Hydrology: Stream Flow, Evaporation, and Transpiration

Stream Flow, Evaporation,
and Transpiration
CE443 Hydrology
Stream Flow
Volumetric discharge expressed in
volume per unit time that takes place
in a stream or channel and varies in
time and space.
Stream Flow Measurement
Direct Determination of Stream
Discharge:
1. Area Velocity Method – discharge
measurement by measuring the area
of cross-section of the river at a
selected section (gauging site) and
measuring the velocity of flow
throughout the cross-sectional area.
Direct Determination of Stream
Discharge:
2. Dilution Method – method of
determining the flow rate in a ground
or surface water environment by the
use of dye.
Indirect Determination of Stream
Discharge:
1. Slope Area Method – discharge is
estimated by observing the water
surface and cross-section area.
Determination of Velocity:
1. Float Method – a method where a
floating device “float” is established
where the stream flow occur to
measure the approximate velocity of
the water surface.
Determination of Velocity:
2. Current Meters Method – a use of
rotating device which rotates due to
the reaction of stream currents.
Evaporation
It is the one of the two types of
vaporization, making boiling as the
other one.
It is a process by which water
changes from a liquid to gaseous
state, or also known as vapour; the
primary pathway to return to water
cycle as atmospheric water vapour.
Evaporation
Types of Evaporators
1. Falling Film Evaporator – product
inlet discharges fluid through a
steamed calandria whereas vapour
flow is downward.
2. Rising Film Evaporator – product
inlet discharges fluid from base
which is constantly boiled hence
expanding vapour that flows upward
through the calandria.
3. Forced Circular Evaporators –
product inlet discharges fluid from
base to flash vessel/ separator which
is heated by steam from a separated
calandria.
4. Plate Evaporators – product inlet
discharges fluid through series of
channels inside its calandria plate
that is distributed to the pre-
separator and main separator.
5. Thermal and Mechanical Vapor
Recompression – product inlet
discharges fluid from base to
thermocompressor which involves
thermal and mechanical activity
before being condensed in the
evaporator heat exchanger.
Transpiration
It is the process by which moisture is
carried through plants from roots to
small pores on the underside of
leaves, where it changes to vapour,
and is released to the atmosphere.
It is an evaporative cooling system
that brings down the temperature of
of plants.
Transpiration
Transpiration
It is an elegant, sustainable natural
design that adds moisture to the
atmosphere and contributes to
rainfall.
Process of Transpiration
Water moves from soil to plant roots,
up through the sapwood into the
leaves.
The warmth of the sun vaporizes the
water that passes through stomata.
Function of Transpiration
It pumps water and mineral to the
leaves for photosynthesis.
The vaporization process cools the
plants.
Factors Affecting Transpiration
Temperature
Humidity
Light
References
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/e
arth-and-planetary-sciences/streamflow
 http://www.krisweb.com/hydrol/flow.ht
m
 https://gradeup.co/evaporation-
transpiration-and-stream-flow-
measurement-i-978c41c5-8170-11e6-
90ce-d2449cc97707
 http://emilymemsscience.blogspot.com
/p/evaporation-scientist.html
References
https://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycl
eevaporation.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/
evaporation
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/
evaporation.htm
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/b
oundless-chemistry/chapter/phase-
changes/
References
https://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycl
etranspiration.html
https://www.quora.com/What-are-
the-different-types-of-evaporation
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/wa
ter/evaporation/evaporation-
meaning-factors-and-types/88813
https://www.gea.com/en/products/fa
lling-film-evaporator.jsp
References
 http://www.swensontechnology.com
/rising-film-evaporator/
 https://www.gea.com/en/products/f
orced-circulation-evaporator.jsp
 https://www.gea.com/en/products/
plate-evaporator.jsp
 http://www.swensontechnology.com
/thermal-vapor-recompression-
evaporator/
References
Plant Survival by Brian Capon;
Reaching for the Sun by John King;
Dictionary of Botany-Ed. Elizabeth
Tootill

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