7.7. 6) CLEARANCE: it is defined as the radial distance from tip of a tooth to the bottom of the mating tooth
space 7) FACE OF TOOTH: It is that part of the tooth surface which is above the pitch surface 8) FLANK OF
THE TOOTH: It is that part of the tooth surface which is lying below the pitch surface 9) CIRCULAR PITCH: it
is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding
point on the adjacent tooth 10) DIAMETRICAL PITCH: It is the ratio of number of teeth on the pitch circle to
the diameter of the pitch circle Pd=T/D 11) MODULE: It is the ratio of pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the
number of teeth m=D/T
8.8. 12) TOTAL DEPTH: It is the radial distance between the addendum and dedendum circle 13) TOOTH
THICKNESS: it is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle from the intercept with one flank to its
intercept with the other flank of the same tooth 14) FACE WIDTH: It is the width of the gear tooth measured
parallel to its axis 15) WORKING DEPTH: it is the radial distance from addendum circle to the clearance circle
16) BACKLASH: It is the difference between the tooth space and the mating tooth thickness
9.9. GEAR MEASUREMENT Gears are the devices meant for power transmission. For proper working the gears
should be measured and inspected in each steps as: Raw materials. Machining the blanks. Heat treatment.
The cutting and finishing operations. The accuracy depends on:  The measuring equipment available. 
Errors in the tooth surface finish
10.10. GEAR INSPECTION Inspecting the dimensions and the surface for getting a designed thread. Two types
Analytical: slow process which check all individual elements. Less preferred Functional: carrying out running
test with master and deciding. Much preferred
11.11. MEASUREMENT OF TOOTH THICKNESS Defined as the length of an arc, which is difficult to
measure directly. This is the most important measurement a gear should undergo. The tooth thickness is
generally measured at pitch circle and is therefore, the pitch line thickness of tooth.  Gear tooth thickness varies
from the tip of the base circle of the tooth, The instrument must be capable of measuring the tooth thickness at a
specified position on the tooth.
12.12.  Mounting the gear between the bench centers, placing a standard roller in each tooth space and
measuring the deviation using a dial indicator  Using a projector in which case the teeth are brought against a
stop and each image of the tooth on the screen should coincide with a line on the screen  Using a gear testing
fixture fitted with a spring loaded slide and dial indicator, in which the spring exerts a constant pressure on the
mating teeth and the movements of the dial indicator gives the measure of the eccentricity of the teeth
13.13.  Tooth thickness is generally measured along the pitch circle and is therefore the pitch line thickness of
the tooth  Following are various methods of measuring the gear tooth thickness a) Measurement of tooth
thickness by gear tooth Vernier caliper b) Constant chord method c) Base tangent method d) Measurement by
dimension over pins
14.14. MEASUREMENT BY GEAR TOOTH VERNIER CALLIPER It’s very conveniently measured by a
gear tooth vernier caliper. The gear tooth vernier has two vernier scales and they are set for the width (w) of the
tooth and the depth (d) from the top.  Each of which is adjusted independently by adjusting screw on graduated
bars. It measures the tooth thickness at the pitch line. It can also measure chordal addendum, the distance
from top to chord.  Only used to verify the theoretical measurements.
15.15. GEAR TOOTH VERNIER CALLIPER
16.16. In fig. w=AB=2AD <AOD=x=360° 4N , Where N is the no.of teeth w=2AD=2*AO.sin x=2R.sin 360 4𝑁
Module m= P.C.D no.of teeth =2R/N Therefore R=N.m/2 w=2 N.m 2 sin 360 4𝑁 =N.m.sin 90 𝑁 Also d=OC-OD
But OC=OE+addendum=R+m=(Nm/2)+m And OD=Rcos 𝑥= 𝑁𝑚 2 cos 90 𝑁 Therefore d= 𝑁𝑚 2 + 𝑚 − 𝑁𝑚 2
cos 90 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑚 2 1 + 2 𝑁 − cos 90 𝑁
17.17. • This method is simple and inexpensive. • However it needs different setting for a variation in number of
teeth for a given pitch. • Accuracy is limited by the least count of instrument. • The wear during use is
concentrated on the two jaws. • The calliper has to be calibrated at regular intervals to maintain the accuracy of
measurement. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
18.18. CONSTANT CHORD METHOD Defined as “The chord joining those points, on opposite faces of
tooth, which make contact with the mating teeth when the centerline of the tooth lies on the line of the gear
centers”. Constant chord measured where the tooth flank touches the flank of the basic rack. The teeth of the
rack are straight and inclined to their Centre line at the pressure angle. Tooth thickness of rack along pitch line
is equal to the arc tooth thickness of gear round its pitch circle. Property used : “The gear tooth and rack space
are in contact in the symmetrical position at the points of contact of the flanks, the chord is constant at this point
irrespective of the system of gear in mesh”.
19.19. In fig. PD=PF=arc PF=1/4*circular pitch = 1 4 ∗ π∗PCD N = 1 4 ∗ π ∗ m AP is tangential to the base
circle, <CAP=x ∴ in ∆APD, AC = PD cos x = π 4 m. cos2 x C= constant chord =2AC= π 2 mcos2 x
…….................→ 1 Where x→pressure angle For helical gear , constant chord= π 2 mn cos2 xn Where
mn=NORMAL MODULE xn=NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE Now PC=APsin x= π 4 m cos x sin x ∴ d =
addendum − PC = m − π 4 m cos x sin x =m 1 − π 4 cos x sin x ……………………………………………..
….→2 for helical gear , d = mn 1 − π 4 cos xn sin xn Also PC= πm 4 sin x cos x = πm 8 sin 2x
……………………….....→3
20.20. ADVANTAGES For all number of teeth value of constant chord is same. It readily lends itself to a
form of comparator which more sensitive than the gear tooth vernier
21.21. Base Tangent Method The limitation of gear tooth Vernier calliper can be overcome by measuring the
span of a convenient number of teeth with a reviewed calliper . In this method the span of a convenient number
of teeth is measured with the help of a David brown tangent comparator or a micro meter with flanged anvils .
The anvils in the comparator are first set of the base tangent length with the help of slip gauges . The distance
is adjusted by setting the fixed anvils at a desired place with the help of locking ring and setting tubes . Then
the slip gauges are replaced by the gear which is to be measured and again the reading are taken by the
comparator as shown in figure .
22.22. Advantages  It depends only on one Vernier reading unlike gear tooth Vernier calliper where we required
too readings .  This measured values of base tangent length is less than compared with the calculated value , the
difference between the calculated value and measured value gives the error in the tooth thickness .  The number
of teeth over which the measurement is to be made for particular gear is selected from the gear Handbook .
23.23. Base tangent length=Arc AB +Arc BC Number of base pitches = S * π m cosΦ Where Φ is pressure
angle .’. Base tangent length = Arc AB + S *π m cosΦ The arc length AB can be calculated as follows: Arc AB =
2 * Arc AF =2 X(Arc AD + Arc DF) As Arc AD = involute function of Φ in radians Rbase = tan Φ – Φ .’. (tan Φ -
Φ) = Arc AD /Rbase .’. Arc AD = Rbase X (tan Φ - Φ) cos Φ = Rbase/Rpitch = Dbase/Dpitch .’. Rbase = Rpitch
X cos Φ = Nm/2 cos Φ Arc AD = Nm/2 cos Φ(tan Φ - Φ)
24.24. CUIET '13 Now ,as Arc CG = ¼ *circular pitch =1/4 X π m Θ radians = Arc CG /R pitch = ¼ πm/Nm/2 =
¼ πm X 2/Nm Θ = π/2N radians Also from figure Θ radians = Arc DF / R base Arc DF = R base X θ in radians
=Nm/2 X cos Φ X π/2N Arc AB = 2 X[ (Arc AD +Arc DF )] =2 X [(Nm/2 cos Φ)(tan Φ - Φ)+ (Nm/2 cos Φ X
π/2N)] Arc AB = Nm cos Φ [(tan Φ - Φ)+ π/2N] Base tangent length = Nm cos Φ{(tan Φ - Φ)+π/2N}+S X π m
cos Φ =N m cos Φ [(tan Φ - Φ)+ π/2N + Sπ/N]
25.25. By Dimension Over Pins A convenient method of checking tooth thickness and obtaining some indication
of some accuracy of involute profile is to measure a gear over roller placed in opposite tooth spaces . From figure
OD = circular pitch /4 =π/4 .m Angle OBD = 90 , Angle BOD = Φ = pressure angle cos Φ = OB/OD , OB = OD
cos Φ = π/4 m cos Φ Diameter of roller = 2 X OB = π/2 m cos Φ Gauging diameter over rollers M= P.C.D +
diameter of roller M= m N + π/2mcos Φ = m[N+π/2 cos Φ] If the gear has an odd number of teeth a radian
measurement with the gear between centres be carried out using a comparator with the gear .
26.26. WORKING  Two carriages one fixed and other movable are mounted on the base  The movable
carriage is spring loaded towards the fixed carriage  Two spindles are mounted in a parallel plane on each
carriage and are made to suit the bore of the gear wheels  A dial gauge is made to rest against the movable
carriage  The two gears in mesh are then rotated by hand and variations in the dial gauge readings are observed
27.27. THANK YOU