Learning Area General Biology 1 Grade Level 11

W2 Quarter 2 Date
I. LESSON TITLE Electron Flow in light reaction and Calvin Cycle
II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING 1. Describe the patterns of electron flow through light reaction events; and
COMPETENCIES (MELCs) 2. Describe the significant events of the Calvin Cycle.
III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT Photosynthesis
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
I. Introduction (Time Frame: 20 minutes)
Last time, you were able to identify useful pigments in plants. These pigments are so useful which helps most of the plants to
make their own energy and produce their own food (autotrophy). One of these pigments is Chlorophyll that is most abundant
to plants. Having knowledge on these pigments, you will learn processes such as Photosynthesis both light-dependent and
light-independent reactions.
The first stage of the photosynthesis is the light-dependent reaction. Here, energy from the light is trapped and converted into
chemical energy through thylakoids present in the chloroplasts. This process is made possible by the help of different pigment
molecules that forms cluster which is known as photosystems. In here, two photosystems work together during light reaction:
namely Photosystem I (PS I) also known as PS 700 because it is most reactive to 700 nanometers wavelength of light, and
Photosystem II (PS II) also known as PS 680 as well most reactive to 680 nanometers light wavelengths. Basically, termed as PS I
and PS II based on the order they were discovered however, their order or sequence within light reactions is from PS II to PS I.

D. Development (Time Frame: 1 hour 10 minutes)

Electron Flow
Each Photosystem contains a cluster of
pigments such as chlorophyll and accessory
pigments. These two photosystems vary in
electron transport chain adjacent to them. The
light reaction starts when PS II absorbs light
which causes the excitement of the electrons
in the reaction center chlorophyll, then soon
captured by the primary electron acceptor.
The reaction center must have a continuous
replacement of electrons that jumps out when
activated or energized by light. An enzyme
which is associated with PS II splits water
molecules that allow electrons to be released The light-dependent reactions. Source: www. brittanica.com
and serve as a replacement for electrons in the
reaction center. Once electrons are being
captured by a primary electron acceptor, it will be passed through the first molecule of electron transport chain in photosystem
II. The energy of the electrons decreases as it moves from one electron carrier molecule to the next.
Some if not most of the energy of these electrons is released because it is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) ions from stroma
to thylakoid compartment (lumen), leading to the building up of now high hydrogen gradient which will drive the generation
of ATP also known as Chemiosmosis.
The electrons leave the transport system (ETC) with very low energy that enters the reaction system of Photosystem I, where
they gain again energy when pigment absorb light energy. The excited electrons are passed on to the primary electron
acceptor of Photosystem I and along the transport chain of PS I until they will reach Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
phosphate (NADP+), also an electron carrier. NADP+ picks up electron together with the hydrogen ion from the water to
become NADPH. The product of Light Reactions are ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is also released as a by-product.

Learning Task 1: Label Me

Direction: Label the diagram below, draw the
path of the electron transport chain and
explain your diagram in not more than six
sentences.
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES

In plants, carbon dioxide enters the interior of the leaf through pores called stomata which will soon diffuse into the strom a of
the chloroplast- the site where Calvin Cycle takes place, where sugar is synthesized. The NADPH and ATP as product of light
reaction are now concentrated in the stroma. In this process, ATP and NADPH trigger the creation of three -carbon sugar from
carbon dioxide in a series of reaction known as light-independent reaction or Calvin Cycle.

This cycle is named after Melvin Calvin who in detailed, explain these steps in the late 1940’s. This cycle is divided into t hree
main stages: Carbon Fixation, Synthesis of G3P and Regeneration of RuBP.

The stages / phases of the Calvin cycle

Source: www.khanacademy.com.ph
1. Carbon Fixation
- This is the initial incorporation (fixation) of carbon into a large inorganic molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by
the enzyme rubisco, which attaches a carbon molecule with the ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) molecule. This
reaction produces six-carbon molecule that quickly break down into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) molecules
which is the reason why Calvin cycle is often referred to as C3 pathway. This process requires two molecules
of ATP.
2. Synthesis of G3P
- In this stage, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar,
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P). the two molecules of the phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL), a 3-carbon
compound. PGAL is the first stable product of photosynthesis.
3. Regeneration of RuBP
- Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor.
Regeneration requires ATP and involves a complex network of reactions, which my college bio professor liked
to call the "carbohydrate scramble." In order for one G3P to exit the cycle (and go towards glucose synthesis),
three CO2 molecules must enter the cycle, providing three new atoms of fixed carbon. When CO2 molecules
enter the cycle, six G3P molecules are made. One exits the cycle and is used to make glucose, while the other
five must be recycled to regenerate three molecules of the RuBP acceptor.

Learning Task 2: Label the diagram with the three phases of the Calvin Cycle then briefly describe the events that took place
in each phase.
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
E. Engagement (Time Frame: 1 hour)
Learning Task 3:
A. On the diagram below, fill in the labels with the following descriptions. Some answers mat be repeated.

B. Answer the following questions:

1. Based on everything you have learned from the discussions, what is the overall purpose of photosynthesis?
2. Describe how oxygen gas (O2) is produced during photosynthesis. Include the specific structures in the plant where
the reaction occurs.
3. Describe the path of an electron from a molecule of water to the sugar G3P.
4. Describe how ATP is produced in the light reactions.

A. Assimilation (Time Frame: 1 hour)

Create a diagram in relation to the given situation:

When three molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) react with three molecules of RuBP during the Calvin cycle, six molecules of
the sugar G3P are produced. One G3P molecule exits the Calvin cycle during Phase 2. What happens to the other five G3P
molecules?

V. ASSESSMENT (Time Frame: 15 minutes)

Read carefully all given situations/ questions below and choose the best answer among the choices given.

1. What is produced from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis that are used in the dark reactions?
a. NADPH and ATP
b. Electrons and Protons
c. NADPH, ATP and Oxygen
d. Water, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
2. How is NADP+ and NADPH in the light reaction related?
a. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH
b. NADP+ is oxidized to NADPH
c. NADPH is reduced to NADP+
d. NADP+ is broken into NADP + H+
3. What is NOT used by the light independent reactions of photosynthesis?
a. O2
b. NADPH
c. ATP
d. Rubisco
4. How is the Calvin Cycle different from the light-dependent reactions?
a. It takes place in the thylakoid membrane.
b. It takes place in the chloroplast.
c. It takes place in the stroma.
d. It requires light.
5. Why does the space inside the thylakoid become positively charged during the light-dependent reactions?
a. Carbon dioxide builds up in the stroma.
b. H+ ions build up in the space as water molecule split.
c. Electrons have a + charge and are released here by Photosystem II.
d. ATP synthase pushes H+ ions from the stroma across the membrane into the space.
IV. LEARNING PHASES AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES

6. Photophosphorylation involves using light energy (photo) to make ATP from ADP (phosphorylation). Choose the correct
sequence on how these steps take place in this process:
I. Synthesis of ATP
II. Light absorption in photosystem II
III. Formation of NADPH
IV. Light absorption in photosystem I
a. II, I, IV, III b. II, IV, III, I c. II, I, III, IV d. II, III, I, IV
7. As electrons flow, energy from light is required and thus, involves four electrons aided by an acceptor and a donor.
Which pair of molecules assumes this role?
a. NADP+ and H2O b. H2O and O2 c. NADP+ and 2H+ d. O2 and 2NADPH
8. The energy is used to establish the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane comes from the _.
a. Synthesis of ATP c. Synthesis of NAMPH
b. Splitting of water d. Passage of electrons along the ETC of photosystem II.
9. What are the products of the light reactions that are subsequently used by the Calvin cycle?
a. oxygen and carbon dioxide c. carbon dioxide and RuBP
b. ATP and NADPH d. electrons and protons
10. If photosynthesizing green algae re provided with CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen18O, later analysis will show that
all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain18O label. That one is .
a. O2 b. PGAL c. glucose d. RuBP
11. Where does light-dependent reaction occur?
a. Mesophyll b. Stroma c. Thylakoid compartment d. Thylakoid membrane
12. What substance is used to fix carbon dioxide during light-independent reaction?
a. Malate b. Oxaloacetate c. Pyruvate d. Phosphoglyceraldehyde
13. How many PGAL are used to regenerate three molecules of RuBP?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 6
14. Which among the following is referred to as 5-carbon sugar in Calvin Cycle?
a. NADPH b. PGA c. PGAL d. RuBP
15. How many molecules of NADPH does a PGAL need?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
VI. REFLECTION (Time Frame: 15 minutes)
• Communicate your personal assessment as indicated in the Learner’s Assessment Card.
Personal Assessment on Learner’s Level of Performance
Using the symbols below, choose one which best describes your experience in working on each given task. Draw it in the column
for Level of Performance (LP). Be guided by the descriptions below:
 - I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task helped me in understanding the target content/ lesson.
✓ - I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging, but it still helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.
? – I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I need additional enrichment activities to be able to do/perform this
task.
Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP Learning Task LP
Number 1 Number 3 Number 5 Number 7
Number 2 Number 4 Number 6 Number 8

VII. REFERENCES https://youtu.be/SnnmmKApT-c

https://youtu.be/vEsAtC9d_MQ

Lilia M. Rabago et.al. 2010. Functional Biology (Modular Approach-2nd edition). Quezon City.
Vibal Publishing House.

Ruben E. Faltado et.al. 2017. General Biology 1. Quezon City. Lorimar Publishing Inc.

Cecie Starr et.al. 2016. Biology Today and tomorrow-5th edition. Taguig City. CENGAGE Learning.

Prepared by: Checked by:

DONARD RAY A. BUENSALIDA ALDWIN L. CORONADO

Subject Teacher Head Teacher III