Chapter 5 Cardio and CPR

LESSON 5
CARPIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION (CPR)
© 2011 National Safety Council

5-1
Basic Life Support (BLS)
• First aid given if victim’s breathing or heart stops

• Often needed for victims of:
- Heart attack
- Drowning
- Choking
- Other injuries/conditions
© 2011 National Safety Council 5-2

Overview of BLS
• CPR = chest compressions + rescue breaths

• Gets oxygen into lungs and oxygenated blood to vital
organs

Overview of BLS continued
• Choking care
- Includes chest compressions
- Expels an obstructing object from airway

Overview of BLS continued
• Use of an automated
external defibrillator
(AED)
- Restores a more normal
heart rhythm

BLS Age Differences
Infant = birth to 1 year

Child = age 1 to the onset of puberty (for CPR and
choking care); age 1 to 8 for AED
Adult = past the age of puberty (or over age 8 for AED)

Respiratory Emergencies
• Any illness or injury
resulting in stopped
breathing or
inadequate breathing
• Two types
- Respiratory arrest
- Respiratory distress

Respiratory Emergencies: Examples
• Obstructed airway
• Penetrating injury to chest
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Heart problem reducing tissue oxygen
• Electrical shock disrupting breathing or heartbeat
• Drug overdose or poisoning

Respiratory Arrest
and Respiratory Distress
• Respiratory arrest
- Breathing has completely stopped
• Respiratory distress
- Breathing is difficult and may become ineffective

Cardiac Chain of Survival

Heart Attack – Acute Myocardial
Infarction (AMI)
• Sudden reduced blood flow to heart muscle
• Medical emergency that often leads to cardiac arrest
• Can occur at any age
• Usually results from atherosclerosis

Facts About Heart Attack
• Over 1,255,000 heart attacks occur a year in the
United States, resulting in over 132,000 deaths
• Many could have been saved by first aid and medical
treatment
• More likely in those with family history
• 1/5 of victims do not have chest pain
• Victims typically deny they are having a heart attack

Symptoms of Heart Attack
• Can vary from vague chest discomfort to crushing

pain with or without other symptoms
• May have no signs and symptoms before suddenly
collapsing
• May have milder symptoms that come and go before
heart attack occurs

Symptoms of Heart Attack continued
• In women chest pain or discomfort most common

symptom
- Also more likely to have shortness of breath, jaw or back
pain, indigestion, nausea and vomiting
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7wmPWTnDbE

Symptoms of Heart Attack continued
• Consider possibility of heart attack with wide range of

symptoms
- Don’t expect a clearly defined situation
• Act quickly because deaths usually occur with an
hour or two of symptoms

Aspirin and Heart Attack
• Many patients at risk for cardiovascular disease
advised to take one low-dose aspirin daily unless
allergic or experience side effects
• For victims who do not need to avoid aspirin, chewing
one uncoated adult aspirin or two low-dose baby
aspirin is now recommended when experiencing
heart attack symptoms

Nitroglycerin for Heart Attack
• Increases blood flow

by dilating arteries
• Often prescribed for
angina
- Type of chest pain
caused by narrowed
coronary arteries
• Comes in tablets,
sprays and patches

Nitroglycerin for Heart Attack continued
• Can assist victim with

prescribed
nitroglycerine
- Follow victim’s
instructions
- Do not attempt to give if
victim unresponsive

First Aid for Heart Attack
1. Call 9-1-1 immediately.

2. Help victim into comfortable position. Loosen any
tight clothing.
3. Ask victim about medications.
4. Encourage the victim to chew one uncoated adult or
two low-dose baby aspirin (unless allergic).
5. Stay with victim. Be reassuring.

Call First/Call Fast
Call First (before starting CPR):

• Any unresponsive adult who is not breathing normally
Call Fast (after giving about two minutes of CPR):

• Any infant or child who is unresponsive and not
breathing normally

Use of CPR for unresponsiveness
and lack of normal breathing caused by:
• Heart attack • Electric shock
• Drowning • Certain injuries
• Suffocation
• Stroke
• Allergic reaction
• Diabetic emergency
• Prolonged seizures
• Drug overdose

CPR Saves Lives
• CPR and defibrillation within 3-5 minutes can save

over 50% of cardiac arrest victims
• CPR followed by AED saves thousands of lives each
year
• In most cases CPR helps keep victim alive until EMS
or AED arrives

CPR Technique
If unresponsive and not breathing start CPR with chest

compressions:
• Find correct hand position
• Compress chest hard and fast at rate of at least 100
compressions/minute
• Alternate 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths
• Give each breath over one second

General Technique: Rescue Breaths
• Position victim on
back
• Open airway with
head tilt–chin lift
• Use a barrier device
• Give each breath over
about one second
• Watch victim’s chest
rise

General Technique: Rescue Breaths
continued
• Do not blow harder than needed to make chest rise

• After each breath let air escape and chest fall
• Blowing in too forcefully or for too long may cause
vomiting

Mouth to Barrier
• Barrier device is
always recommended
• Position pocket mask
or face shield on
victim’s face
• Make sure it is sealed
to victim’s face
- With face shield, pinch
victim’s nose closed
when giving breaths

Potential Problem: Vomiting
• To prevent air from entering stomach and causing

vomiting
- Open airway before giving breaths
- Watch chest rise as you give breaths
- Blow slowly and steadily
- Stop each breath when chest rises
- Let chest fall after each breath

Skill: CPR for Adults, Children and
Infants (1 Rescuer)
© 2011 National Safety Council

5-28
Assess the Victim
1 Determine that victim is unresponsive and not

breathing normally
Have someone call 9-1-1, or call yourself if alone,
and get an AED
Begin CPR

2 Put hand(s) in correct
position for chest
compressions

3 Give 30 chest compressions at rate of at least 100
per minute
Then give 2 breaths

4 Open airway
Give two rescue breaths, each lasting one second
- If first breath does not go in, reposition head and try again
- If second breath still does not go in, give care for choking

5 Continue cycles of 30 compression and two breaths
6 Continue CPR until:
• Victim wakes up
• AED brought to scene and ready to use
• Professional help arrives to take over
• Scene becomes dangerous
• You become too exhausted

7 If victim starts breathing normally but is
unresponsive, put in recovery position and monitor
breathing
When AED arrives, start AED sequence

Compression-Only CPR
• If you cannot or will not

give rescue breaths,
still give chest
compressions

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LESSON 5

© 2011 National Safety Council

• First aid given if victim’s breathing or heart stops

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-2

• CPR = chest compressions + rescue breaths

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-3

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-4

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-5

Infant = birth to 1 year

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-6

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-7

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© 2011 National Safety Council 5-9

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-10

© 2011 National Safety Council 16-11

© 2011 National Safety Council 16-12

• Can vary from vague chest discomfort to crushing

© 2011 National Safety Council 16-13

• In women chest pain or discomfort most common

© 2011 National Safety Council 16-14

• Consider possibility of heart attack with wide range of

© 2011 National Safety Council 16-15

© 2011 National Safety Council 16-16

• Increases blood flow

© 2011 National Safety Council 16-17

• Can assist victim with

© 2011 National Safety Council 16-18

1. Call 9-1-1 immediately.

© 2011 National Safety Council 16-19

Call First (before starting CPR):

Call Fast (after giving about two minutes of CPR):

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-20

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-21

• CPR and defibrillation within 3-5 minutes can save

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-22

If unresponsive and not breathing start CPR with chest

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-23

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-24

• Do not blow harder than needed to make chest rise

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-25

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-26

• To prevent air from entering stomach and causing

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-27

© 2011 National Safety Council

1 Determine that victim is unresponsive and not

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-29

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-30

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-31

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-32

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-33

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-34

• If you cannot or will not

© 2011 National Safety Council 5-35

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