BATTERIES

A battery is an electrochemical cell or series of cells that produces

an electric current. In principle, any galvanic cell could be used as a
battery.
There are two basic types of batteries: primary and secondary.
Primary batteries are single-use batteries because they cannot be
recharged.

Ex. Dry cell (Zinc-Carbon battery), Alkaline battery

Secondary batteries are rechargeable. These are the types of

batteries found in devices such as smartphones, electronic tablets,
and automobiles.

Ex. Nickel-Cadmium battery, Lithium ion battery, Lead acid battery

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 The dry cell is a zinc-
carbon battery. The Zn can
serves as both a container
and the -ve electrode. The
+ve electrode is a rod made
of carbon that is surrounded
by a paste of MnO2, ZnCl2,

NH4Cl, carbon powder, and

a small amount of water.
The reaction at the anode
can be represented as the
ordinary oxidation of zinc.
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11/30/23 CHEMISTRY
Alkaline
batteries were
developed in the 1950s
partly to address some
of the performance
issues with zinc–carbon
dry cells. They are
manufactured to be
exact replacements for
zinc-carbon dry cells.
As their name suggests,
these types of batteries
use alkaline
electrolytes, often ENGINEERING
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11/30/23 CHEMISTRY
potassium hydroxide.
Lithium ion batteries are among
the most popular rechargeable
batteries and are used in many
portable electronic devices.
The battery voltage is about 3.7
V. Lithium batteries are popular
because they can provide a large
amount current, are lighter than
comparable batteries of other
types, produce a nearly constant
voltage as they discharge, and
slowly lose their charge when
stored.
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 Li ion Battery:

An ideal Li ion battery will have

• High capacity High Energy Density
• Low weight, volume
• Low cost
• Excellent safety:- non toxic materials, and safe operation
• High charge/discharge rates possible
• Long service life
An example for secondary batteries
a) Dry cell
b) Lithium ion battery
c) Alkaline battery
SPECIALITY BATTERIES
Nickel metal hydride battery
(NiMH or Ni–MH):
is a type of rechargeable battery. The
chemical reaction at the positive
electrode is similar to that of the
nickel-cadmium cell (NiCd), with
both using (nickel oxide hydroxide
NiOOH).
However, the negative electrodes use
a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead
of cadmium.
A NiMH battery can have two to three
times the capacity of an equivalent
size NiCd, and its energy density can
approach that of a lithium-ion battery. 10
 Torpedo Battery – The Silver Oxide Battery System
Cathode/Anode/Electrolyte: Silver Oxide/Zinc/Aqueous Potassium
Hydroxide
Applications: Torpedoes, aquatic mines, swimmer aids, deep
submersibles, underwater rescue vessels, various antisubmarine
warfare applications.
Distinguishing Characteristics:
High energy per unit weight
and volume.
High discharge-rate capability.
Moderate charge-rate
capability.
Good charge retention.
Flat discharge voltage curve.
Low maintenance.
Low self-discharge.
Safe 11
 Reactions of Nickel Metal Hydride Battery

Nickel oxy hydroxide, NiO(OH), is formed:

Ni(OH)2 + OH− ⇌ NiO(OH) + H2O + e−
The negative electrode reaction occurring in
a NiMH cell is
H2O + M + e− ⇌ OH− + MH
Reactions of Silver oxide zinc Battery
Supercapacitor (SC) or
ultracapacitor
It is a high-capacity capacitor with a
capacitance value much higher than other
capacitors, but with lower voltage limits, that
bridges the gap between electrolytic
capacitors and rechargeable batteries.
It typically stores 10 to 100 times more energy
per unit volume or mass than electrolytic
capacitors, can accept and deliver charge
much faster than batteries, and tolerates many
more charge and discharge cycles
than rechargeable batteries.
Applications
automobiles, buses, trains, cranes and
elevators, where they are used for regenerative
braking, short-term energy storage, or burst-
mode power delivery.
Smaller units are used as power backup
for static random-access memory (SRAM). 14
 FUEL CELL
It is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a
fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into
electricity through a pair of redox reactions.
Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a
continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain
the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy
usually comes from metals and their ions or oxides that are
commonly already present in the battery, except in flow batteries.
Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel
and oxygen are supplied.
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 Generates electric power using a fuel
and an oxidant.
 Unlike a battery, chemicals are not
stored in the fuel cell; they must be
replenished.
 Possible fuel sources: hydrogen,
alcohols, hydrocarbons,
gasoline .
 Possible oxidants: oxygen,
chlorine, chlorine dioxide.
 Refueling of an internal
combustion engine, efficient
and quiet like a battery.
18
Direct methanol-O2 fuel cells or DMFCs
 subcategory of proton-exchange fuel cells in which methanol is

used as the fuel. Their main advantage is the ease of transport of

methanol, an energy-dense yet reasonably stable liquid at all
environmental conditions.

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Electric Vehicle Batteries
• An electric vehicle battery (EVB) or traction
battery can be either a primary (e.g. metal-air)
battery or a secondary Electric Vehicles (BEVs).
battery rechargeable battery used for propulsion
of battery.
• Safe
• High Power
• High Capacity
• Small and Light
• Large Format
• Long Life
• Low Overall Cost
 Nickel-metal Zebra or
Lead-acid Sodium Battery
hydride
• The traditional lithium-ion chemistry
involves a lithium cobalt oxide
cathode and a graphite anode.

• This yields cells with an

impressive 200+ Wh /kg energy
density and good power density.
• 80 to 90% charge/discharge
efficiency.
• Silicon nanowires, silicon
nanoparticles, and tin nanoparticles
promise several times the energy
density in the anode.
• Charging time is limited primarily by the
capacity of the grid connection.
• Most batteries do not accept charge at greater
than their charge rate ("1C"), because high
charge rate has adverse effect on the
discharge capacities of batteries.
• The charging power can be connected to the
car in two ways :
Conductive coupling
Inductive charging
• The first is simple as the mains lead into a weather
proof socket through special high capacity cables
with connectors to protect the user from high
voltages.

• The second approach is that a special 'paddle' is

inserted into a slot on the car. The paddle is one
winding of a transformer, while the other is built
into the car.

• When the paddle is inserted it completes a magnetic

circuit which provides power to the battery pack.
• The advantage of the inductive approach is that there
is no possibility of electrocution as there are no
exposed conductors.

• Although interlocks, special connectors and ground

fault detectors can make conductive coupling nearly
as safe.

• Inductive charging can also reduce vehicle weight,

by moving more charging component off board.
• New lithium-ion battery-
equipped EVs provide 320–480
km (200–300 mi) of range per
charge.

• Lithium is also less expensive

than nickel.

• Car developed by NISSAN in

2001.
Give the advantages of electric
vehicle.