Writing Chapter 3 Methodology: Prepared By: Chona V. Cayabat, Dba

WRITING CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
PREPARED BY:
CHONA V. CAYABAT, DBA
CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 3
1. Locale of the Study

2. Research Design
3. Population and Sampling
4. Research Instrumentation
5. Data Gathering Procedures
6. Statistical Treatment
LOCALE OF THE STUDY
 Location or place where the primary data were collected

LOCALE OF THE STUDY
 EXAMPLES:
 The study was conducted in the urban barangays of Lucban, Quezon. Based from
the Office of the Municipal Planning and Development Council, the urban barangays
are as follows: Barangay 1, Barangay 2, Barangay 3, Barangay 4, Barangay 5,
Barangay 6, Barangay 7, Barangay 8, Barangay 9, and Barangay 10.
 The study was conducted in Southern Luzon State University. SLSU is located in the
eastern part of the town of Lucban, Quezon at the foot of the majestic Mount
Banahaw. Its main campus has a total land area of approximately 4.58 hectares with
perimeter fences around.
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Scheme prepared to identify the different conditions necessary for the

measurement, collection and analysis of data
 Should ensure that the evidence obtained will enable the researcher
to accomplish research objectives unambiguously
 Synonymous with the term “methods of research” which refers to a

classified or categorized procedure for conducting research
RESEARCH DESIGN
 The most popular classifications of research method are the following:
1. Historical
2. Descriptive
a. Qualitative (i.e. case study)
b. Quantitative (i.e. survey, cross-sectional, longitudinal)
3. Correlational
4. Causal
5. Exploratory
RESEARCH DESIGN
 EXAMPLES:
 The researchers utilized the descriptive-correlational research design.
Descriptive research design was implied to describe the profile of the
respondents as to age, sex, address, civil status, family members, source/s of
income, and estimated monthly income; and to describe the respondents’
microfinance services availment as to microfinance institution borrowed from,
frequency of borrowings and amount borrowed. It was also used to describe the
perceived levels of microfinance, effectiveness and impact as to business
capital, basic needs, financial conditions, and social aspects. Furthermore, it was
used to describe the problems encountered.
 On the other hand, correlational research design was used to determine the
significant relationship between microfinance effectiveness and impact of
households in Lucban, Quezon.
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
 Before the collection of data begins, the proportion of the population

to be used must have already been determined and the computation
of the sample (if the population is more than 500), must be
determined which shall represent the respondents of the study.
Description of the respondents should be included.
 EXAMPLE:
 The respondents of the study are the rural banks in Lucban Quezon. As
registered in the Bureau of Internal Revenue for the year 2016, there were 8
rural banks. Total enumeration shall be used since all the rural banks
approved on the request to be the respondents of the study.
 As reported by the Office of the Registration of Southern Luzon State

University for the 2nd semester of AY 2016-2017, there were recorded 340
students who take up the course Bachelor of Science in Accountancy. Total
enumeration shall be implied since all the students shall serve as the
respondents of the study.
 Types of Sampling
1. Probability Sampling – the sample is a proportion (certain percent) of

the population and such sample is selected from the population by
means of some systematic way in which every element of the
population has a chance of being included in the sample.
2. Nonprobability Sampling – the sample is not a proportion of the

population and there is no system in selecting the sample. The
selection depends upon the situation.
 TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Pure Random Sampling – every one in the population has an equal chance
of being selected or included in the sample. Also known as lottery or raffle
type of sampling.
2. Systematic Sampling – in this technique, every nth name in a list may be

selected to be included in the sample. Arranged in some systematic
manner or logical manner such as alphabetical arrangement, residential or
house arrangements, geographical placement, etc.
3. Stratified Random Sampling – process of selecting randomly,

samples from the strata of the population used in the study. This is
used when the respondents of the study has class stratification or
grouping.
 EXAMPLE:
 The researchers utilized probability sampling, particularly stratified

sampling, in which any household from each barangay had chance
of being selected as respondent in the study. Using Slovin’s formula,
371 out of 5,114 shall serve as the respondents of the study. Table 1
shows the distribution of the respondents for each respective
barangay.
 TYPES OF NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Accidental Sampling – there is no system of selection but only those

whom the researcher or interviewer meets by chance are included
in the sample.
2. Quota Sampling – specified numbers of persons of certain types are

included in the sample.
3. Convenience Sampling – process of picking out people in the most

convenient and fastest way to immediately get their reactions to a
certain issue.
4. Purposive Sampling – determining target population, those to be

involved in the study. The respondents are chosen based on their
knowledge of the subject being studied or information desired.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION
 Instruments are the tools of data collection including:
1. Questionnaire
2. Interviews
3. Observation
4. Focus group discussion
5. Triangulation
 QUESTIONNAIRE
 Commonly used by researchers in gathering necessary data where

feelings, perceptions and experiences of respondents serve as data.
 Well-printed form consisting of various questions address to target
respondents.
 It may be personally administered by the researcher or mailed.
 CATEGORIES OF QUESTIONNAIRE
 Structured Questionnaire – carefully developed using highly refined

measurement procedures, and has been designed for administration
under carefully prescribed conditions for some specific purpose. The
source or author of the questionnaire shall be ACKNOWLEDGED.
 Unstructured Questionnaire – researcher’s own developed instrument.

Includes the Interview Guide Questionnaire, Observation Form,
Document Analysis Form, and Self-Made Questionnaire.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Doing library search

2. Talking to knowledgeable people
3. Mastering the guidelines
4. Writing the questionnaire
5. Editing the questionnaire
6. Rewriting the questionnaire
7. Pre-testing the questionnaire
8. Writing the questionnaire in its final form
 TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Dichotomous Questions
2. Multiple Choice Questions
3. Checklist
4. Ranking Order Questions
5. Likert Type Rating Scale
 Interview – face-to-face interpersonal conversation with respondent.

Interview guide questionnaire is used to facilitate the conversation smoothly.
 Observation – a method of collecting data about the people, processes, and

culture, usually in line with a qualitative research.
 Focus Group Discussion – method of obtaining different reactions and

opinions of respondents to one topic.
 Triangulation – use to indicate the use of two or more methods in data

collection, with the purpose of checking or validating the results.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
 This part clarifies the data gathering steps, procedures and time
schedule. It explains from whom and how permission to conduct
study will be obtained, how it will administer to, and retrieved from the
respondents, how long it will take the respondents to answer the
instruments and when the data gathering will be done.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
 Refers to the tools to measure the value or level of a particular

research variable. The following are the types of treatments used:
1. Frequency and percentage distribution

2. Weighted mean
3. Profitability, liquidity, stability, and sustainability ratios
4. Z-test, T-test, or ANOVA (for significant difference)
5. Correlation or Chi-square (for significant relationship)
6. Regression (for significant effect and impact)

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WRITING CHAPTER 3

1. Locale of the Study

 Location or place where the primary data were collected

 Scheme prepared to identify the different conditions necessary for the

 Synonymous with the term “methods of research” which refers to a

 The most popular classifications of research method are the following:

 Before the collection of data begins, the proportion of the population

 As reported by the Office of the Registration of Southern Luzon State

1. Probability Sampling – the sample is a proportion (certain percent) of

2. Nonprobability Sampling – the sample is not a proportion of the

 TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

2. Systematic Sampling – in this technique, every nth name in a list may be

3. Stratified Random Sampling – process of selecting randomly,

 The researchers utilized probability sampling, particularly stratified

 TYPES OF NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Accidental Sampling – there is no system of selection but only those

2. Quota Sampling – specified numbers of persons of certain types are

3. Convenience Sampling – process of picking out people in the most

4. Purposive Sampling – determining target population, those to be

 Instruments are the tools of data collection including:

 Commonly used by researchers in gathering necessary data where

 Structured Questionnaire – carefully developed using highly refined

 Unstructured Questionnaire – researcher’s own developed instrument.

1. Doing library search

 Interview – face-to-face interpersonal conversation with respondent.

 Observation – a method of collecting data about the people, processes, and

 Focus Group Discussion – method of obtaining different reactions and

 Triangulation – use to indicate the use of two or more methods in data

 Refers to the tools to measure the value or level of a particular

1. Frequency and percentage distribution

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