Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering

NAME: DATE:

YR & SEC.: SUBJECT:

PLATE NO.1

100 Construction Materials Used in the Field

BINDING MATERIALS DEFINITION & FUCTION

1. PORTLAND CEMENT
Definition:
 Portland cement is the most common type of cement in
general use around the world as a basic ingredient of
concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was
developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England
in the early 19th century by Joseph Aspdin, and is usually
made from limestone.
Function:
 Portland cement is used for general construction purposes
where special properties are not required. It is normally
used for the reinforced concrete buildings, bridges,
pavements, and where soil conditions are normal.
2. POZZOLAN CEMENT
Definition:
 Pozzolanic cements are mixtures of portland cement and a
pozzolanic material that may be either natural or artificial.
The natural pozzolanas are mainly materials of volcanic
origin but include some diatomaceous earths. Artificial
materials include fly ash, burned clays, and shales.
Function:
 Pozzolans reduce bleeding because of fineness; reduce the
maximum rise in temperature when used in large amounts
(more than 15% by mass of cementitious material)
because of the slower rate of chemical reactions; which
reduce the rise in temperature.
3. BLAST FURNACE CEMENT
Definition:
 A type of cement made from a blend of ordinary Portland
cement and crushed slag from a blast furnace. It has
lower setting properties than ordinary Portland cement.
Function:
 Used for structures meant for water retaining such as
retaining wall, rivers, ports, tunnels for improvement in
impermeability. Used in mass concreting works such
as dams, foundations which require low heat of
hydration
4. ALUMINA CEMENT
Definition:
 Aluminate expansive cement is generated by grinding
aluminate cement clinker and dihydrate gypsum or mixing
their ground particles. Its self-stressing and air tightness are
good.
Function:
 This ingredient imparts quick setting property to the
cement. It acts as a flux and it lowers the clinkering
temperature. However the high temperature is essential for
the formation of a suitable type of cement and hence the
alumina should not be present in excess amount as it
weakens the cement.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
5. HYDRAULIC LIME CEMENT
Definition:
 Hydraulic lime hardens partly by reaction with water and
so differs from other types of lime which harden by
chemical reaction with carbon dioxide in the air. Hydraulic
lime has properties intermediate between ordinary lime and
Portland cement but is produced in a similar way to
ordinary lime.
Function:
 Moderately to eminently hydraulic limes have great
versatility and may be used on copings, chimneys,
weatherings and pavings, as well as for bedding ashlars,
rubble and for plastering. Their relatively quick-setting
property and early hardness must not be confused with
superficially similar properties in cement.
6. RAPID HARDENING CEMENT
Definition:
 A special purpose cement used in concrete to achieve a
higher rate of early strength development, compared to
using Normal Cement. The improved early performance
of RHPC is achieved principally through increased
product fineness.
Function:
 It is generally used for constructing road pavements,
where it is important to open the road to traffic quickly. It
is used in industries which manufacture concrete products
like slabs, posts, electric poles, block fence, etc. because
molds
can be released quickly.
7. QUICK SETTING CEMENT
Definition:
 A special type of cement, where the setting time of
hardening of cement to be fast and the cement is to be
less. The cement clinkers are grinded with aluminum
sulfate, which accelerates the setting time of cement.
Function:
 Making concrete repairs where rapid setting is required.
Ideal for repairing broken edges of concrete steps and
curbs.

8. LOW-HEAT CEMENT
Definition
 Is specially blended to provide a lower heat of hydration in
concrete. This unique attribute makes it ideal for mass
concrete pours where the rate of temperature rise and the
maximum temperature achieved must be controlled in
order to reduce the risk of thermal cracking.
Function:
 Is designed to provide a lower 'heat of hydration' in
concrete. This attribute makes it ideal for mass concrete
pours where the rate of temperature rise and the maximum
temperature achieved must be controlled in order to
reduce the risk of thermal cracking.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
9. SULFATE-RESISTING CEMENT
Definition:
 Is a blended cement designed to improve the performance of
concrete where the risk of sulfate attack may be present. It
also provides improved durability for concrete in most
aggressive environments, reducing the risk of deterioration
of the structure and structural failure.
Function:
 The use of sulphate resisting cement provides excellent
protection against the formation of sulpho-aluminates and
consequent resistance to concrete against sulphate attack.
10. WHITE CEMENT
Definition:
 A portland cement made from raw materials very low in the
iron compounds that give the gray color to the usual
portland cement.
Function:
 White cement is used for repairing marble tiles and
sheathing walls, floors, and roofs. The product is also mixed
with other substrates to make the floor sheathing and wall
skirting. The sole purpose of this product is to add charm
and decoration to the building's surface areas.
ROOFING MATERIALS DEFINITION & FUNCTION
1. ASPHALT SHINGLES
Definition:
 This product is made of a base mat or organic material
(cellulose fibers) or inorganic material (glass fibers).
The organic mat is saturated and coated with asphalt and
then surfaced with ceramic-coated opaque mineral
granules.
Function:
 The roofing shingles act as a waterproof barrier to protect
the integrity of the whole building structure. The shingles
are designed in such a way that it repels the water, snow
and the ice. The installation of the roof shingles is
performed in such a way that the seam or the joint is
overlapped by the
shingles laid up.
2. WOOD SHINGLES
Definition:
 A thin roofing unit of wood, usually cut from green wood
and then kiln-dried, either split along the grain or cut to
stock lengths, widths, and thicknesses.
Function:
 Used as an exterior covering on sloping roofs and on side
walls and applied in an overlapping fashion.

3. METAL ROOFING
Definition:
 A metal roof is simply a roofing system made using metal
pieces, tiles, or panels. A metal roof is a part of the roofing
envelope which is the physical separator between the inside
and outside of the building and is designed to provide
resistance to air, water, heat and sound.
Function:
 Metal roofing has the reputation of only being used on
large industrial or commercial structures.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
4. SLATE ROOFING
Definition:
 A slate roof is a premium roof system made primarily out
of natural slate tiles and other slate roofing materials. It's
one of the most beautiful and long-lasting roof systems on
the market. Because of its aesthetics, shingle manufacturers
make asphalt shingles to mimic the look of a slate roof.
Function:
 Roofing slates have an exceptional performance regarding
resistance and durability in warm weathers as well.
Besides, roofing slates are fireproof, immune to insects,
fungus and any kind of microorganisms. It is the most long-
lasting
natural building material ever.
5. PLASTIC POLYMER
Definition:
 Polymer or composite roofing materials are synthetic
products that are manufactured from various plastics and
resins to look nearly identical to stone slate, wood shake,
wood shingle, or clay tile products. Synthetic products
are generally cast from molds or 3D images of real
natural materials.
Function:
 Plastic polymer roofing is a very durable roofing option.
This low maintenance roofing has a long-life span and can
be made to look like wood, slate and clay. It is light to
moderate in weight. Some plastic polymer roofing options
are made from recycled materials making it extremely eco-
friendly.
6. GREEN ROOF
Definition:
 A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is
partially or completely covered with vegetation and a
growing medium, planted over a waterproofing
membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a
root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems.
Function:
 Green roofs provide shade, remove heat from the air, and
reduce temperatures of the roof surface and surrounding
air. Using green roofs in cities or other built environments
with limited vegetation can moderate the heat island effect,
particularly during the day.
7. SOLAR PANNEL ROOFING
Definition:
 A rooftop solar power system, or rooftop PV system, is a
photovoltaic system that has its electricity-generating solar
panels mounted on the rooftop of a residential or
commercial building or structure.
Function:
 Solar panels also extend the life of a roof, because they
protect from the elements, such as rain, snow and debris.
They make the house more energy-efficient in the summer
because the hot sun is not beating down on the roof directly
—it is instead being absorbed by the panels, keeping
the house temperature lower.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
8. LUXURY SHINGLES
Definition:
 Luxury shingles are made from a blend of asphalt and
other materials that make them three times heavier than
their natural counterparts, meaning they can stand up
stronger to high winds, hurricanes, snow storms and hail.
Function:
 While they are heavyweight, they offer premium
protection against rough and tough weather conditions.
Luxury shingles should be your ultimate choice if you
want your roof to be functional as well as stylish.

9. ARCHITECURAL SHINGLES
Definition:
 This type of shingle is also known as laminated or
dimensional shingles. Unlike 3-tab Shingles, Architectural
has no cuts and employs numerous layers of materials to
create a depth effect.
Function:
 The roofing shingles act as a waterproof barrier to protect
the integrity of the whole building structure. The shingles
are designed in such a way that it repels the water, snow
and the ice.

10. CLAY TILES ROOFING

Definition:
 Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are
traditionally made from locally available materials such as
terracotta or slate. Modern materials such as concrete,
metal and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a
waterproof glaze.
Function:
 They are extremely resistant to the effects of weathering,
lasting even through high winds, snow and heavy
downpours of rain. Whilst alternative roofing materials
expand and contract to a much higher degree, clay tiles help
maintain the integrity of the roof, enduring both extreme hot
and cold weather conditions.
ELECTRICAL MATERIAL DEFINITION & FUNCTION
1. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Definition:
 A circuit breaker is an electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by
overcurrent/overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a fault.
Function:
 By definition a circuit breaker is an electrical safety device,
a switch that automatically interrupts the current of an
overloaded electric circuit, ground faults, or short circuits.
Circuit breakers "trip", shut off, current flow after
protective
relays detect a fault.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
2. ELECTRICAL BOX
Definition:
 A junction box is an electrical enclosure that houses one or
more wiring connections.
Function:
 The box protects the connections, which usually contain
vulnerable points such as wire splices, from
environmental conditions and accidental contact.
3. ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR
Definition:
 Components of an electrical circuit are electrically
connected if an electric current can run between
them through an electrical conductor.
Function:
 Connectors are parts or devices used for electrically
connecting or disconnecting circuits etc. They can
connect and disconnect by hands or with simple tools
without
requiring special tools or processes such as soldering.
4. EXPLOSION PROOF ENCLOSURES
Definition:
 An enclosure which can withstand the pressures resulting
from an internal explosion of specified gases, and contain
such an explosion sufficiently to prevent the ignition of
the explosive atmosphere surrounding the enclosure (for
Class I, II and III).
Function:
 Explosion proof enclosures are boxes or cabinets that
contain electrical components such as plugs, knobs,
sockets, switches, controls, etc. They help in preventing the
internal explosions from spreading out in the ambient
environment
which otherwise puts life and property at risk.
5. ELECTRICAL WIRE AND CABLE
Definition:
 The basic key difference between wires and cables is that
a wire is a single conductor whereas a cable is a group of
conductors. Although, these conductors are made of a
common material- copper or aluminum. Usually, the wires
are bare and are twisted. But, some of the wires are coated
with thin PVC layer.
Function:
 A wire is used to carry electricity, to bear the mechanical
loads, to transmit telecommunication signals, for heating
jewelry, clothing, automotive or any industrial
manufactured parts like pins, bulbs and needles. A cable is
used for power transmission, for telecommunication
signals
or to carry electricity.
6. ELECTRICAL CONDUIT AND CONDUIT FITTING
Definition:
 Conduit fittings are connectors and fittings used to connect
one piece of conduit to another, or to connect conduit to an
electrical box. They are available in various metals, as
well as with different levels of moisture protection.
Function:
 Conduit fittings are designed to connect conduits or
connect conduit to an electrical box. They are highly
moisture resistant and can provide the maximum amount of
protection to electrical cables and wires. They are
commonly used in both residential and commercial
properties to make connections in electrical systems.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
7. PANEL BOX
Definition:
 A distribution board is a component of an electricity supply
system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary
circuits while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker
for each circuit in a common enclosure.
Function:
 A panel board is a component of an electrical distribution
system which divides an electrical power feed into branch
circuits, while providing a protective circuit breaker or fuse
for each circuit, in a common enclosure. A panel board
services to protect branch circuits from overloads and short
circuits.
8. INSULATOR
Definition:
 A material that is a poor conductor (as of electricity or
heat) compare semiconductor.
Function:
 Electrical insulators are used to hold conductors in position,
separating them from one another and from surrounding
structures. They form a barrier between energized parts of
an electric circuit and confine the flow of current to wires
or
other conducting paths as desired.
9. LUGS
Definition:
 An electrical connector that incorporates a wire crimp
connection and a bolted stud hole connection for use in a
heavy duty electrical power or grounding application. They
are ordinarily made of a conductive material like copper,
brass, or aluminum and are usually uninsulated.
Function:
 A cable lug is a component of an electrical device that
connects the cable to the device terminals that simplifies the
assembly of personnel, maintenance, and repair processes.
A cable lug or connector is used when a permanent
connection is required, but a direct one is inconvenient or
impossible to achieve.
10. MOTOR CONTROL
Definition:
 Motor Control is defined as the process of initiating,
directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement.
Function:
 Motor control refers to manual or automatic methods for
starting, stopping, controlling speed, reversing, and
protecting a motor. These controls are achieved using a
variety of circuits, connections and sensors.
PLUMBING MATERIALS DEFINITION & FUNCTION
1. BALL VALVE
Definition:
 A ball valve is a flow control device which uses a hollow,
perforated and pivoting ball to control fluid flowing through
it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow
inlet and closed when it is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve
handle, blocking the flow.
Function:
 A ball valve is a shut-off valve that allows, obstructs,
and controls the flow of liquids, gases, and vapors in a
piping
system by rotating the ball having a bore inside the valve.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
2. ELBOW 90
Definition:
 A 90 degree elbow is also called a “90 bend” or “90 ell”. It
is a fitting which is bent in such a way to produce 90 degree
change in the direction of flow in the pipe. It used to
change the direction in piping and is also sometimes called
a “quarter bend”.
Function:
 The 90° pipe elbows is used to connect tubes at a 90°
angle. As the name suggests, the elbow is always a right-
angle in shape. Such type of elbow is also known as "90
bends or 90 ells". This is a pipe fitting device which is bent
in such a way to produce 90° change in the direction of
flow of the
fluid/gas in the pipe.
3. ELBOW 45
Definition:
 45 degree LR steel elbow. This kind of elbow is installed
between two pipes so that the direction could be changed
at an angle of 45 degrees. Since it creates lower frictional
resistance, pressure also be lower.
Function:
 The 45° pipe elbow is used to connect tubes at a 45° pipe
angle. As the name suggests, this is a pipe fitting device
which is bent in such a way to produce 45° change in the
direction of flow of the fluid/gas in the pipe.
4. TEE
Definition:
 Pipe tee fitting is a fitting that has a T shape. It has two
outlets at an angle of 90° each and one main connection
line. It is a pipe that has adjacent outlets and used to
connect pipes at 90° angle.
Function:
 A tee, the most common pipe fitting, combines or divides
fluid flow. Tees can connect pipes of different diameters,
change the direction of a pipe run, or both. Available in
various materials, sizes and finishes, they may also be used
to transport two-fluid mixtures
5. MTA (MALE THREADED ADAPTER)
Definition:
 A multilayer composite pipe (MT-multilayer tipe) is
usually prepared like the following way: inner tube.
Function:
 To connect female threaded CP/Metal fittings like taps,
showers etc. to a pipeline.

6. THREADED TEE
Definition:
 Threaded Equal Tee is either used to combine or split a fluid
flow. Threaded Pipe Tee have the same inlet and outlet
sizes. Threaded Tee Fittings are used in different industries
applications like chemical processing, oil refineries,
petrochemical and many other industries.
Function:
 Tees can connect pipes of different diameters, change
the direction of a pipe run, or both. Available in various
materials, sizes and finishes, they may also be used to
transport two-fluid mixtures.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
7. UNION
Definition:
 A pipe union is a secure and semi-permanent connection
between two pipes. Most pipe unions consist of two pipes
connected together via a third piece. All three are threaded
to make a firm connection. While unions are similar to
couplings, they are generally easier to take apart and
allow pipes of different metals to come together safely.
Function:
 A union is a threaded fitting which allows the pipe work to
be separated and reconnected without any horizontal
movement in the pipe. It can be a standalone pipe fitting
connecting two pieces of pipe, or an integral part of
another
fitting (such as a ball valve) which allows it to be separated.
8. BRASS FITTING
Definition:
 Brass fittings are a type of plumbing fixture that is made
out of brass, a type of metal. Brass fittings are used to
connect two pieces of plumbing together. There are many
different types of brass fittings, including brass couplings,
elbows, brass tees, and caps.
Function:
 Brass pipe fittings are typically used for carrying water,
chemicals, flammable gases, slurries, and other plumbing
substances. Pipe fittings made of brass come in a wide
range of shapes and thread sizes to connect, adapt, or
control any
liquid or gas in pipes.
9. BRASS REDUCER ELBOW
Definition:
 The brass reducing elbow female is a pipe fitting made of
brass that allows a change of 90° in the direction of the
piping along with a reduction in the conduction diameter. It
is a cylinder-shaped bent 90º with two openings of
different size, one male threaded, the other female threaded
and wit flanged reinforcement
Function:
 The brass reducing elbow female is a pipe fitting made
of brass that allows a change of 90° in the direction of
the
piping along with a reduction in the conduction diameter.
10. BRASS TEE
Definition:
 The Threaded End Plug is a temporary fitting that prevents
dust particle formation and contamination on brass parts
during the final stages of construction and mason work.
The threaded plug is a temporary fitting that protects
exposed brass parts before final taps & faucets can be
installed.
Function:
 This brass equal tee is a threaded brass fitting that is used
to perform a branch of equal size than the main way, and it
allows the combining or splitting a fluid flow. It is t-shaped
piece with a side outlet at 90° to the main way, and it has
three threaded mouths equally sized.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
MASSONRY MATERIALS DEFINITION & FUNCTION
1. CONCRETE STRETCHER BLOCKS
Definition:
 A block of hardened concrete, with or without hollow
cores, designed to be laid in the same manner as brick and
stone.
Function:
 A Concrete Block is a 'Building Block' composed entirely
of concrete that is then mortared together to make an
imposing,
long-lasting construction.
2. PARTITION CONCRETE BLOCKS
Definition:
 Partition concrete blocks are generally used to build
partition walls. Partition blocks have larger height than
its breadth. Hollow part is divided into two to three
components in case of partition blocks.
Function:
 Partition concrete blocks are generally used to build
partition walls. Partition blocks have larger height than
its
breadth
3. CONCRETE PILLAR BLOCKS
Definition:
 Pillar block is also called as double corner block.
Generally these are used when two ends of the corner are
visible. In case of piers or pillars these blocks are widely
used.
Function:
 As the name implies, pillar blocks are most often used to
build pillars or piers. They're also called double corner
blocks and are designed so that both ends could be left
visible.
4. BULLNOSE CONCRETE BLOCKS
Definition:
 Bullnose blocks are similar to corner blocks. Their duties
also same but when we want rounded edges at corner
bullnose bricks are preferred. Categories: Building
Materials, Building Technology Guide. Tags: Building
Materials, Buildings, Concrete Technology, masonry.
Function:
 The bullnose blocks are used for aesthetic purposes where
the round edge is required. The shape of the bullnose block
is rectangular, and one face contains a sharp edge, and the
other face is rounded.
5. CONCRETE CORNER BLOCKS
Definition:
 Corner blocks are used at the ends or corners of
masonry. The ends may be window or door openings etc.
they are arranged in a manner that their plane end visible
to the outside and other end is locked with the stretcher
block.
Function:
 Corner blocks are used at the ends or corners of
masonry. The ends may be window or door openings etc.
they are arranged in a manner that their plane end visible
to the
outside and other end is locked with the stretcher block.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
6. FROGGED BRICK BLOCKS
Definition:
 Brick frogs are indentations, which usually contain a brick
manufacturer's stamp.
Function:
 Frog aids in the retention of mortar and forming a
strong bond with another brick.

7. LIMESTONE
Definition:
 Limestone is a whitish-colored rock which is used for
building and for making cement.
Function:
 Limestone blocks used to construct buildings. Stone
cladding on walls. Retaining walls. Floor paving and tiles.

8. JAMB CONCRETE BLOCKS

Definition:
 A concrete masonry unit with an end slot (rabbet) used to
receive a jamb at an aperture.
Function:
 Jamb blocks are used when there is an elaborated window
opening in the wall. They are connected to stretcher and
corner blocks. For the provision of double hung windows,
jamb blocks are very useful to provide space for the casing
members of window

9. LINTEL BLOCKS
Definition:
 Lintel or channel blocks are U-shaped concrete masonry
units used above openings to create lintels. Since lintel
block units are solid along the bottom, the underside can be
exposed at openings.
Function:
 Lintel blocks combine to create lintel beams. These
beams support the structure by transferring loads from
above the beam to the walls on either side of the opening.
They are
also prefabricated and made with pre-stressed concrete
10. SANDSTONE
Definition:
 Sandstone blocks are an attractive, solid and simple
solution as bollards, seating, plinths or barriers.
Function:
 Solid Block Walling Sandstone is used in a variety of
applications, most popular among them being for large
structural walls, for garden retainers, in solid stone stairs,
retaining walls, landscaping walls and are used extensively
in residential and commercial sandstone projects,
historically and in the modern-day.
FINISHING MATERIALS DEFINITION & FUNCTION
1. SKIM COAT
Definition:
Skim coating is a common home improvement technique
that uses a thin layer of joint compound to smooth out
textured walls or repair damaged drywall to its original
smooth surface.
Function:
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
 Also known as a level-five drywall finish – is the process of
smoothing over worn or damaged drywall with a thin coat
of diluted joint compound in order to improve the look of
the surface. It is usually done to repair damage and improve
appearance.

2. ANTI-CORROSIVE PAINT
Definition:
 Anti-corrosive paint is a composition of corrosion
resistant pigments such as zinc chromate, lead chromate,
zinc oxide, zinc dust, zinc chromate, or red lead.
Function:
 Anti-corrosive paints are used for preservation of
structural steel work against acid fumes and adverse
weather conditions. It protects the metal components
against degradation due to moisture, salt spray, oxidation
or exposure to various weather conditions and industrial
chemicals.
3. ENAMEL PAINT
Definition:
 Enamel paint is paint that air-dries to a hard, usually
glossy, finish, used for coating surfaces that are outdoors or
otherwise subject to hard ware or variations in temperature
Function:
 Some of the most common uses of enamel paints are
painting metal, glass, wood, ceramic items, and interior
walls and exterior walls of a room.
4. EMULSION PAINT
Definition:
 Emulsion paint is water-based paint that consists of
pigment, emulsifier, coagulant, and water. It's called
emulsion because the pigments are dispersed in water
emulsified with an emulsifying agent.
Function:
 Emulsion paint is water-based paint that is commonly
used for coating the internal and external surfaces of a
building. The quality and performance of this emulsion
paint are highly dependent on its constituent components,
such as
binders, pigment, solvents, and additives.
5. OIL PAINT
Definition:
 Oil paint is form of a slow-drying paint that consists of
particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil that forms
a tough, colored film on exposure to air.
Function:
 Common modern applications of oil paint are in finishing
and protection of wood in buildings and exposed metal
structures such as ships and bridges.
6. BITUMINOUS PAINT
Definition:
 An architectural mixture composed of Bitumen, usually
diluted with Mineral spirits. Bituminous paint is used as
an exterior coating, sealant and waterproofing agent on
concrete, asphalt, metal, wood, and pipes. It improves
weather resistance.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
Function:
 Bituminous paint is a type of bituminous coating product
that provides weatherproofing and corrosion resistance
to the elements. It has good adhesive properties

7. PLASTIC PAINT
Definition:
 Plastic paint is a thick, oil-based paint that gives the wall a
plastic feel and look. As the name suggests, it contains a
higher percentage of plastic than conventional emulsion
paints.
Function:
 Plastic paints are light in weight and easy to transport
from one area to another. If you are trying to brighten up
your exterior, use plastic paint that includes a solar
reflector to
reduce heat absorption in the walls.
8. OIL VARNISH PAINT
Definition:
 a varnish consisting of a solution of natural or
synthetic resins in a drying oil (as linseed oil or tung
oil)
Function:
 A long oil varnish is a clear liquid that is applied to a
material to protect the material's surface. While drying, a
long oil varnish forms a transparent film that protects the
underling base material. A varnish is comprised of a mixture
of oil and resin.
9. POLYURETHANE VANISH
Definition:
 Polyurethane varnish is an oil-based, water-resistant liquid
substance that is used to make surface paints. It is applied
as a protective coating to metal surfaces that are prone to
corrosion, and to wood and other materials.
Function:
 Polyurethane varnish is an oil-based, water-resistant liquid
substance that is used to make surface paints. It is applied
as a protective coating to metal surfaces that are prone to
corrosion, and to wood and other materials
10. CEMENT PAINT
Definition:
 Concrete paint is non-reactive (similar to a water-based
concrete stain) and fills the surface pores of the concrete to
achieve opaque, uniform, consistent color.
Function:
 Cement paint is water based paint and is applied to either
exterior or interior including brick work and concrete. It is
used for painting exterior wall surface mainly for preventing
water penetration amd reductions of dirt collection. It is
suitable for coating concrete as well as decorating indoor
and outdoor walls.
CEILING MATERIAS DEFINITION & FUNCTION
1. CARRYING CHANNEL
Definition:
 This is the main support of a suspended ceiling system, on
which other furring members or furring channels can
attach.
Function:
 The carrying channel, like the double furring channel, is
also used on suspended ceilings, and it can also support
an entire ceiling assembly
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
2. METAL W-CLIP
Definition:
 In suspended ceiling assemblies, double furring clips or W-
clips are used to secure the double furring (metal furring)
and the carrying channel.
Function:
 W-clips are used to connect carrying channels and
metal furrings.

3. PVC CEILING PANEL

Definition:
 PVC ceiling panels are made from a type of plastic called
polyvinyl chloride. They are often used as an alternative to
traditional plasterboard ceilings, as they are easier to install
and maintain. PVC ceiling panels come in various sizes,
thicknesses, and designs, so there is sure to be a style that
suits your needs
Function:
 PVC panels are being popularly used as a cladding
material for both walls and ceilings. They are versatile and
can be used as an alternative to mineral fibre materials
such as
gypsum or POP.
4. INSULATION FOIL
Definition:
 Foil insulation consists of a thin layer of heat-reflecting
metallic foil, usually aluminium. It is most commonly
found in flexible sheet or blanket form and may be attached
to other flexible insulating materials such as wool or
fibreglass.
Function:
 Foil insulation, or multifoil insulation, is an effective
method to prevent heat loss and condensation in homes,
buildings, and more. It is typically made from aluminium
foil or aluminised polyester and works by reflecting
radiant
heat, convection and conduction.
5. GYMSUM BOARD
Definition:
 Also known as plasterboards or drywall, gypsum
plasterboards are prefabricated, ready-to-install calcium
sulfate boards used for false ceilings. These come in
different thicknesses and sizes, such as 9, 12, and 15 mm,
and 4 x 6 feet, 4 x 8 feet, and 4 x 10 feet, respectively.
Function:
 It helps in improving resistance, rigidity, and higher fire
resistance. These characteristics make them excellent for
single-layer and double-layer walls. The ¾-inch and the 1-
inch variant are used for creating shaft walls, partitions,
corridor ceilings, and similar purposes.
6. GLASS IN CEILING
Definition:
 The term "glass ceiling" refers to the sometimes-invisible
barrier to success that many women come up against in their
careers. Management consultant Marilyn Loden coined the
phrase almost 40 years ago but says it is still as relevant as
ever.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
Function:
 The term glass ceiling refers to a metaphorical
invisible barrier that prevents certain individuals from
being promoted to managerial- and executive-level
positions within an organization or industry.
7. METAL SPANDREL
Definition:
 Traditionally, “spandrel” is what you call the space or
surface between a curved figure and a rectangular
corner. Spandrels are often triangular because of the
elements surrounding them.
Function:
 They can be plain, ribbed, or ridged. But more than the
aesthetic they provide, spandrels are also functional. They
protect your roof from weather elements like moisture
and
help with your home's ventilation.
8. CEMENT BOARD
Definition:
 A cement board is a combination of cement and reinforcing
fibers formed into sheets, of varying thickness that are
typically used as a tile backing board.
Function:
 The primary purpose of cement boards is to serve as
backing for tile and is superior to paper-covered gypsum at
this task because of its resistance to water – as tile is
typically used in areas prone to water exposure, it is
important to have a backing that will not develop mold and
mildew or disintegrate after prolonged exposure to moisture.
9. METAL FURRING
Definition:
 Metal furring refers to a non-structural metal attachment
that is used to hold a finish material. In metal-framed
construction, the furring pieces are long, light gauge
materials of various shapes.
Function:
 Builders commonly use metal furring as a method of
supporting one layer of material over another, or
holding insulation or other construction items between
materials. For ceilings, furring is one of the first steps in
installing
drywall.
10. CARRYING CHANNEL
Definition:
 The carrying channel is the main support of a suspended
ceiling system, on which other components, like furring
channels, can attach. The carrying channel is also used on
suspended ceilings. It can also support an entire ceiling
assembly.
Function:
 This is the main support of a suspended ceiling system, on
which other furring members or furring channels can
attach. The carrying channel, like the double furring
channel, is also used on suspended ceilings, and it can also
support an entire ceiling assembly.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
STEEL MATERIALS DEFINITION & FUNCTION
1. CHANNEL BAR
Definition:
 Channel bar is the accumulation of deposited sediment
within the channel. It begins once the flow velocity falls
below the settling velocity of a particle, which obstructs
the entrainment process (Prus- Chacinski, 1954; Leopold,
Wolman, Miller, 1964; Knighton, 1984)
Function:
 The channel bars are used as studs similar to conventional
wood frames. These would usually run vertically from the
bottom of the wall to the top. The channel bar is able to
help bear the vertical load of the building. Wood studs are
durable but not as durable as galvanized channel bars.
2. V- DECK
Definition:
 Velco Tech Systems, “V-Deck™” is a modular temporary
work platform that provides a strong and stable platform for
underdeck works. The innovative product replaces the need
for traditional scaffolding and can be used for large or
small work areas dependent upon the customer
requirements.
Function:
 Metal decking has two primary uses: structural metal
roof deck and composite floor deck. It’s perfect for both
applications because it has a high strength-to-weight ratio
that’s both inexpensive and easy to install.
3. SQUARE BAR
Definition:
 Square bars, also known as square steel, squares and
square metal bar are a multipurpose steel section mainly
used for manufacturing and repairs. General purpose square
bars are part of our light and re-rolled section, making it
suitable for everyday commercial projects.
Function:
 These bars are widely used in many industries for general
assembly or manufacturing. They are also used for
general repairs of plant equipment and railings. Common
applications include ornamental iron work, gates and
protective barriers on windows.
4. FLAT STEEL BAR
Definition:
 Flat bar is a type of steel product displaying rectangle
section, while using the range of size from 12 for you to 300
mm and this of thickness.
Function:
 Flat bar is a basic of building support materials. They are
generally used for support braces, ladder hangers, gate
latches, duct work, overhead doors, heaters and bracing.
5. CORRUGATED BAR
Definition:
 A steel bar for reinforcing concrete having spiral or
transverse ridges or nubs at short intervals on each face
to provide a bond with the concrete.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHIITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering
Function:
 The steel provides all the tensile strength where concrete is
in tension, as in beams and slabs; it supplements the
compressive strength of concrete in columns and walls;
and it provides extra shear strength over and above that of
concrete in beams.
6. PVC METAL PIPE
Definition:
 It's the white plastic pipe commonly used for plumbing
and drainage. PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and it's
become a common replacement for metal piping. PVC's
strength, durability, easy installation, and low cost have
made it one of the most widely used plastics in the world.
Function:
 The PVC pipes are used in both commercial and residential
sectors. The application of the PVC pipes includes their use
in plumbing, sewage and drainage systems, drinking water
distribution, irrigation systems, chemical handling, fume,
exhaust and ventilation ducts, and recreation purposes.
7. C PURLINS
Definition:
 C purlins, also known as Cee purlins, are in the shape of
the letter C and provide structural support for beams
required for walls and flooring. In addition to roofing, C
purlins are often used for structural support in walls and as
floor joists.
Function:
 C section purlins or cee section purlins are designed to
form the walls and floor joists of a building shell structure,
making them ideal for supporting beams needed for
mezzanine flooring.
8. FLAT BAR
Definition:
 Flat bars are a flat, rectangular section with square edges
varying in sizes. This cost-effective steel product is suitable
for a wide variety of applications and is distributed into the
construction, engineering, manufacturing, mining, grating,
fabrication and many other industries.
Function:
 Flat bar is a basic of building support materials. They
are generally used for support braces, ladder hangers,
gate
latches, duct work, overhead doors, heaters and bracing.
9. TUBULAR PIPE
Definition:
 A tube, or tubing, is a long hollow cylinder used for moving
fluids or to protect electrical or optical cables and wires.
The terms "pipe" and "tube" are almost interchangeable,
although minor distinctions exist — generally, a tube has
tighter engineering requirements than a pipe
Function:
 Tubular steel is ideal for transporting gases, water and liquid
waste. Conveyors and many types of industrial machines
use it.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
LUBAO EXTENSION CAMPUS
10. HOT ROLLED DERFORMED BARS
Definition:
 Hot rolled deformed bars are also known as Thermo
mechanically treated bars or TMT Bars. In RCC
(Reinforced Concrete Structure) TMT Bars are commonly
used for its superior tensile strength. The Ribs on TMT
Bars provide superior bonding in Cement Concrete.
Function:
 Heat treated or deformed reinforcment bars are used almost
exclusively in the construction industry to furnish tensile
strength to concrete structures. The surface of these bars is
provided with ribs or protrusions, which inhibit
longitudinal
movement relative to the surrounding concrete.
FLOORING MATERIALS DEFINITION & FUNCTION
1. CERAMIC TILE
Definition:
 Ceramic tiles are a mixture of clays and other natural
materials, such as sand, quartz and water. They are
primarily used in houses, restaurants, offices, shops, and
so on, as bathroom wall and kitchen floor surfaces. They
are easy to fit, easy to clean, easy to maintain and are
available at reasonable prices
Function:
 Ceramic tiles are one of the key components used in the
construction industry for building interior and exterior
floors, footpaths, swimming pools, walls, partitions, and
roofs. Ceramic tiles are highly durable. They offer
protection from abrasion and stains and they require
less
maintenance
2. LAMINATED FLOORING
Definition:
 Laminate flooring is a synthetic floor covering that has
been designed to look like wood flooring or sometimes
stone flooring. It has been a popular choice with DIY
enthusiasts for decades. Traditionally it offered a cheaper
alternative to real wood
Function:
 Laminate makes for an extremely durable product because
of its multi-layer construction. Laminate is resistant to
scratch, fade, and is easy to clean. Laminate's durability
allows for the absorption of heavy traffic, making it an
ideal flooring choice for active families with kids and pets
running around.
3. VINYL TILE FLOORING
Definition:
 Vinyl flooring is a type of flooring with a polymer core
made from polyvinyl chloride, better known as PVC.
However, when vinyl flooring is a combination of PVC
and wood, it is known as WPC, and if it is made from stone
(calcium carbonate) and PVC, it is known as SPC.
Function:
 Vinyl flooring reduces noise and provides comfort
underfoot. Unlike such hard surfaces as wood, laminate,
terrazzo or ceramic tile, vinyl floors have "give" and
thus are referred to as "resilient" flooring
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
LUBAO EXTENSION CAMPUS
4. TERAZZO FLOORING
Definition:
 Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or
precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments. It
consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or
other suitable material, poured with a cementitious
binder, polymeric, or a combination of both.
Function:
 The material withstands high amounts of pressure, making
the floor ideal for public buildings dealing with high levels
of foot traffic daily. These buildings include schools and
universities, government centers, hospitals, airports,
restaurants, and stadiums, which benefit from having
terrazzo floors installed.
5. ENGINEERED WOOD FLOORING
Definition:
 Engineered wood flooring looks almost identical to the
hardwood on the surface, but instead of a single wood
plank, it's made of a high-quality plywood core with a thin
layer of hardwood flooring on top. Engineered wood
flooring is a more affordable option, but it can't be
refinished to extend its lifespan.
Function:
 Engineered hardwood construction has durable, high-
performance qualities. It is constructed with multi-layers of
wood; each layer is positioned in a different direction. This
construction prevents the engineered hardwood from
warping and bowing the way a hardwood floor might in
moist areas
6. TILES
Definition:
 Tile flooring is a catch-all term used to describe any hard-
wearing flooring made up of tiles, where the gaps among
tiles have been filled with grout. Oftentimes, tile flooring
is made of ceramic, a clay-based material
Function:
 Tiles serve more than just their function as a protective
surface for areas of your home. They play an important role
in the interior design of your home by creating an
atmosphere which adds to the look and feel of the living
space
7. MARBLE TILE
Definition:
 Marble is a natural stone material that can be used for many
applications: marble countertops, marble floors, and marble
tile. A marble tile is formed differently vs porcelain, in that
the natural stone is cut into small, manageable slabs to fit
the size and shape of the needed tiles.
Function:
 Marble tiles are one of the most popular flooring options.
That's because marble offers a range of benefits. It looks
gorgeous, it is durable, hardwearing and resistant to
shattering, it is an excellent insulator, and it reflects
light. You can use marble tiles in any room and marble is
also
affordable as well.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
LUBAO EXTENSION CAMPUS
8. VIBRO SAND
Definition:
 Vibro sand 4MM is the best material for a variety of
construction and landscaping applications. One such
application of the Vibro Sand 4MM would be for
manufacturing concrete–a highly versatile material for
different purposes.
Function:
 This can be used for a myriad of applications, such as
paving roads and sidewalks, creating hollow blocks to build
structures, building smaller masonry works, and other uses
for concrete.
9. SOLID HARD WOOD
Definition:
 A solid hardwood flooring quite simply is a flooring made
from many numbers of different types of tree or species of
tree but is manufactured from one single piece of wood.
The alternative is an engineered board and the key
difference to the engineered board will have a top layer of
hardwood with a manmade back
Function:
 Solid hardwood floors were originally used for
structural purposes, being installed perpendicular to the
wooden support beams of a building known as joists or
bearers. With the increased use of concrete as a subfloor
in some parts of the world, engineered wood flooring
has gained
some popularity.
10. G1 GRAVEL
Definition:
 Gravel material that has been processed through a
crusher, washed, and screened to size. Typically used for
parking areas, drainage stone, and for drip edges around
buildings.
Function:
 Parking lots, drainage stone, and drip edges around
buildings are all popular uses. Also used in asphalt concrete
mixes with coarser construction requirements, concrete
pavements, large foundations, granular bedding/filler, and
granular bedding/filler.
WALLING MATERIALS DEFINITION & FUNCTION
1. VINYL
Definition:
 Basically, vinyl wallcoverings consist of one or more
layers of a vinyl plastic with a backing such as polyester-
and- cotton blend woven fabric, nonwoven fabric or paper.
Vinyl wallcoverings are available in both commercial and
residential categories.
Function:
 Vinyl wallcoverings are those with a polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) or acrylic type vinyl coating. Some vinyl
wallcoverings contain a paper substrate or fabric backing,
but these are still considered durable due to its vinyl surface.
2 BRICKS
Definition:
 A contemporary brick wall is typically made of clay,
concrete, or calcium-silicate bricks. The most common
brick size is 215mm (L) x 102.5mm (W) x 65mm (H).
Bricks are bound together by a cementitious or lime mortar,
usually 10mm thick for the horizontal (bedding) joints and
10mm wide for the vertical (perpend) joints.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
LUBAO EXTENSION CAMPUS
Function:
 Interior walls made of bricks help adjust the building's
temperature, as they store heat and cool air. In winter, the
walls offer warmth, while on a hot summer day they have a
cooling effect. This creates a pleasant indoor climate,
which
means healthy houses.
3. CONCRETE
Definition:
 A concrete block wall is a wall made up of standard size
concrete blocks. The standard size is 8 inches, however,
depending on the design parameters and standards set by
an engineer for the concrete structure, the block sizes may
vary.
Function:
 It is constructed as a load bearing structure to transfers loads
from floor to the wall below or to the foundation, in
addition to divide spaces in multi-storey buildings.
Moreover, concrete wall is a desirable structural element in
earthquake prone areas since it exhibit satisfactory
performance during
earthquakes
4. METAL
Definition:
 Metal composite material panels are formed by joining two
sheets of painted or natural metal sheets (typically
aluminum but can also utilize other materials like steel, zinc,
copper, stainless steel, or titanium) and bonding them to a
polyethylene center.
Function:
 They hold up well against fire, rain, and everyday wear
and tear – Metal materials are great protective barriers
against fire and extreme weather conditions. When used
with a weather-resistant barrier, they can also prevent rain
from
getting inside a building.
5. PLYWOOD
Definition:
 A structural material consisting of sheets of wood glued
or cemented together with the grains of adjacent layers
arranged at right angles or at a wide angle.
Function:
 In structural terms, plywood can be used for partitions,
floors, ceilings and sheathing. It is also used for
decorative purposes both in exterior positions, such as
cladding and
doors, and internally as cabinets, shelves and furniture.
6. PLASTIC WALLING
Definition:
 Plastic wall panels means single glazing plastic materials
which are fastened to structural members or to structural
panels or sheathing and which are used as
light−transmitting media in exterior walls.
Function:
 Soundproofing: Acrylic plastic walls offer the possibility
of being used as soundproofing screens. With them, sounds
and noises from the environment can be eliminated to
guarantee a sense of well-being and silence in the space
where they have been placed.
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
LUBAO EXTENSION CAMPUS
7. DRYWALL
Definition:
 drywall, also called wallboard, any of various large rigid
sheets of finishing material used in drywall construction to
face the interior walls of dwellings and other buildings.
Drywall construction is the application of walls without the
use of mortar or plaster.
Function:
 Drywall is a construction material used to create walls
and ceilings. It's also used to create many design features,
including eaves, arches and other architectural specialties.
It's quick and easy to install, incredibly durable, and
requires only simple repairs when damaged.
8. CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
Definition:
 Hollow concrete blocks are substitutes for conventional
bricks and stones in building construction. They are
lighter than bricks, easier to place and also confer
economics in foundation cost and consumption of cement.
Function:
 Hollow blocks are often used to build large structures like
boundary fences. The reduced volume of concrete used to
make each block adds up to a significant savings in cost
for the materials for the whole wall. Their lighter weight
also
makes them easier to lift.
9. GLASS
Definition:
 From an outsider's view, these buildings look like they're
covered with glass windows or that the walls are made of
glass rather than other standard building materials. In the
industry, this design feature is often called a curtain wall
or window wall.
Function:
 Glass walls and sliding glass doors help create a feeling of
spaciousness that's both modern and appealing. Also, glass
walls help to provide more natural light inside of houses
and increasing the natural light inside of a house offers
plenty of
health benefits
10. STONE
Definition:
 Stone Wall means a congruent structure of stone
constructed to enclose, divide, or define an area, and
located at least partially within the boundaries of the road.
Function:
 The stone walls used to be constructed by farmers and
primitive people by piling loose field stones into a dry
stone
wall.