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    Batteries

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    gihan5dhananjaya5kat
    The document provides a history of battery development from 1800 to present day. It describes some key batteries and cells throughout history including the Voltaic pile (1800), Daniell cell (1836), Planté lead-acid cell (1859), Leclanché carbon zinc wet cell (1868), nickel cadmium cell (1946), lithium ion (1991), and lithium ion polymer (1992). It also discusses primary and secondary batteries, compares battery types based on capacity, discharge rates, recharging, and cost per kWh. Diagrams illustrate wet cells, primary cells, and a lead acid battery.

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    Batteries

    Uploaded by

    gihan5dhananjaya5kat
    92 views29 pages
    The document provides a history of battery development from 1800 to present day. It describes some key batteries and cells throughout history including the Voltaic pile (1800), Daniell cell (1836), Planté lead-acid cell (1859), Leclanché carbon zinc wet cell (1868), nickel cadmium cell (1946), lithium ion (1991), and lithium ion polymer (1992). It also discusses primary and secondary batteries, compares battery types based on capacity, discharge rates, recharging, and cost per kWh. Diagrams illustrate wet cells, primary cells, and a lead acid battery.

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    The document provides a history of battery development from 1800 to present day. It describes some key batteries and cells throughout history including the Voltaic pile (1800), Daniell cell (1836), Planté lead-acid cell (1859), Leclanché carbon zinc wet cell (1868), nickel cadmium cell (1946), lithium ion (1991), and lithium ion polymer (1992). It also discusses primary and secondary batteries, compares battery types based on capacity, discharge rates, recharging, and cost per kWh. Diagrams illustrate wet cells, primary cells, and a lead acid battery.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    92 views29 pages

    Batteries

    Uploaded by

    gihan5dhananjaya5kat
    The document provides a history of battery development from 1800 to present day. It describes some key batteries and cells throughout history including the Voltaic pile (1800), Daniell cell (1836), Planté lead-acid cell (1859), Leclanché carbon zinc wet cell (1868), nickel cadmium cell (1946), lithium ion (1991), and lithium ion polymer (1992). It also discusses primary and secondary batteries, compares battery types based on capacity, discharge rates, recharging, and cost per kWh. Diagrams illustrate wet cells, primary cells, and a lead acid battery.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 29

    විදුලි ෙකෝෂ

    Gihan Katupitiya
    Battery (Ancient) History
    1800 Voltaic pile: silver zinc
    1836 Daniell cell: copper zinc
    1859 Planté: rechargeable lead-acid cell
    1868 Leclanché: carbon zinc wet cell
    1888 Gassner: carbon zinc dry cell
    1898 Commercial flashlight, D cell
    1899 Junger: nickel cadmium cell
    Battery History
    1946 Neumann: sealed NiCd
    1960s Alkaline, rechargeable NiCd
    1970s Lithium, sealed lead acid
    1990 Nickel metal hydride (NiMH)
    1991 Lithium ion
    1992 Rechargeable alkaline
    1999 Lithium ion polymer
    DRY CELL

    Duracell batteries 9v battery 6v dry cell


    Wet cell
    e−
    consumer

    salt bridge

    oxidation reduction
    at zinc at copper
    anode ZnSO4 CuSO 4 cathode

    Half Cell I Half Cell II


    The Electrochemical Cell (2)
    • Zinc is (much) more easily oxidized than
    Copper Zn  → Zn 2+ + 2e − ( I .)
    Cu 2+ + 2e − 
    → Cu ( II .)
    Primary Cell
    • Size
    – Physical: button, AAA, AA, C, D, ...
    – Energy density (watts per kg or cm3)
    Type of primary cell
    DRY CELL
    Secondary (Rechargeable)
    Batteries
    • Nickel cadmium
    • Nickel metal hydride
    • Alkaline
    • Lithium ion
    • Lithium ion polymer
    • Lead acid
    Battery Capacity
    Type Capacity Density
    (mAh) (Wh/kg)
    Alkaline AA 2850 124
    Rechargeable 1600 80
    NiCd AA 750 41
    NiMH AA 1100 51
    Lithium ion 1200 100
    Lead acid 2000 30
    Discharge Rates
    Type Voltage Peak Optimal
    Drain Drain
    Alkaline 1.5 0.5C < 0.2C
    NiCd 1.25 20C 1C
    Nickel metal 1.25 5C < 0.5C
    Lead acid 2 5C 0.2C
    Lithium ion 3.6 2C < 1C
    Recharging
    Type Cycles Charge Discharge Cost per
    (to 80%) time per month kWh
    Alkaline 50 (50%) 3-10h 0.3% $95.00
    NiCd 1500 1h 20% $7.50
    NiMH 300-500 2-4h 30% $18.50
    Li-ion 500-1000 2-4h 10% $24.00
    Polymer 300-500 2-4h 10%
    Lead acid 200-2000 8-16h 5% $8.50
    LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE
    24V (26.4V Nominal) 160Ah 4.3kWh
    Lead Acid Battery
    • Electrolyte for the
    most part distilled
    (pure) water, with
    some sulfuric acid
    mixed with the water.
    • Electrodes must be of
    dissimilar metals.
    • An active electrolyte.
    Hydrometer
    The chart below gives state of charge vs.
    specific gravity of the electrolyte.
    State of Charge Specific
    Gravity
    • 100% Charged 1.265
    • 75% Charged 1.239
    • 50% Charged 1.200
    • 25% Charged 1.170
    • Fully Discharged 1.110
    • These readings are correct at 75°F
    Backup Battery
    • Panasonic CR2032 coin-type lithium-
    magnesium dioxide primary battery
    – Application: CMOS memory backup
    – Constant discharge, ~0.1 mA
    – Weight: 3.1g
    – 220 mA-h capacity

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