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    Concentrations of Solutions 2018

    Uploaded by

    Likith Kumar Likith
    Here are the solutions to the concentration problems: 1a) To prepare 280.0 mL of a 27% v/v ethanol solution: - Calculate the volume of ethanol needed: 27% of 280 mL is 0.27 * 280 mL = 75.6 mL - Add 75.6 mL ethanol to a volumetric flask - Fill the flask to the 280 mL line with water 1b) To prepare 435 mL of a 1.8% v/v ethyl acetate solution: - Calculate the volume of ethyl acetate needed: 1.8% of 435 mL is 0.018 * 435 mL = 7.83 mL - Add 7.83 mL ethyl acetate to a volumetric flask -

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Concentrations of Solutions 2018

    Uploaded by

    Likith Kumar Likith
    677 views31 pages
    Here are the solutions to the concentration problems: 1a) To prepare 280.0 mL of a 27% v/v ethanol solution: - Calculate the volume of ethanol needed: 27% of 280 mL is 0.27 * 280 mL = 75.6 mL - Add 75.6 mL ethanol to a volumetric flask - Fill the flask to the 280 mL line with water 1b) To prepare 435 mL of a 1.8% v/v ethyl acetate solution: - Calculate the volume of ethyl acetate needed: 1.8% of 435 mL is 0.018 * 435 mL = 7.83 mL - Add 7.83 mL ethyl acetate to a volumetric flask -

    Original Description:

    mole fraction

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    Here are the solutions to the concentration problems: 1a) To prepare 280.0 mL of a 27% v/v ethanol solution: - Calculate the volume of ethanol needed: 27% of 280 mL is 0.27 * 280 mL = 75.6 mL - Add 75.6 mL ethanol to a volumetric flask - Fill the flask to the 280 mL line with water 1b) To prepare 435 mL of a 1.8% v/v ethyl acetate solution: - Calculate the volume of ethyl acetate needed: 1.8% of 435 mL is 0.018 * 435 mL = 7.83 mL - Add 7.83 mL ethyl acetate to a volumetric flask -

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    677 views31 pages

    Concentrations of Solutions 2018

    Uploaded by

    Likith Kumar Likith
    Here are the solutions to the concentration problems: 1a) To prepare 280.0 mL of a 27% v/v ethanol solution: - Calculate the volume of ethanol needed: 27% of 280 mL is 0.27 * 280 mL = 75.6 mL - Add 75.6 mL ethanol to a volumetric flask - Fill the flask to the 280 mL line with water 1b) To prepare 435 mL of a 1.8% v/v ethyl acetate solution: - Calculate the volume of ethyl acetate needed: 1.8% of 435 mL is 0.018 * 435 mL = 7.83 mL - Add 7.83 mL ethyl acetate to a volumetric flask -

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    Concentration of Solutions

     A solution is a homogeneous
    mixture of one substance (the
    solute) dissolved in another
    substance (the solvent).

     Solid solutions include brass,


    bronze and steel.

     Concentration is a ratio of the


    amount of solute to the amount
    of solvent.
    Most Common Types of Solutions

    Solute Solvent Appearanceof


    of Solution Example

    Gas Liquid Liquid Carbonated water

    Liquid Liquid Liquid Wine

    Solid Liquid Liquid Saline water

    Gas Gas Gas Air

    Liquid Solid Solid 14-Carat gold


    Solution Concentrations

    Volume-Volume Percentage (Percent volume)


    % volume = volume solute (mL) x 100
    volume solution (mL)

    Mass-Mass Percentage (Percent mass)


    % mass = mass solute (g) x 100
    mass solution (g)

    mass of solution = mass solvent + mass solute


    Mass-Volume Percentage

    % m/v = __mass of solute __ x 100


    volume of solution

    The label on a bottle of vinegar says it contains 5.0% w/v


    acetic acid (CH3COOH). The bottle contains 240 mL of
    vinegar. How many grams of acetic acid are in the bottle?

    240 mL x _5.0g CH3COOH_ = 12.0g CH3COOH


    100 mL solution
    Mass-Volume Percentage

     % m/v = __mass of solute __ x 100


    volume of solution

    5% = (x) (100)_
    240 L
    x = (0.05 g/mL) (240 mL)

    x = 12.0 g
    Solution Concentrations

    Example 1:
    What is the percent by volume concentration of a
    solution in which 75.0 mL of ethanol is diluted to
    a volume of 250.0 mL?

    % = 75.0 mL x 100
    250 mL

    = 30.0%
    Solution Concentrations

    Example 2:
    What volume of acetic acid is present in a bottle
    containing 350.0 mL of a solution which measures
    5.00% concentration?

    0. 05 = x ___
    350.0 mL

    x = 17.5 mL
    Solution Concentrations

    Example 3:
    Find the % by mass in which 41.0 g of NaCl is
    dissolved in 331 grams of water.

    % mass = 41.0 g x 100


    372 g

    = 11 %
    Solution Concentrations
    Example 4:
     Calculate the % of the solution that contains 20.0g of
    sugar in 250 g of water.

    %= mass of solute x 100


    mass of solute + mass of solvent

    = _ 20.0 g____ x 100


    20.0g + 250.0 g

    = 7.4 %
    Solution Concentrations
    Example 5:
     Determine the amount of NaOH dissolved in 400.0 g
    of solution that is 1.25% concentrated.

    mass of solution = 400 g


    m/m% concentration = 1.25% Req’d: mass of NaOH

    mass of solute = _mass % x mass of solution


    100

    = 1.25 % x 400 g
    100
    = 5.00 g NaOH
    Example 6:
     If 15 mL of alcohol is added to 50 mL of water, what is
    the concentration of the solution?
    Given:
    volume of alcohol = 15 mL
    volume of water = 50 mL Req’d: v/v % of sol’n

    v/v% = _______vol of alcohol______ x 100


    vol of alcohol + vol of water

    = _____15 mL____ x 100


    15mL + 50 mL

    = 23.08% or 23%
    Molarity
     Molarity (M) is the most common unit of
    concentration
     Molarity is an expression of moles/Liter of the
    solution.
    Molarity = mole
    L
     M = 5 mg_NaCl 5 mg = 0.005g
    0.5 mL 0.5 mL = 0.0005L
    = 8.6 x 10-5 mol
    0. 0005L
    = 0.17 M

    0.005 g NaCl x __1 mole_ = 8.6-5 x 10_mole


    58 g NaCl
    How to prepare 1M NaCl solution?
    Preparing Solutions
     You just calculated the molar mass of sodium
    chloride to be 58.44 g/mol.
     To determine how to make a stock solution of
    sodium chloride, use the formula:

    M = _moles of solute_
    L

    M = _g/mole_
    Liter

    g = M x L x molar mass
    Making Solutions
     How many grams of NaCl would you need to prepare
    200.0 mL of a 5 M solution?

    g = M x L x molar mass
    g = (5mol/L) (0.2L) (58.44g/mol)
    g = 58.44 g
    Diluting Solutions
    Diluting Solutions

    Often once you have made a stock solution, you


    need to dilute it to a working concentration.

    To determine how to dilute the stock solution,


    use the formula:

    C1V1 = C2V2
    C1 – concentration of stock
    C2 - concentration of diluted solution
    V1 – volume needed of stock
    V2 – final volume of dilution
    Diluting Solutions

    Example 7:
    How many milliliters of a 5 M stock solution of NaCl are
    needed to prepare 100 ml of a 0.4 M solution?

    C1 V1 = C2 V2
    (5) V1 = (0.4)(100)
    V1= 8 mL
     How would you prepare 100 mL of 0.4 M MgSO4
    from a stock solution of 2.0 M MgSO4?
    M1V1 = M2V2
    (2.0 M) (x) = (0.4 M) (100 mL)
    x = 40 M mL
    2.0 M
    = 20 mL

    Add 20 mL of 2.0 M MgSO4 to the flask and add


    water up to 100 mL mark of the flask.
     If 1.0L of water is added to 3.0 L of a 6.0 M
    solution of HCl, what is the new molarity of the
    acid solution?
    M1V1 = M2V2
    (6.0M) (3.0 L) = (x) (4.0 L)
    18.0 M L = x 4.0 L_
    4.0 L 4.0 L

    4.5 M = x
    Exercise:
    1. Describe how to prepare the following
    solutions:
     a. 280.0 mL of a 27% v/v solution of
    ethanol (C2H6O) in water?
     b. 435 mL of 1.8% v/v solution of
    Ethyl acetate (C4H8O2) in water?
    c. 1.65 L of an 8% v/v solution of
    benzene (C6H6) in chloroform
    (CHCl3)?
    2. Calculate the w/v % of each of these
    solutes:
     a. 623 mg of casein in 15.0 mL of
    milk
     b. 74 mg of vitamin C in 250 mL of
    orange juice
     c. 3.25 g of sucrose in 186 mL
    coffee
     3. A teardrop with a volume of 0.5 mL
    contains 5.0 mg NaCl. What is the
    molarity of NaCl in the teardrop?
     4. The label on the jar of a jam says it
    contains 13.0 g of sucrose
    (C12H22O11) per tablespoon (15 mL).
    What is the molarity of sucrose in the
    jam?

     5. What is the molarity (moles/Liter) when


    25.0 g of the compound NaCl is placed in
    85.0 mL of total solution?

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