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    Gaurang Yodh: Our Quantum World Wave Particle Duality of Nature

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    1) The document discusses the development of quantum physics and how experiments showed that both light and matter exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, challenging classical notions. 2) Milestones discussed include Planck quantizing energy, Einstein's photon theory, Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, Bohr's model incorporating discrete energy states, and de Broglie proposing matter waves. 3) De Broglie's hypothesis of matter waves was later confirmed experimentally, solidifying the new field of quantum mechanics where physical objects are best described as probabilistic wave functions.

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    Gaurang Yodh: Our Quantum World Wave Particle Duality of Nature

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    medellincolombia
    146 views31 pages
    1) The document discusses the development of quantum physics and how experiments showed that both light and matter exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, challenging classical notions. 2) Milestones discussed include Planck quantizing energy, Einstein's photon theory, Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, Bohr's model incorporating discrete energy states, and de Broglie proposing matter waves. 3) De Broglie's hypothesis of matter waves was later confirmed experimentally, solidifying the new field of quantum mechanics where physical objects are best described as probabilistic wave functions.

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    1) The document discusses the development of quantum physics and how experiments showed that both light and matter exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, challenging classical notions. 2) Milestones discussed include Planck quantizing energy, Einstein's photon theory, Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, Bohr's model incorporating discrete energy states, and de Broglie proposing matter waves. 3) De Broglie's hypothesis of matter waves was later confirmed experimentally, solidifying the new field of quantum mechanics where physical objects are best described as probabilistic wave functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    146 views31 pages

    Gaurang Yodh: Our Quantum World Wave Particle Duality of Nature

    Uploaded by

    medellincolombia
    1) The document discusses the development of quantum physics and how experiments showed that both light and matter exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, challenging classical notions. 2) Milestones discussed include Planck quantizing energy, Einstein's photon theory, Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, Bohr's model incorporating discrete energy states, and de Broglie proposing matter waves. 3) De Broglie's hypothesis of matter waves was later confirmed experimentally, solidifying the new field of quantum mechanics where physical objects are best described as probabilistic wave functions.

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    of 31

    OUR QUANTUM WORLD

    Wave Particle duality of Nature

    Gaurang Yodh
    Physics and Astronomy
    University of California Irvine

    Yodh 1
    OUTLINE

    Atom and its size


    Waves and Particles
    Waves as particles and Particles as Waves –
    Quantum View
    Milestones of Quantum physics
    Wave nature of Matter : de Broglie
    Interference of waves
    Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
    Quantum versus Classical world view
    Yodh 2
    How big are atoms ?
    Democritus : Atoms as
    building blocks.

    Size?
    Shape ?
    Substance?

    17000 Copper Diameter 10-7 cm


    atoms

    1 nm = 10-9 meters
    Atomic size determined not till the 19th century
    Atoms are very small ; about 0.5 nanometers.
    Nanotechnology deals with atomic manipulations.

    Yodh 3
    Objects

    VLA Radio Tel

    KECK Tel

    eye
    Optical microscope

    Techniques of observation
    http://www.vendian.org/howbig/
    T
    Helps you visualize sizes
    Yodh 4
    Waves and Particles : What do we mean by them?
    Material Objects:
    Ball, Car, person, or point like objects called particles.
    They can be located at a space point at a given time.
    They can be at rest, moving or accelerating.

    Falling Ball

    Ground level
    Yodh 5
    Waves and Particles: What do we mean by them
    Common types of waves:
    Ripples, surf, ocean waves, sound waves, radio waves.
    Need to see crests and troughs to define them.

    Waves are oscillations in space and time.

    Direction of travel, velocity

    Up-down
    oscillations

    Wavelength ,frequency, velocity and oscillation size defines waves


    Yodh 6
    Particles and Waves: Basic difference in behaviour

    When particles collide they cannot pass through each other !


    They can bounce or they can shatter
    Before collision After collision

    Another after
    collision state
    shatter

    Yodh 7
    Collision of truck with ladder on top with a
    Car at rest ! Note the ladder continue its
    Motion forward ….. Also the small care front
    End gets smashed.

    Yodh 8
    Head on collision of a car and truck
    Collision is inelastic – the small car is dragged along
    By the truck……

    Yodh 9
    Waves and Particles Basic difference:

    Waves can pass through each other !


    As they pass through each other they can enhance or cancel
    each other

    Later they regain their original form !

    Yodh 10
    Wavelength Frequency
    Waves and Particles:
    Spread in space and time
    Waves
    Can be superposed – show
    interference effects

    Pass through each other

    Localized in space and time

    Particles
    Cannot pass through each other -
    they bounce or shatter.

    Yodh 11
    OUR QUANTUM WORLD
    In the 20th century, study of atomic systems required a
    fundamental revision of these classical ideas about
    physical objects.
    1. Light waves exhibited particle like properties –
    phenomena called photo-electric effect in which light impinging
    on certain metals cause instanteous emission of electrons
    in a billiard ball like impact.
    – the basis of automatic door openers in grocery stores

    2. Electrons (particles) exhibit wave like properties – they


    can pass through each other ! Phenomenon of
    electron interference – basis of electron microscopes

    Yodh 12
    OUR QUANTUM WORLD
    .

    This quantum picture of the world is at odds


    with our common sense view of physical objects.
    We cannot uniquely define what is a particle and
    what is a wave !!

    Neils Bohr and Werner Heisenberg were the architects of this


    quantum world view, along with Planck, Einstein, de Broglie,
    Schrodinger, Pauli and Dirac.

    Yodh 13
    TRUE UNDERSTANDING OF NATURE REQUIRED
    THAT PHYSICAL OBJECTS, WHATEVER THEY ARE,
    ARE NEITHER EXCLUSIVELY PARTICLES OR WAVES

    No experiment can ever measure both aspects at the same


    time, so we never see a mixture of particle and wave.
    WHEN ONE OBSERVES A PHYSICAL PHENOMENON
    INVOLVING A PHYSICAL OBJECT, THE BEHAVIOUR
    YOU WILL OBSERVE – WHETHER PARTICLE LIKE OR
    WAVE LIKE – DEPENDS ON YOUR METHOD OF
    OBSERVATION.

    THE OBJECT IS DESCRIBED BY MATHEMATICAL


    FUNCT IONS WHICH ARE MEASURES OF PROBABILITY .

    Yodh 14
    MILESTONES OF QUANTUM PHYSICS:

    J.J.Thomson Established electron as a fundamenta


    particle of nature. He measured its charge to mass
    ratio using a Crooke's tube.

    Electric current = flow of electrons

    Animation of electrons moving


    Crooke's tube: and being deflected by an electric
    Evacuated tube or magnetic field.
    Visualization of
    electron beam.
    Yodh 15
    Marie Curie and Radioactivity - 1898

    Discovered that certain elements ‘ spontaneously ‘


    emit radiations and change into different elements.

    Only woman scientist to receive two Nobel Prizes:


    One in chemistry and the other in physics.

    Yodh 16
    The Quantum of Light or the Photon

    Particle nature of light was proposed by


    Einstein in 1905 to explain the photo-electric
    effect. Photo-electric effect – automatic door
    openers in grocery stores. Particles of light
    are called light quanta or photons.
    Energy of a Photon = h (frequency of light)
    h is a fundamental constant of nature and it is
    very small in size.
    Packet of energy in photon is so small that we are not aware
    of the rain of photons of light impinging on our eyes – just as
    you cannot feel the impact of individual air molecules, you
    only feel a breeze.

    Yodh 17
    Rutherford
    R and his Nuclear Atom: 1898 -1911
    r
    Ernest Rutherford used alpha rays to discover the
    nucleus of the atom. The nucleus was positvely
    charged and contained almost all of the mass of
    the atom. Most of the atom was empty space.

    Atomic size
    Electron cloud

    Classical physics required


    that this atom is unstable
    electrons would fall into
    the nucleus in 10-7 sec!
    Nuclear size Yodh 18
    Planck and quantization of atomic “ vibrations “

    Before Einstein, Planck postulated from study


    of radiation from hot bodies that the radiating
    atoms can only radiate energy in discrete amounts
    – or that atoms exist only in discrete states, called
    Quantum states.
    This was the birth of quantum physics in 1900

    Yodh 19
    THE BOHR ATOM:

    Bohr proposed a revolutionary model:


    An atom with discrete (Quantum) states
    – an ad hoc model

    Bohr model explained how atoms emit light


    quanta and their stability. He combined the
    postulates of Planck and Einstein to build
    characteristic energy states that atoms should
    possess. Model gave excellent agreement with
    experiment on atomic spectra.(1913)

    Yodh 20
    Bohr atom

    Bohr’s atom model achieved three important results:

    1. Atoms are stable

    2. Different atoms of the same element are identical

    3. Atoms regenerate if they are taken apart and


    then allowed to reform.

    Yodh 21
    THE BOHR ATOM:

    Understanding the origin of Bohr's model required an


    essential bold step – enter Louis de Broglie.

    Yodh 22
    Wave nature of material bodies:

    If light, which classically is a wave,


    can have particle nature
    As shown by Planck and Einstein,

    Can material particles exhibit wave nature ?

    Prince Louis de Broglie while doing


    his Ph.D. research said particles
    should have wave like properties.

    Yodh 23
    Wave Nature of Matter
    Louis de Broglie in 1923 proposed that
    matter particles should exhibit wave
    properties just as light waves exhibited
    particle properties. These waves have
    very small wavelengths in most situations
    so that their presence was difficult to observe

    These waves were observed a few years later by Davisson and


    G.P. Thomson with high energy electrons. These electrons show
    the same pattern when scattered from crystals as X-rays of simila
    wave lengths.

    Electron microscope
    picture of a fly

    Yodh 24
    A SUMMARY OF DUAL ITY OF NATURE
    Wave particle duality of physical objects
    LIGHT

    Wave nature -EM wave Particle nature -photons


    Optical microscope Convert light to electric current

    Interference Photo-electric effect

    PARTICLES

    Wave nature Particle nature


    Matter waves -electron
    Electric current
    microscope
    photon-electron collisions
    Discrete (Quantum) states of confined
    systems, such as atoms.
    Yodh 25
    QUNATUM MECHANICS:

    ALL PHYSICAL OBJECTS exhibit both PARTICLE AND WAVE


    LIKE PROPERTIES. THIS WAS THE STARTING POINT
    OF QUANTUM MECHANICS DEVELOPED INDEPENDENTLY
    BY WERNER HEISENBERG AND ERWIN SCHRODINGER.

    Particle properties of waves: Einstein relation:


    Energy of photon = h (frequency of wave).

    Wave properties of particles: de Broglie relation:


    wave length = h/(mass times velocity)
    Physical object described by a mathematical function called
    the wave function.
    Experiments measure the Probability of observing the object.

    Yodh 26
    A localized wave or wave packet:
    A moving particle in quantum theory

    Spread in position Spread in momentum

    Superposition of waves
    of different wavelengths
    to make a packet

    Narrower the packet , more the spread in momentum


    Basis of Uncertainty Principle

    Yodh 27
    ILLUSTRATION OF MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRON
    POSITION

    Act of measurement
    influences the electron
    -gives it a kick and it
    is no longer where it
    was ! Essence of uncertainty
    principle.
    Yodh 28
    Classical world is Deterministic:
    Knowing the position and velocity of
    all objects at a particular time
    Future can be predicted using known laws of force
    and Newton's laws of motion.
    Quantum World is Probabilistic:
    Impossible to know position and velocity
    with certainty at a given time.

    Only probability of future state can be predicted using


    known laws of force and equations of quantum mechanics.
    Tied together
    Observer Observed

    Yodh 29
    BEFORE OBSERVATION IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY
    WHETHER AN OBJECT IS A WAVE OR A PARTICLE
    OR WHETHER IT EXISTS AT ALL !!
    QUANTUM MECHANICS IS A PROBABILISTIC THEORY OF NATURE

    UNCERTAINTY RELATIONS OF HEISENBERG ALLOW YOU TO


    GET AWAY WITH ANYTHING PROVIDED YOU DO IT FAST
    ENOUGH !! example: Bank employee withdrawing cash, using it ,but
    replacing it before he can be caught ...
    CONFINED PHYSICAL SYSTEMS – AN ATOM – CAN ONLY
    EXIST IN CERTAIN ALLOWED STATES ... .

    THEY ARE QUANTIZED

    Yodh 30
    COMMON SENSE VIEW OF THE WORLD IS AN
    APPROXIMATION OF THE UNDERLYING BASIC
    QUANTUM DESCRIPTION OF OUR PHYSICAL
    WORLD !
    IN THE COPENHAGEN INTERPRETATION OF
    BOHR AND HEISENBERG IT IS IMPOSSIBLE IN
    PRINCIPLE FOR OUR WORLD TO BE
    DETERMINISTIC !

    EINSTEIN, A FOUNDER OF QM WAS


    UNCOMFORTABLE WITH THIS
    INTERPRETATION
    God does not play dice !
    Bohr and Einstein in discussion 1933
    Yodh 31

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