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    Chemical Energy To Electrical Energy Conversion

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    CrichelleMae
    This document provides an overview of battery technology, including: 1. It briefly outlines the history of batteries and summarizes the types and characteristics of different battery cells. 2. Batteries are described as devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy through electrochemical reactions in one or more cells containing a positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte. 3. The document compares primary batteries that are non-rechargeable to secondary batteries that can be recharged, and discusses some common battery chemistries like lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, lead acid, and alkaline.

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    Chemical Energy To Electrical Energy Conversion

    Uploaded by

    CrichelleMae
    104 views37 pages
    This document provides an overview of battery technology, including: 1. It briefly outlines the history of batteries and summarizes the types and characteristics of different battery cells. 2. Batteries are described as devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy through electrochemical reactions in one or more cells containing a positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte. 3. The document compares primary batteries that are non-rechargeable to secondary batteries that can be recharged, and discusses some common battery chemistries like lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, lead acid, and alkaline.

    Original Description:

    All About Battery

    Original Title

    Battery

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    This document provides an overview of battery technology, including: 1. It briefly outlines the history of batteries and summarizes the types and characteristics of different battery cells. 2. Batteries are described as devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy through electrochemical reactions in one or more cells containing a positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte. 3. The document compares primary batteries that are non-rechargeable to secondary batteries that can be recharged, and discusses some common battery chemistries like lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, lead acid, and alkaline.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    104 views37 pages

    Chemical Energy To Electrical Energy Conversion

    Uploaded by

    CrichelleMae
    This document provides an overview of battery technology, including: 1. It briefly outlines the history of batteries and summarizes the types and characteristics of different battery cells. 2. Batteries are described as devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy through electrochemical reactions in one or more cells containing a positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte. 3. The document compares primary batteries that are non-rechargeable to secondary batteries that can be recharged, and discusses some common battery chemistries like lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, lead acid, and alkaline.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    CHEMICAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL

    ENERGY CONVERSION
    OUTLINE

     Brief history of batteries


     Overview about batteries

     Battery types and characteristics

     Basic chemistry

     Batter Cells

     ThinkPad battery technology


    BATTERY (ANCIENT) HISTORY
    1780 Luigi Galvani: Galvanic Cell
    "animal electricity"
    1800 Voltaic pile: silver zinc
    1836 Daniell cell: copper zinc
    1859 Planté: rechargeable lead-acid cell
    1868 Leclanché: carbon zinc wet cell
    1888 Gassner: carbon zinc dry cell
    1898 Commercial flashlight, D cell
    1899 Junger: nickel cadmium cell
    BATTERY HISTORY

    1946 Neumann: sealed NiCd


    1960s Alkaline, rechargeable NiCd
    1970s Lithium, sealed lead acid
    1990 Nickel metal hydride (NiMH)
    1991 Lithium ion
    1992 Rechargeable alkaline
    1999 Lithium ion polymer
    BATTERIES:

     transform chemical energy into electrical


    energy
     three basic components: positive electrode
    (cathode, or "positive terminal"), negative
    electrode (anode or "negative terminal") and
    electrolyte.
     consist of one or more electrochemical
    cells( device capable of either
    generating electrical energy from chemical
    reactions or facilitating chemical reactions through
    the introduction of electrical energy.) that store
    chemical energy for later conversion to electrical
    energy
     are composed of at least one electrochemical cell
    which is used for the storage and generation of
    electricity.
    PROCESS
     When the positive and negative terminals are
    connected so that electrons (electricity) can
    flow between them (usually by a wire), chemical
    reactions occur at the electrodes. These
    reactions release excess electrons at the anode
    which flow to the cathode.
     The chemical reactions occur between the
    electrolyte and the cathode and between the
    electrolyte and the anode.
    TYPES OF BATTERY CELL
     Dry Cell
     Paste Electrolyte
     no free liquid is present. Instead the electrolyte is a paste, just moist enough to
    allow current flow. This allows the dry cell battery to be operated in any position
    without worrying about spilling its contents. This is why dry cell batteries are
    commonly used in products which are frequently moved around and inverted,
    such as portable electronic devices. Dry cell batteries can be either primary or
    secondary batteries. The most common dry cell battery is the Leclanche cell
     Wet Cell
     Liquid Electrolyte
     They can be either primary or secondary batteries. Due to the liquid nature of
    wet cells, insulator sheets are used to separate the anode and the cathode.
    Types of wet cells include Daniell cells, Leclanche cells (originally used in dry
    cells), Bunsen cells, Weston cells, Chromic acid cells, and Grove cells. The lead-
    acid cells in automobile batteries are wet cells.
     Molten Salt
     Use in primary or secondary
     Operates in high temperature
     Must be properly insulated
     Reserve
     Water Activated Batteries
     Use water as electrolyte
     Gas Activated Batteries
     Often use in Old missile
     Heat Activated Batteries
     Use in military, missile, and proximity Fuzes
     Molten Salt as electrolyte
    TYPES OF BATTERIES

    Primary Batteries
     are non-rechargeable and disposable. The
    electrochemical reactions in these batteries are
    non-reversible. The materials in the electrodes
    are completely utilized and therefore cannot
    regenerate electricity. Primary batteries are
    often used when long periods of storage are
    required, as they have a much lower discharge
    rate than secondary batteries.
     Secondary Batteries
     are rechargeable. These batteries undergo
    electrochemical reactions that can be readily
    reversed. The chemical reactions that occur in
    secondary batteries are reversible because the
    components that react are not completely used
    up. Rechargeable batteries need an external
    electrical source to recharge them after they have
    expended their energy.
     Use of secondary batteries is exemplified by car
    batteries and portable electronic devices.
    BATTERY NOMENCLATURE

    Duracell batteries 9v battery 6v dry cell

    Two cells A real battery Another battery

    More precisely
    THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

    e
    consumer

    salt bridge

    oxidation reduction
    at zinc at copper
    anode ZnSO4 CuSO 4 cathode

    Half Cell I Half Cell II


    THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL (2)

     Zinc is (much) more easily oxidized than


    Copper Zn   Zn 2  2e  ( I .)
    Cu 2  2e  
     Cu ( II .)
     Maintain equilibrium electron densities
     Add copper ions in solution to Half Cell II
     Salt bridge only carries negative ions
     This is the limiting factor for current flow
     Pick a low-resistance bridge
    THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES

    Most wants to reduce


    (gain electrons)
     Gold
     Mercury

     Silver  Iron
     Copper  Zinc

     Lead  Aluminum
     Magnesium
     Nickel
     Sodium
     Cadmium
     Potassium
     Lithium

    Most wants to oxidize


    (lose electrons)
    BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS

     Size
     Physical:button, AAA, AA, C, D, ...
     Energy density (watts per kg or cm3)

     Longevity
     Capacity

     Number of recharge cycles


     Cost
    PRIMARY (DISPOSABLE) BATTERIES

     Zinc carbon (flashlights, toys)


     Heavy duty zinc chloride (radios, recorders)

     Alkaline (all of the above)

     Lithium (photoflash)

     Silver, mercury oxide (hearing aid, watches)

     Zinc Air
    STANDARD ZINC CARBON BATTERIES

     Chemistry
    Zinc (-), manganese dioxide (+)
    Zinc, ammonium chloride aqueous electrolyte
     Features
    + Inexpensive, widely available
     Inefficient at high current drain

     Poor discharge curve (sloping)

     Poor performance at low temperatures


    HEAVY DUTY ZINC CHLORIDE BATTERIES
     Chemistry
    Zinc (-), manganese dioxide (+)
    Zinc chloride aqueous electrolyte
     Features (compared to zinc carbon)
    + Better resistance to leakage
    + Better at high current drain
    + Better performance at low temperature
    STANDARD ALKALINE BATTERIES

     Chemistry
    Zinc (-), manganese dioxide (+)
    Potassium hydroxide aqueous electrolyte
     Features
    + 50-100% more energy than carbon zinc
    + Low self-discharge (10 year shelf life)

    ± Good for low current (< 400mA), long-life use

     Poor discharge curve


    ALKALINE-MANGANESE BATTERIES (2)
    LITHIUM MANGANESE DIOXIDE

     Chemistry
    Lithium (-), manganese dioxide (+)
    Alkali metal salt in organic solvent electrolyte
     Features
    + High energy density
    + Long shelf life (20 years at 70°C)

    + Capable of high rate discharge

     Expensive
    SECONDARY (RECHARGEABLE) BATTERIES

     Nickel cadmium
     Nickel metal hydride

     Alkaline

     Lithium ion

     Lithium ion polymer

     Lead acid
    NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES

     Chemistry
    Cadmium (-), nickel hydroxide (+)
    Potassium hydroxide aqueous electrolyte
     Features
    + Rugged, long life, economical
    + Good high discharge rate (for power tools)

     Relatively low energy density

     Toxic
    NICD RECHARGING

     Over 1000 cycles (if properly maintained)


     Fast, simple charge (even after long storage)

     Self discharge
    10% in first day, then 10%/m.
    NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES

     Chemistry
    LaNi5, TiMn2, ZrMn2 (-), nickel hydroxide (+)
    Potassium hydroxide aqueous electrolyte
     Features
    + Higher energy density (40%) than NiCd
    + Nontoxic

     Reduced life, discharge rate (0.2-0.5C)

     More expensive (20%) than NiCd


    LEAD ACID BATTERIES
     Chemistry
    Lead
    Sulfuric acid electrolyte
     Features
    + Least expensive
    + Durable
     Low energy density
     Toxic
    LEAD ACID RECHARGING

     Low self-discharge
     40% in one year (three months for NiCd)
     Cannot be stored when discharged
     Limited number of full discharges

     Danger of overheating during charging


    LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

     Chemistry
    Graphite (-), cobalt or manganese (+)
    Nonaqueous electrolyte
     Features
    + 40% more capacity than NiCd
    + Flat discharge (like NiCd)

    + Self-discharge 50% less than NiCd

     Expensive
    LITHIUM ION POLYMER BATTERIES

     Chemistry
    Graphite (-), cobalt or manganese (+)
     Features
    + Slim geometry, flexible shape, light weight
    + Potentially lower cost (but currently expensive)

     Lower energy density, fewer cycles than Li-ion


    BATTERY CAPACITY

    Type Capacity Density


    (mAh) (Wh/kg)
    Alkaline AA 2850 124
    Rechargeable 1600 80
    NiCd AA 750 41
    NiMH AA 1100 51
    Lithium ion 1200 100
    Lead acid 2000 30
    RECHARGING

    Type Charge Discharge Cost per


    time per month kWh
    Alkaline 3-10h 0.3% $95.00
    NiCd 1h 20% $7.50
    NiMH 2-4h 30% $18.50
    Li-ion 2-4h 10% $24.00
    Polymer 2-4h 10%
    Lead acid 8-16h 5% $8.50
    LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES IN NOTEBOOKS

     Lithium: greatest electrochemical potential,


    lightest weight of all metals
     But, Lithium metal is explosive
     So, use Lithium-{cobalt, manganese, nickel} dioxide

     Overcharging would convert lithium-x dioxide to


    metallic lithium, with risk of explosion
    IBM THINKPAD BACKUP BATTERY

     Panasonic CR2032 coin-type lithium-


    magnesium dioxide primary battery
     Application:CMOS memory backup
     Constant discharge, ~0.1 mA

     Weight: 3.1g

     220 mA-h capacity


    IBM THINKPAD T21 MAIN BATTERY

     Lithium-ion secondary battery


     3.6 A-h capacity at 10.8V

     Back-of-the-envelope calculations from


    workload shown earlier:
     Maximum: 47 minutes
     Average: 2 hours, 17 minutes

     Sleep: 19 hours?

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