BUILDING DESIGN REPORTING

GROUP 1
Abino, Jacqueline G.
Cortez, Amabella Marie B.
Faz, Harvey Steven F.
Laxamana, Diane A.
Rosario, Allen Joshua G.
Yayon, Pamela Clarisse N.

BSCE IV-3
 I. CONCRETE AND
CONCRETE PRODUCTS
1. CEMENT
• A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens
and adheres to other material, binding them together. Cement is seldom
used solely, but is used to bind sand(fine aggregate) and gravel (course
aggregate) together. Cement is used with fine aggregate to
produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce
concrete.
 PORTLAND CEMENT

• - is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a
basic ingredient of concrete and mortar in construction.
The following are the types of cement that
are in practice:
• Rapid Hardening Cement
• Quick setting cement
• Low Heat Cement
• Sulphates resisting cement
• Blast Furnace Slag Cement
• High Alumina Cement
• White Cement
• Coloured cement
• Pozzolanic Cement
• Air Entraining Cement
• Hydrographic cement
 It is used in marine structures, sewage works,
It is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker
Pozzolanic Cement sewage works and for laying concrete under water
with Portland cement
such as bridges, piers, dams etc.,

It is produced by adding indigenous air

This type of cement is specially suited to improve the
entraining agents such as resins, glues,
Air Entraining Cement workability with smaller water cement ratio and to
sodium salts of Sulphates etc during the
improve frost resistance of concrete.
grinding of clinker.

It is prepared by mixing water repelling

Hydrographic cement This cement has high workability and strength
chemicals
 Attains high strength in early days it is used in
Rapid Hardening
Increased Lime content concrete where form work are removed at an
Cement
early stage.

Small percentage of aluminium sulphate

Used in works is to be completed in very short
Quick setting cement as an accelerator and reducing
period and concreting in static and running water
percentage of Gypsum with fine grinding

Manufactured by reducing tricalcium It is used in massive concrete construction like

Low Heat Cement
aluminate gravity dams

It is prepared by maintaining the It is used in construction exposed to severe

Sulphates resisting percentage of tricalcium aluminate sulphate action by water and soil in places like
Cement below 6% which increases power canals linings, culverts, retaining walls, siphons
against sulphates etc.,
 It is obtained by grinding the clinkers with
Blast Furnace Slag It can used for works economic considerations is
about 60% slag and resembles more or
Cement predominant.
less in properties of Portland cement

It is obtained by melting mixture of bauxite

and lime and grinding with the clinker it is
It is used in works where concrete is subjected to
High Alumina Cement rapid hardening cement with initial and
high temperatures, frost, and acidic action.
final setting time of about 3.5 and 5 hours
respectively

It is more costly and is used for architectural

It is prepared from raw materials free from
White Cement purposes such as precast curtain wall and facing
Iron oxide.
panels, terrazzo surface etc.,

It is produced by mixing mineral pigments

Coloured cement They are widely used for decorative works in floors
with ordinary cement.
 2. TYPES OF
AGGREGATES
 What is aggregates ?

Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel,

crushed stone, crushed hydraulic-cement concrete, or
iron blast-furnace slag, used with a hydraulic cementing
medium to produce either concrete or mortar.
CLASSIFICATION of aggregates BASED ON
Shape

• Rounded Aggregate
The rounded aggregates are
completely shaped by attrition and
available in the form of seashore
gravel. Rounded aggregates result the
minimum percentage of voids 32 – 33%
hence gives more workability.
• Irregular Aggregates
The irregular or partly rounded
aggregates are partly shaped by
attrition and these are available in the
form of pit sands and gravel. Irregular
aggregates may result 35- 37% of
voids. These will give lesser
workability when compared to
rounded aggregates.
• Angular Aggregates
The angular aggregates consist well
defined edges formed at the
intersection of roughly planar surfaces
and these are obtained by crushing
the rocks. Angular aggregates result
maximum percentage of voids of 38-
45% hence gives less workability.
• Flaky Aggregates
When the least dimension of
aggregate is less than the 60% of its
mean dimension then it is said to be
flaky aggregate.
• Elongated Aggregates
When the length of aggregate is larger
than the other two dimensions then it
is called elongated aggregate or the
length of aggregate is greater than
180% of its mean dimension.
• Flaky and Elongated Aggregates
When the aggregate length is larger
than its width and width is larger than
its thickness then it is said to be flaky
and elongated aggregates.
 CLASSIFICATION of aggregates BASED ON
SIZE
1. Coarse aggregates are
particles greater than
4.75mm, but generally
range between 9.5mm to
37.5mm in diameter.
2. Fine aggregates are those
particles passing the 9.5 mm
(3/8 in.) sieve, almost
entirely passing the 4.75 mm
(No. 4) sieve, and
predominantly retained on
the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve.
3. CONCRETE
ADDITIVES
 CONCRETE ADDITIVES/ADMIXTURES

- used to improve the behavior of concrete under a variety of conditions and

are of two main types: Chemical and Mineral.
- added to the mixture of water cement and aggregate in small quantities to
increase the durability of the concrete, to fix concrete behavior and to
control setting or hardening. They can either be liquid or powdered
additives.
 Chemical Admixtures

• reduce the cost of construction, modify properties of

hardened concrete, ensure quality of concrete during
mixing, transporting, placing, curing, and overcome
certain emergencies during concrete operations.
They fall into the following categories:
• WATER-REDUCING CONCRETE ADMIXTURES - can create a
desired slump at a lower water-cement ratio than what it is normally
designed, and to obtain specific concrete strength using lower cement
content.
• SET-RETARDING - used to delay the chemical reaction that takes place
when the concrete starts the setting process.
• AIR-ENTRAINMENT - increase the freeze-thaw durability of concrete;
produces a more workable concrete while reducing bleeding and
segregation of fresh concrete.
• ACCELERATING -increase the rate of concrete strength development or
to reduce concrete setting time.
• SUPERPLASTICIZERS - produce flowing concrete with a high slump in the
range of seven to nine inches to be used in heavily reinforced structures and
in placements where adequate consolidation by vibration cannot be readily
achieved.

SPECIALTY ADMIXTURES:
• SHRINKAGE REDUCING - reduce early and long-term drying shrinkage.
• CORROSION-INHIBITING - slow corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete.
• WATERPROOFING ADMIXTURES - specified for concrete structures where
there is a need to minimize water movement through the concrete.
• ALKALI-SILICA REACTIVITY INHIBITORS
• COLORING
 Mineral Admixtures
- make mixtures more economical, reduce permeability, increase strength,
and influence other concrete properties. Mineral admixtures affect the
nature of the hardened concrete through hydraulic or pozzolanic activity.

Types of Mineral Admixtures

• Cementitious
• Pozzolanic
 Cementitious
These have cementing properties themselves.
For example:
• GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GGBFS) - granular
material formed when molten iron blast furnace slag (a by-product of iron and
steel making) is rapidly chilled (quenched) by immersion in water. It is a
granular product, highly cementitious in nature and, ground to cement
fineness, hydrates like Portland cement.
Benefits:
• provide protection against both sulphate attack and chloride attack
• limit the temperature rise in large concrete pours. The more gradual hydration of GGBFS
cement generates both lower peak and less total overall heat than Portland cement.
• higher ultimate strength than concrete made with Portland cement.
• higher proportion of the strength-enhancing calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) than
concrete made with Portland cement only, and a reduced content of free lime, which
does not contribute to concrete strength.
 Pozzolanic

A pozzolan is a material which, when combined with calcium hydroxide,

exhibits cementitious properties commonly used as an addition ("cement
extender") to Portland cement concrete mixtures to increase the long-term
strength and other material properties of Portland cement concrete and in
some cases reduce the material cost of concrete.
Examples:
• Fly ash - from the combustion of ground or powdered coal.
• Silica Fume - by-product of semiconductor industry
• Rice Husk Ash - bio waste from the husk left from the grains of rice used as
a pozzolanic material in cement to increase durability and strength.
• Metakaolin - boost the compressive strength of concrete mixes
A. TRACTORS
 Tractors have many uses as construction equipment. While their primary
purpose may be to pull or push loads, they are also used as mounts for many
types of accessories, such as front-end shovels, bulldozers and others. There
are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they are usable.
Tractors may be divided into two major types: Crawler Tractors and Wheel
Tractors.

1. Crawler Tractors
2. Wheel Tractors
 Crawler Tractors

Crawler tractors are usually rated by size or weight and power. The weight
is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit
can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction
for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied
by the engine. Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all
models equipped with a choice of direct-drive or torque converter and power
shift drives.
 Wheel Tractors

Are either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of a

wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may
exceed (50 km/hr). However, in order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor
must sacrifice pulling effort. Also, because of lower coefficient of traction
between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels
before developing its rated pulling effort.
B. BULLDOZERS AND ANGLEDOZERS
 Bulldozers

The term bulldozer may be used in a broad sense to include both a bulldozer
and angle dozer. These machines may be further divided, on the basis of their
mountings, into crawler-tractor-mounted or wheel-tractor-mounted. A
bulldozer may be classified (based on the method of raising and lowering the
blade) as cable-controlled or hydraulically controlled.
 Comparison between Bulldozers and
Angledozers

* The size of a bulldozer is indicated by the length and height of the blade.
C. CRANES
 CRANES
Mainly used for lifting heavy objects and
transporting them to differents places
D. TRUCKS
Trucks are hauling unit and they
have high travel speeds and
provide relatively low hauling cost
 DUMP TRUCK
•a vehicle designed to transport materials
to and from a construction site such as
sand, gravel, dirt or hot asphalt in
construction, road building and surface
mining applications
REAR DUMP TRUCK
BOTTOM DUMP TRUCK
TIPPING DUMP TRUCK
II. CERAMICS AND CLAY
PRODUCTS
1. TILES
 Tile

• is a manufactured piece of hard wearing material such as ceramic, stone or

even glass.
 Manufacture:

• The raw materials used to create tiles are all found in the ground.
• A dry mixture of clay, magnesium silicate and other ingredients are pressed
into mould, and then fired at an extremely high temperature.
TYPES OF TILES
ROOF TILES
FLOOR TILES
PEBBLE TILES
CEILING TILES
WALL TILES
2. BRICKS
 Bricks

• -are one of the oldest known building materials dating back to 7000BC
where they were first found in southern Turkey and around Jericho.
BRICK FORMAT
CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
 Properties of Bricks

• Aesthetics
• Strength
• Porosity
• Fire resistance
• Sound Insulation
• Insulation
3. TERRA COTTA
“ BAKED EARTH”
 WHAT IS TERRA COTTA?
• Earthenware
• Clay-based glazed or unglazed ceramic
• Its fired body is porous
• Brown-orange color
• Only clay product until 14th century
• Sculptures that are 5,000 years old
THE MAKING OF TERRA COTTA
USES OF TERRA COTTA
FLOWER POTS
BRICKS
WATER AND SEWAGE PIPES
ROOFING TILES
SCULPTURES
SCULPTURES: TERRA COTTA ARMY
SURFACE EMBELLISHMENT
SURFACE EMBELLISHMENT
4. CERAMIC VENEERS
 VENEERS

• Most commonly used technique for smile makeovers

• Made of porcelain (feldspathic) or ceramic
• Paper-thin customizable shells
 ADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC VENEER

• Two times stronger than Porcelain Veneers

• It is more versatile in terms of dental procedures
• Fits better than the porcelain ones
• Consistent results with product and less
susceptible to errors
 DISADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC VENEER

• Expensive procedure
• Can cause permanent discoloration
• Cracks or fractures may appear
 REFERENCES
• CEMENT:
• https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-cement-composition-uses/5974/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement
• TYPES OF AGGREGATES:
• http://www.sustainableconcrete.org.uk/concrete/constituents_of_concrete/aggregate
s.aspx
• http://www.aboutcivil.org/aggregates-types-uses-definition.html
• https://theconstructor.org/building/classification-of-aggregates-size-shape/12339/
 REFERENCES
• CONCRETE ADDITIVES
• https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/concrete_admixtures/types.html
• https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/concrete_admixtures/types.html
• https://constructionreviewonline.com/2017/05/concrete-additives/
• http://www.aboutcivil.org/concrete-technology-admixtures.html
• CONCRETE PRODUCTS

• EQUIPMENTS:
• Construction Methods by Layla Ali Ghalib-(2013-2014)
 REFERENCES
• TILES & BRICKS
• https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/parthpujara11/bricks-35300682
• https://www.theconstructioncivil.org/classification-of-bricks/
• https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/xaddamhussain/tiles-presentation
• TERRA COTTA & CERAMIC VENEER
• https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-terracotta
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta
• http://www.dentaleconomics.com/articles/print/volume-95/issue-3/features/the-case-for-
pressed-ceramic-veneers.html
• http://www.brite-dental.co.uk/veneers-t-105
THANK YOU!