Jhoan Rhea L. Pizon, PHD

Jhoan Rhea L.
Pizon, PhD
TOPICS
 Dalton’s atomic theory
 Basic laws of matter
 Atomic structure
 Subatomic particles (protons, electrons, neutrons)
 Molecules and ions
 Chemical formulas
 Naming compounds
Atomic theory of matter
 Atoms are fundamental
building blocks of matter re
emerged in the early 19th
century by John Dalton
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical top one another in mass
and properties, but the atom of one element is different from the
atoms of all other elements.
3. Atom of an element is not changed into atom of different element by
chemical reactions; atoms are neither created nor destroyed in
chemical reactions.
4. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element
combine; a given compound always has the same relative number and
kind of atoms.
H2O
LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION (Law of Definite Proportion)
-elemental composition of a pure substance never varies

BASIC LAWS OF MATTER
A. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
-Mass is neither nor created during chemical reactions or physical

changes
-established by Antoine Lavoisier
A. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
If heating 10 grams of CaCO3 produces 4.4 g of CO2 and 5.6 g of CaO, show
that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of
mass.
SOLUTION
Mass of the products: 10g

Mass of the reactants: 4.4g+5.6g=10g
Because the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of

the products, the observations are in agreement with the
law of conservation of mass.
2. LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTION
A chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same

proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of
the compound
-Joseph Proust
2. LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTION
e.g. Water
-whatever is the amount or source of water, the ratio of
hydrogen and oxygen remains the same
3. LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
When two elements combine to form

more than one compound, the mass of
one element, which combines with a
fixed mass of the other element, will
always be ratios of whole numbers.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 All matter is composed of atoms.
Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the

properties of matter.
ATOM
-smallest unit of element
-consist of central nucleus

surrounded by one or more
electrons
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
NUCLEUS
-central part
-composed of protons and neutrons
-contains most of an atom’s mass
PROTON
-positively charged particles
-found within atomic nucleus
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
NEUTRON
-uncharged particle
-found within an atomic nucleus
ELECTRON
-negatively charged
-located in shells that surround
an atom’s nucleus
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS NUMBER,
What makes an atom of one element different from another element?
-SUBATOMIC COMPOSITIONS
total number of protons + electrons in the atom
no. of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element An element is symbolized by one

or two letters
Mass number is always greater than atomic number (except 11H) First letter- always capital
Second letter (if there is one- lower
case
No. of electrons= no. of protons H, O, C,
Mass number- atomic number= no. of neutrons Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe

ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS NUMBER,
Atomic Weight vs Atomic Mass
ISOTOPES
-atoms of the same element which contains the same number of
protons but different number of neutrons
Same P, different N
Mass number- atomic number= no. of

neutrons
ISOTOPES
-based on their mass
-sum of protons and neutrons
This carbon atom has a mass of

12:
6 protons + 6 neutrons
Thus, this isotope is 12C:
C for carbon, 12 for its mass

ISOTOPES
Two other isotopes of carbon exist in addition to 12C. They are:
ISOTOPES
MOLECULE
-aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held
together by chemical forces
Diatomic molecule- only two atoms
Polyatomic molecule- more than two atoms

ION
-atom or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge
CATION- positive charge ANION- negative charge

If a neutral atom loses one If a neutral atom gains one or more
or more electrons it electrons, it becomes an anion
becomes a cation
CATION and ANION
ION
MONOATOMIC ION
-one atom
POLYATOMIC ION
-more than one atom
Next meeting…
 Chemical Formula
 Naming Compounds
 Stoichiometry
BRING PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

CHEMICAL FORMULAS
-shows the number of atoms of each element in the molecule
Consists of symbols for the elements that make up the molecule, each
followed by a number
We should know first the charges of an element, if cation or anion

CHEMICAL FORMULAS
The chemical formula of an element is simply its symbol
NAMING COMPOUNDS
 Binary Compounds
-composed of two elements
 Binary Ionic Compounds
-metal-nonmetal
 Binary Covalent Compounds
-nonmetal-non metal
NAMING COMPOUNDS
 Binary ionic compounds contain
positive cations and negative
ions
 Type I compounds
-metal present forms only one
cation
 Type II compounds
-metal present can form 2 or
more cations with different charges
Naming Compounds
TYPE I COMPOUNDS
Metals (Groups I, II, and III) and Non-metals

Naming Compounds
RULES FOR NAMING TYPE I IONIC COMPOUNDS
1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.

2. A simple cation takes its name from the name of the element.
3. A simple anion is named by taking the first part of the element
name (the root) and adding –ide.
Naming Compounds
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS (Type I)
Naming Compounds
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS (Type I)
What is the name of the compound SrBr2?
Strontium and bromine
a. Strontium bromine
b. Sulfur bromide
c. Strontium dibromide
d. Strontium bromide
Naming Compounds
BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS (Type II)
Metals in these compounds form more than one type of

positive charge.
Charge on the metal ion must be specified
Roman numeral indicates the charge of the metal cation
Transition metal cations usually require a Roman

numeral.
Naming Compounds
Naming Compounds
Common Type II Cations
Naming Compounds
Rules for Naming Type II Ionic Compounds
1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.

2. Because the cation can assume more than one charge, the charge is
specified by a Roman numeral in parentheses
Naming Compounds
 BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS (TYPE II)
Naming Compounds
 TYPE III BINARY COMPOUNDS (non-metal and non-metal)
RULES FOR NAMING:

1. The first element in the formula is named first, and the full element
name is used
2. The second element is named as tough it were an anion
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.
4. The prefix mono- is never used for naming the first element.
Naming Compounds
 TYPE III COMPOUNDS (non metal and non metal)
Use prefixes such as mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, etc.
Naming Compounds
Prefixes used to indicate numbers in chemical names
Naming Compounds

Naming Compounds
FLOW CHART FOR NAMING BINARY COMPOUNDS
Naming Compounds
 POLYATOMIC IONS
-charged entities composed of several atoms bound together
-have special names and must be memorized
Naming Compounds
POLYATOMIC IONS
Naming ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions follows rules

similar to those for binary compounds
Naming Compounds
 POLYATOMIC IONS
Naming Compounds
OVERALL STRATEGY FOR NAMING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Naming Compounds
 ACIDS
-can be recognized by the hydrogen that appears first in the
formula- HCl
-molecule with one or more H+ ions attached to an anion
Naming Compounds
 ACIDS
Rules for naming:

If the anion does not contain oxygen, the acid is named with the prefix
hydro- and the suffix –ic attached to the root name for the element
Naming Compounds
 ACIDS
Naming Compounds
 ACIDS
Rules for naming:
If the anion contains oxygen:

The suffix –ic is added to the root name if the anion ends in –ate
Naming Compounds
 ACIDS
Rules for naming:
If the anion contains oxygen:

The suffix –ous is added to the root name if the anion ends in
–ite
Naming Compounds
ACIDS
Naming Compounds
 FLOWCHART FOR NAMING ACIDS

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LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION (Law of Definite Proportion)

-elemental composition of a pure substance never varies

-Mass is neither nor created during chemical reactions or physical

Mass of the products: 10g

Because the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of

A chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same

When two elements combine to form

 All matter is composed of atoms.

Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the

-consist of central nucleus

total number of protons + electrons in the atom

no. of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element An element is symbolized by one

No. of electrons= no. of protons H, O, C,

Mass number- atomic number= no. of neutrons Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe

Mass number- atomic number= no. of

This carbon atom has a mass of

Thus, this isotope is 12C:

C for carbon, 12 for its mass

Diatomic molecule- only two atoms

Polyatomic molecule- more than two atoms

CATION- positive charge ANION- negative charge

BRING PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

We should know first the charges of an element, if cation or anion

Metals (Groups I, II, and III) and Non-metals

1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.

What is the name of the compound SrBr2?

Strontium and bromine

Metals in these compounds form more than one type of

Charge on the metal ion must be specified

Roman numeral indicates the charge of the metal cation

Transition metal cations usually require a Roman

1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.

RULES FOR NAMING:

 TYPE III BINARY COMPOUNDS (non-metal and non-metal)

Naming ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions follows rules

Rules for naming:

Rules for naming:

If the anion contains oxygen:

Rules for naming:

If the anion contains oxygen:

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