Presented by :

Debora B. Kaka, S. Pd
Catharina J. O. Da Silva, S. Pd

TRANSACTIONAL TEXT
 Introduction
Language is a to0l of communication among people in the world. It
means the language facilitates people or human being to built
relationship one and another. Language also is a system which is express
by its rules. By language someone can express ideas, opinions, and
feelings to others both in written form or orally.
Language are clasificate into Interactional and Transactional Function (
McCarty, 1991:36 ).
The function relates to establish social roles and relationship with other
Person. According to Brown and Yule (1983 : 2-3 ), Interactional function,
talks people use language for establishing social relation and expressing
personal attitude. While Transactional function talks people to use
language to achieve optimal and efficient transference of information.
Transactional speeches or talks involves speech act.
Now, the basic competence in current English Curriculum for students in
Secondary school level ( SMP and SMA ), requires students to be able to
express and respond transactional talks and speeches in real situation.
Some of the speech act with served
transactional function included in the
curriculum are
Ordering/ Commanding
Requesting
Promising
Warning
Threateniing
Refusing
Blaming
Ordering/ Commanding
Ordering or commanding is an utterance which makes the
hearers do something. The thing being ordered or commanded
is the thing that the speaker wants to happen. In order that the
utterance can be conveyed properly., the speaker must be
superior to, or in authority offer the hearer.

Example:
( a mother orders her son to do his homework)
Mother : Larry, do you have any homework?
Son : Yes, mom. Mathematics
Mother : Ok, stop playing that game
Son : just a minute.
Mother : Shut down the computer and do your
homework now!
 Requesting
Request contains communicative intention in which
the speaker ask the hearer to perform an action
which is for the benefit of the speaker.

Example:
Could you water the plants for me? Im going abroad
for two weeks).
Promising
Promise is an utterance that the speaker commits to himself to do
something in the future, and the thing promised must be the one
that the hearer wants it happen. A promise can be in the form of
performative utterance : the utterance that actually describes the
act that it perform.
Example:
(Katy and Deby are classmates. Katy intends to borrow Debys
note)
Katy : May I borrow your note?
Deby : Next Friday there'll be a quiz, so I'll use that note to
learn.
Katy : It'll not be long, I need to copy some paragraphs.
Deby : When will you return it?
Katy : Tomorrow, at nine.
Deby : Can I trust you?
Katy : Swear, I'll be on time.
 Threatening
Threatening is the opposite of promising. It is an utterance in which the
speaker commit himself to do something in the future, but the thing which
will be axecuted is the one that the hearer doesnot want to happen.
Example:
(The following conversation takes place in a classroom between
classmates. Anton is a very smart student but Willy is a lazy one.)
Willy : How's your homework?
Anton : Yeah its done
Willy : Mind if I see it
Anton : Well, you've to do by yourself
Willy : Okay, but I'll make the tires of your
motorcycle flat

Because Anton does not want to show the homework to Willy, Willy gets
angry and threats Anton that is he will make the tires of Anton's
motorcycle flat
Warning
Warning is an utterance to make the hearer knows that
something bad or dangerous will happen to him or her.

Example:
(This conversation takes place in a camping area)
Supervisor : Girls, it's time to sleep. Go to your tent
Girls : Okay, as you wish.
Other girl : there's a snake in the tent.
Supervisor : Really? Call the guard!.
 Complaining
Complaints is an expression of displeasure or annoyance as a
reaction to a past or ongoing action. The consequence of which
affect the speaker unfavorably and the complaint is addresed to
the hearer, whom the speaker holds responsible for the offensive
action. It is also an expression of negative feelings ( displeasure,
sadness, and anger ).
Two types of complaints are identified: direct and indirect
complaint. When Direct complaint is performed, it is aimed at
someone that is present in the speech act scene and employed to
identify a failure, a transgression or misconduct in the recipients
past or concurrent conduct which may have caused some trouble or
grievance to the complainer. While for Indirect complaint a speaker
complaints to a recipient about some absent party or external
circumstance and it is spesifically perceived as the expression of
dissatisfaction to an interlocutor about someone or something that
is not present.
1. (Alfa is complaining that the new roofs of his house are leaking)
Alfa : I wish I knew how to fix the roofs.
Myra : What's wrong?
Alfa : Just a week ago we had new roofs put on. Yesterday, it
rained and the roofs leaked in some places.
Myra : That's terrible. Did you call the company that did that work?
Alfa : Yes, even though I've called several times, they still haven't
sent anyone, oh its so terrible.

2. (Tony makes a complaint that the money he transfers to his mother does
not arrive)
Teller : May I help you, sir?
Tony : Id like to confirm my transfer few days ago. My mother
doesn't receive the money.
Teller : I am sorry for the delay. The on-line didn't work for some days.
Your mother will get the money this afternoon.
 Refusing
Refusals commonly come as the second pair of conversation
turns as responses to previous initiating acts such as a request,
invitation, offer, and suggestion. A refusal threatens negative
face wants since it requests addressees to refrain from doing a
future act and it also coerces positive face as it may be taken as a
rejection.
The taxonomy of refusal strategies proposed by Bebee,
Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz (1990). The authors categorize
refusal strategies in two broad categories: direct and indirect in
which refusal responses are segmented into semantic formulae:
utterances to perform refusals and adjuncts to refusals: remarks
which by themselves do not express refusals but they go with
semantic formulae to provide particular effects to the given
refusals
Example:
1. (Susan invites Alex to go her birth day party, but he is unable to
come)
Susan : Hi, please come to my party next Saturday, at
9:30 in my flat
Alex : sorry, I cant, you know I have my assignments
due on Friday
Susan : well, next time maybe. Good luck with your
assignment.
Alex : have a nice party!

2. (Alex knows that Anne does not have a printer. He offers his
printer whenever she needs it)
Alex : if you need a printer to print your assignments you
could always use mine.
Anne : Thats kind of you, thanks, but Id rather use my
sisters.
Alex : well, OK, thats your choice.
 Blaming
Blaming is an utterance expressed by the speaker to the hearer
because the hearer is assumed to be responsible for the wrong
doing or bad condition.

Example:
Mom : is that you who left the dirty bowl in the living room?
Rani : Not sure.
Mom : hello? who had noodle a couple hours ago?.
Rani : All right, sorry.
Mom : It's good you admit it.
Rani : Okay, sorry, mom.
THANK YOU