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    Neuroglial Cells and Neurons

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    Malliga Sundareshan
    Neuroglial cells greatly outnumber neurons in the CNS. The main types are microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells. Microglia support neurons and phagocytize debris. Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons. Astrocytes provide structural support and regulate nutrients. Ependymal cells line ventricles. Schwann cells myelinate PNS axons. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that conducts signals. They are classified structurally as bipolar, unipolar, or multipolar and functionally as sensory, inter, or motor neurons.

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    Neuroglial Cells and Neurons

    Uploaded by

    Malliga Sundareshan
    114 views16 pages
    Neuroglial cells greatly outnumber neurons in the CNS. The main types are microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells. Microglia support neurons and phagocytize debris. Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons. Astrocytes provide structural support and regulate nutrients. Ependymal cells line ventricles. Schwann cells myelinate PNS axons. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that conducts signals. They are classified structurally as bipolar, unipolar, or multipolar and functionally as sensory, inter, or motor neurons.

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    neuropathology

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    Neuroglial cells greatly outnumber neurons in the CNS. The main types are microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells. Microglia support neurons and phagocytize debris. Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons. Astrocytes provide structural support and regulate nutrients. Ependymal cells line ventricles. Schwann cells myelinate PNS axons. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that conducts signals. They are classified structurally as bipolar, unipolar, or multipolar and functionally as sensory, inter, or motor neurons.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    114 views16 pages

    Neuroglial Cells and Neurons

    Uploaded by

    Malliga Sundareshan
    Neuroglial cells greatly outnumber neurons in the CNS. The main types are microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells. Microglia support neurons and phagocytize debris. Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons. Astrocytes provide structural support and regulate nutrients. Ependymal cells line ventricles. Schwann cells myelinate PNS axons. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that conducts signals. They are classified structurally as bipolar, unipolar, or multipolar and functionally as sensory, inter, or motor neurons.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    CNS Neuroglial Cells

    • Greatly outnumber neurons in the CNS


    (think worker ants vs. Queen ant)
    1. Microglial cells
    – Scattered throughout CNS
    – Support neurons and phagocytize
    bacterial cells and cellular debris
    2. Oligodendrocytes
    – Occur in rows along nerve fibers
    – Provide layers of myelin around axons
    within brain and spinal cord
    CNS Neuroglial Cells,
    continued….
    3. Astrocytes
    – Found between neurons and blood
    vessels
    – Provide structural support, help regulate
    nutrients and ions in tissues
    – Form scar tissue to fill spaces after CNS
    injuries
    4. Ependymal cells
    – Form epithelial-like membrane in parts of
    the brain (choroid plexuses)
    – Form inner linings that enclose ventricles
    in the brain and central canal in the spinal
    CNS Neuroglial Cells
    PNS Neuroglial cells
    1. Schwann cells: form myelin sheath
    around axons
    Neurons
    • Vary in size and structure, but have
    common features:
    1. Cell Body
    2. Dendrites
    3. Axon
    • Mature neurons do not divide, but
    neural stem cells can divide and form
    neurons or neuroglial cells.
    1. Cell Body
    • Contains normal cellular structures
    (golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
    cytoplasm, cell membrane, etc.)
    • Neurofibrils – fine threads that extend
    into the axon
    • Nissl bodies (chromatophilic
    substances)
    – Membranous sacs in the cytoplasm
    – Similar to rough ER
    – Ribosomes on Nissl bodies synthesize
    2. Dendrites
    • Usually short and highly branched
    (dendr = ?)
    • The main receptive surfaces for
    receiving communication from axons of
    other neurons
    3. Axons
    • Arise from a slight elevation of the cell
    body, called the axonal hillock.
    • Conduct nerve impulses away from the
    cell body
    • Contains many mitochondria,
    microtubules, and neurofibrils
    • Originates as a single structure, but
    may have branches, especially at the
    end to interact with receptive surfaces
    of other cells
    PNS Axons
    • Enclosed in myelin sheaths composed
    of many Schwann cells
    • Myelin is a lipoprotein.
    • Neurilemma sheath surrounds the
    myelin sheath
    • Nodes of Ranvier – narrow gaps in the
    myelin sheath between the Schwann
    cells
    Classification of Neurons

    • Classification based on Structural


    differences:
    • Bipolar neurons
    • Unipolar neurons
    • Multipolar neurons
    • Classification based on Functional
    differences:
    • Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
    • Interneurons (association or internuncial
    neurons)
    Structural Differences
    • Sketch the neurons below. Notes on the
    next 3 slides:
    Structural Differences,
    cont…..
    1. Bipolar:
    – 2 processes
    • Axon
    • Dendrite
    – Found in specialized parts of the eyes,
    nose, and ears
    Structural Differences,
    cont…..
    2. Unipolar:
    – 1 process divides into 2 branches, which
    function as a single axon
    • 1 branch (peripheral process) associated with
    dendrites
    • Other branch (central process) enters brain or
    spinal cord
    Structural Differences,
    cont…..
    3. Multipolar:
    – Many processes arising from cell body:
    • 1 axon
    • Many dendrites
    – Most neurons whose cell bodies lie in the
    brain or spinal cord are multipolar.

    • Direction of impulse is ALWAYS from


    dendrites to axon.
    Functional Differences
    1. Sensory (afferent) neurons
    – From peripheral body parts to the brain or
    spinal cord
    – Have specialized receptor ends at the tips
    of their dendrites OR
    – Dendrites closely associated with receptor
    cells in the skin or sensory organs.
    – Most are unipolar, but some are bipolar.
    Functional Differences,
    cont…..
    2. Interneurons (association or internuncial
    neurons)
    – Lie entirely in the brain or spinal cord
    – Multipolar and link other neurons
    – Transmit impulses from one part of the brain
    or spinal cord to another
    3. Motor (efferent) neurons
    – Multipolar
    – Carry nerve impulses from brain or spinal
    cord to effectors
    – Stimulate muscles or glands

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