DIFFERENT

MEDIA OF THE
VISUAL ARTS
Graphic or Two-Dimensional Arts
Plastic or Three Dimensional Arts
GRAPHIC OR TWO-
DIMENSIONAL ARTS
 Drawing
 Painting
 Mosaic
 Collage
 Printmaking
DRAWING (CONT.)
PENCILS

 Made of graphite
 Different in hardness
 Soft to hard
 Thick to needle-like
 Labelled 2B, 4B, 6B that indicates the softness of the
lead
DRAWING (CONT.)
PENCILS

 Produce different kinds of

lines and variety of tones.
 Depends on the sharpness
of the pencil point
 There are different
shading techniques:
DRAWING (CONT.)
Hatching

- Drawing a series of
thin parallel lines that
run in the same
direction.
DRAWING (CONT.)
Cross-hatching
Drawing a series of
thin parallel lines and
crisscrossing it with
another-set of thin
parallel lines.
Creates a tone that is
darker than hatching
DRAWING (CONT.)
Stippling

- Using the sharp

point of the pencil to
make dot patterns to
create depth in some
parts of the drawing.
DRAWING (CONT.)
Blending

- At times
accomplished by
using the finger or
paper stump to
gradually change the
tone from dark to
light
DRAWING (CONT.)
INK

 One of the oldest material

for drawing
 Great variety of qualities
depending on tools and
technique
DRAWING (CONT.)
INK

 Pen and ink are

characterized by
controlled and uniform
lines
 Used in making beautiful
handwritings produced in
calligraphy
DRAWING (CONT.)
PASTEL

 Composed of dry pigment

held together by a gum
binder and compressed
into sticks
 Three kinds of pastel:
soft, hard and oil pastel
DRAWING (CONT.)
PASTEL

 The difference between

soft and hard is the
amount of binder in the
material
 For oil pastel, the binder
is oil.
DRAWING (CONT.)
PASTEL

 Finished work must be

sprayed with a fixative to
prevent the pigment from
rubbing off and
destroying the work.
 Some pastel techniques
are:
DRAWING (CONT.)
STIPPLING

 Is using pastel of different

colors to produce small
marks, thus creating a
pattern.
DRAWING (CONT.)
FEATHERING

 Is using the point of the

pastel to make parallel
strokes creating a
feather-like effect.
 DRAWING (CONT.)
SCUMBLING

 Is like layering but using

pastel.

 Side of the pastel is lightly

drawn on top of an existing

color but still making the
color of the first layer visible.
DRAWING (CONT.)
IMPASTO

 Is the technique of thickly

applying the pastel by
pressing it hard on the
paper creating an opaque
effect
DRAWING (CONT.)
SGRAFITTO

 Is applying a thick deposit

of pastel on the support
then using a blunt pen,
scrapes it off to reveal
the underlying color and
create design.
DRAWING (CONT.)
CHARCOAL

 Organic medium that comes

from burnt woods.

 Two kinds of charcoal:

compressed and vine

charcoal
DRAWING (CONT.)
CHARCOAL

 Compressed/Manufactured
charcoal is made from loose
charcoal mixed with binder
and pressed into sticks
 Vine charcoal comes in thin
sticks that is easy to blend
and erase
DRAWING (CONT.)
PAPER

 Most common surface used

in two-dimensional art.
 Organic material made from
wood, grass and linen rags.
 Cellulosepulp from these
sources undergo a process.
DRAWING (CONT.)
PAPER

 Three types of paper

 Hot-pressed paper- smooth
 Cold-pressed paper-
moderate texture
 Rough paper has the most
texture (tooth).
PAINTING
 Described as the art of
creating beautiful effects
on a flat surface.
 Applying paint onto a
smooth surface like
paper, cloth, canvas,
wood or plaster.
 PAINTING
Pigment
 Part of the paint that gives
the color.
 Fine powder which was
grounded from clay, stone,
mineral, vegetable matter
or produced by a chemical
process.
PAINTING
The following are the different media used for
painting:
 Watercolor
 Gouache
 Oil Paints
 Tempera
 Fresco
 Acrylic
PAINTING
Watercolor
 the pigment are mixed
with water and applied to
paper.
 Applied in layers and
made brighter by
additional application
after the first layer.
PAINTING
Watercolor

 This technique is called

layering.
 Paper is the most
commonly used ground
for watercolor.
PAINTING
Gouache
 Paint in which the
pigment has been mixed
with water and added a
chalk-like material to
give it an opaque
PAINTING
Oil Paints
 the pigment are mixed
with oil as its binder.
 Discovered by a Flemish
painter Jan Van Eyck in
the 15th century.
 Ideal surface are canvas
and wood.
PAINTING
Oil Paints
 Can apply oil paint in thin
glazes of smooth subtle
strokes or thick impasto
to produce a rough
surface which gives the
work the element of
texture
PAINTING
Oil Paints
 Is a dense painting
medium. Gives rich,
beautiful color.
 Slow to dry which allows
the painting to be
changed and worked over
before drying completely.
PAINTING
Oil Paints
 It has its disadvantages.
 Oil in the paint tends to
rise to surface and forms
a film that makes the
colors dull and yellow as
it ages.
PAINTING
Tempera
 the pigment are mixed
with egg yolk (sometimes
with the white) as binder.
 Sometimes gum or glue
is used in place of egg.
 Ideal surface is wood.
PAINTING
Tempera
 It dries quickly and the
colors do not dull or
yellow with age.
 It is difficult to spread on
large areas
PAINTING
Fresco
 the pigment are mixed
with water and applied
on a portion of the wall
with wet plaster.
 Wet plaster allows the
color to stick to the
surface.
PAINTING
Fresco
 Mural refers to massive
paintings on walls/ceiling.
 May be purely decorative
or may be commissioned
for religious or didactic
purposes
PAINTING
Fresco
 Is an exacting medium;
 There is no possibility of
rubbing out or of
changing the design once
the work has started.
PAINTING
Acrylic
 Modern medium of
synthetic paint using
acrylic emulsion as
binder
 Quick drying quality of
watercolor and flexible as
oil paint
MOSAIC
 Made of small tiles or
irregularly cut pieces of
colored stones or glass
called tesserae.
 Meticulously fitted
together to form a
pattern and glued with
plaster or cement.
MOSAIC
 Can be found in
churches/ public
buildings
 Can be done on paper or
cardboard using seeds,
egg shells, punched art
paper and beads glued to
a pattern or drawing
COLLAGE
 Derived from a French
word ‘coller’ which means
to stick
 Technique by gluing or
pasting on a firm support
materials or found objects.
 It may be purely aesthetic
or sentimental
COLLAGE
 Examples of materials are
pieces of cloth, buttons,
old photographs, dry
leaves or flowers, twigs,
shells etc.
 Collage as graphic art
was introduced by
Picasso and Braque, both
cubist artists.
PRINTMAKING
 Process used for making
reproductions of graphic
works.
 The result of the
impression created by the
plate on the surface is
called a print.
 There are several
techniques:
PRINTMAKING
Relief Printing (Raised)
 Oldest method
 Involves cutting away
certain parts of the
surface, usually a block
of wood.
 Leaving the raised part to
produce the image.
 PRINTMAKING
Intaglio Printing
(Depressed)
 Opposite of relief printing
 The incised or ‘depressed’
part is the image.
 Examples are dry point ad
etching
PRINTMAKING
Surface Printing (Flat)
 Includes all process in
which printing is done
from a flat surface.
 Serigraphy or silk
screening
PLASTIC OR THREE-
DIMENSIONAL ART
 Sculpture
 Architecture
SCULPTURE
 Originated from the Latin
word ‘sculpere,’ which
means to carve.
 Defined as the practice of
creating three-
dimensional forms or
figures.
SCULPTURE
 Described as having
length, width and
volume.
 Sculptures are of three
kinds:
SCULPTURE
Freestanding (in the
round)

 Sculpture which can be

viewed from all sides.
SCULPTURE
Relief
 Sculptures in which the
figures project from a
background
 There are two variations
of relief sculptures:
SCULPTURE
Relief

Low Relief (bas relief)

Slightly raised or
projected from its
background, less shadows
are created.
SCULPTURE
Relief

High Relief
Almost half of the figures
project from its
background, more
shadows are created.
SCULPTURE
Kinetic (mobiles)

Capable of movement by
wind, water or other forms
of energy.
PROCESS OF CREATING
SCULPTURE
1. Subtractive Process

 Removing or cutting away

pieces of the material to
form the figure.
 Removing pieces of the
material is like ‘freeing’
the figure.
PROCESS OF CREATING
SCULPTURE
2. Additive Process

 Construction of a figure
by putting together bits
of the material
 Welding together metal
parts to create figures
 Modeling and assembling.
PROCESS OF CREATING
SCULPTURE
3. Process of Substitution

 Known as casting.
 Using a mold to produce a
3D figure in another
material.
 Material should be liquid
form
 PROCESS OF CREATING
SCULPTURE
3. Process of
Substitution

 There are three types of

casting:
 sand-casting
 plastic casting
 lost-wax casting
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Stone
 Natural medium
 Hard and permanent
 Last for many years
 Marble is the most
beautiful stone for
sculpture
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Stone
 Marble is mined and
comes in variety of colors
and grain
 Main source of marble is
the province of Romblon.
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Wood
 Also a natural medium
 Easier to work on
compare to stone
 Varies in hardness and
durability
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Wood
 Best wood for sculpture
are Molave, Acacia, Ipil,
Kamagong and Bamboo
 Major weakness is
moisture.
 Different techniques to
protect the wood
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Metal
 Used because of its three
unique qualities.

 Tensile strength
 Ductility
 malleability
 DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Metal
 Two ways of sculpture is
through assembling and
casting
 Ideal metals are alloys
that contain combination
of elements
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Metal

Stainless steel
 Known as Inox steel.
 Does not rust or stain
when exposed to
moisture and water
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Metal

Bronze
 Tin and copper
 Reddish-brown and
corrode if constantly
exposed to water and
exposure
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Metal

Brass
 Copper and zinc
 Gives yellowish golden color
 More malleable than bronze
 Lower melting point
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Plaster/ Plaster of Paris
 Finely ground gypsum
mixed with water and
poured into a mold
 Dries quickly depending
on the size of the mold.
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Terra cotta (cooked earth)

 Baked clay or clay fired in

a kiln at high temperature.
 Firing causes the moisture
to evaporate hardening
the clay
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Terra cotta (cooked
earth)

 Clay can be molded into

any form before it is
baked.
 Major weakness is its
fragility; it breaks easily
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Glass
 Made by heating &
cooling of sand and soda
lime
 Can be transparent,
translucent or opaque.
 Can be made using the
following techniques
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Glass

Hot sculpting
using a metal rod to
gather the molten glass
from the furnace and
shapes it using another
tool.
 DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Glass
Cold working

using cold hardened glass.

Involves sandblasting,
engraving, polishing and
grinding to create the
sculpture of glass.
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Glass

Glass blowing
Gathering the molten
glass from furnace
using a blowpipe.
DIFFERENT MEDIA OF
SCULPTURE
Plastic
 Synthetic medium from
organic polymers
 Itssoft and can be
molded into form
 Usually reproductions of
original work.
ARCHITECTURE
 Art of designing
buildings and other
structure which will
serve a definite
function.
 Structures would range
from the simplest
shelter to high rise
structure.
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
Post and Lintel
 Oldest construction
system
 Make use of two vertical
support (post) spanned
by horizontal beam
(lintel)
 Invented by the Greeks.
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
Arch
 Roman invention
 Consists of separate
pieces of wedge-shaped
blocks called voussoirs
arranged in a semi-
circle.
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
Arch
 Most important part of
the arch is the keystone
 stone at the top center
that locks the pieces
together into a single
curved and structure
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
Principle of the Arch

Barrel Vault
Placed directly behind
another to produce a
structure similar to tunnel.
Has 2 openings one on
each end
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
Principle of the Arch

Groin Vault
Formed by intersecting
arches resulting in four
openings
The area at the center is
called a bay.
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
Principle of the Arch

Dome
Structure with the shape
of an inverted cup.
series of arches rising
from consecutive points
on the base called the
drum.
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
Truss
 System of triangular
forms assembled to
form a rigid framework.
 Used in bridges,
theaters, and roofs
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
Cantilever
 use of beam/slab that
extends horizontally into
space beyond its
supporting post.
 Constructed to be strong
enough to support floors
and walls
CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE
Buttress
 Built as a support for the
wall
 Most in European
churches buttress built to
support the dome called
flying buttress.
MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
Stones and Bricks
 Favored over other
materials.
 Durability and
adaptability to sculptural
treatment and use for
building simple
structures.
MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
Lumber (wood)
 All parts of a building can
be constructed using
wood except the
foundation
 Disadvantage are
susceptibility to fire,
molds and termites.
 MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
Lumber (wood)
 Strength of wood in both
tension and compression
arises from its organic
nature
 It gives internal structure of
longitudinal and radial fibers
MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
Iron and Steel
 Produce a greater
unsupported spans
over openings in the
interior or exterior
spaces.
MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
Concrete
 A mixture of cement and
water with aggregates of
sand and gravel.
 Hardens rapidly resulting
to fire resisting solid of
great compressive
strength
 MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE
Concrete
 Can be poured into forms
while wet to produce great
variety of structural
elements.
 Provides an economical
substitute for traditional
materials
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