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    DVS PhysChem 6 2011

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    Jake Gaynon
    1. The document covers fundamental concepts of electricity and magnetism including electric charge, Coulomb's law, electric fields, electric dipoles, electric current, power, magnetic fields, and atomic magnetic dipoles. 2. Key topics include the relationship between charge and electric force defined by Coulomb's law, the creation of electric fields by charges, properties of electric dipoles, the definition of electric current and its relationship to voltage and resistance by Ohm's law, the production of magnetic fields by electric currents, and the magnetic behavior of atoms. 3. Examples of applications discussed include dissolution of NaCl in water, constant electric fields between charged plates, mass spectrometry using magnetic and electric fields, and production of electric power

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    DVS PhysChem 6 2011

    Uploaded by

    Jake Gaynon
    28 views35 pages
    1. The document covers fundamental concepts of electricity and magnetism including electric charge, Coulomb's law, electric fields, electric dipoles, electric current, power, magnetic fields, and atomic magnetic dipoles. 2. Key topics include the relationship between charge and electric force defined by Coulomb's law, the creation of electric fields by charges, properties of electric dipoles, the definition of electric current and its relationship to voltage and resistance by Ohm's law, the production of magnetic fields by electric currents, and the magnetic behavior of atoms. 3. Examples of applications discussed include dissolution of NaCl in water, constant electric fields between charged plates, mass spectrometry using magnetic and electric fields, and production of electric power

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    1. The document covers fundamental concepts of electricity and magnetism including electric charge, Coulomb's law, electric fields, electric dipoles, electric current, power, magnetic fields, and atomic magnetic dipoles. 2. Key topics include the relationship between charge and electric force defined by Coulomb's law, the creation of electric fields by charges, properties of electric dipoles, the definition of electric current and its relationship to voltage and resistance by Ohm's law, the production of magnetic fields by electric currents, and the magnetic behavior of atoms. 3. Examples of applications discussed include dissolution of NaCl in water, constant electric fields between charged plates, mass spectrometry using magnetic and electric fields, and production of electric power

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    28 views35 pages

    DVS PhysChem 6 2011

    Uploaded by

    Jake Gaynon
    1. The document covers fundamental concepts of electricity and magnetism including electric charge, Coulomb's law, electric fields, electric dipoles, electric current, power, magnetic fields, and atomic magnetic dipoles. 2. Key topics include the relationship between charge and electric force defined by Coulomb's law, the creation of electric fields by charges, properties of electric dipoles, the definition of electric current and its relationship to voltage and resistance by Ohm's law, the production of magnetic fields by electric currents, and the magnetic behavior of atoms. 3. Examples of applications discussed include dissolution of NaCl in water, constant electric fields between charged plates, mass spectrometry using magnetic and electric fields, and production of electric power

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    of 35

    Electricity and Magnetism

    CHEM 1291
    Spring 2011
    Dmitry Shalashilin

    Electric Charge
    Experiments: http://paer.rutgers.edu/pt3/experimentindex.php?topicid=10&cycleid=56
    Charge is a fundamental property of matter
    Two kinds of electric charges: positive and negative
    Objects become charged because of lack or excess of electrons
    All charge is quantised!. Any charge Q can be written as a
    multiple of the elementary charge e = 1.602 x 10-19 C
    Q = n e, where n is an integer
    Charge is always conserved

    Coulombs Law
    Like charges repel, opposites attract
    +
    -

    +
    +

    Two charges (in Coulombs)

    1 Q1Q2
    F
    2
    4 0 R
    Permittivity of vacuum
    0 =8.85410-12 C2/(N m2)

    Distance

    Summary:
    Coulombs Law
    The force between two charges is given by Coulombs Law.
    F(r)

    Q1Q2
    , where 0 is the permittivity of free space
    2
    40 r

    1. The force is proportional the product of the charges Q.


    2. The force is inversely proportional to the square of the
    distance r of the object.
    3. The force is repulsive if the charges have the same sign
    and attractive if the charges have opposite signs.

    Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (Exercise 3.7)

    Electric Field
    Q1

    Electric field (a force per unit charge)

    1 Q1
    E1
    4 0 R 2

    F12 E1Q2

    1 Q1Q2
    4 0 R 2

    Electric field
    E2

    1 Q2
    4 0 R 2

    +
    F21 E2Q1

    Q2
    +

    1 Q1Q2
    4 0 R 2

    According to the
    Newtons third law
    F12=-F21

    Electric Field
    Field lines indicate the direction of the field
    Field lines begin on positive and end on negative charges
    The density of field lines indicates intensity of the field

    Work and Electric Potential


    Coulomb force is associated with potential energy

    1 Q1Q2
    F ( R)
    4 0 R 2

    1 Q1Q2
    U ( R)
    4 0 R

    PE is related to work done by Coulomb force when two charges


    are brought from infinity to distance R

    Q1

    Q2

    As usual:
    R

    U ( R) W F ( R)dR

    dU ( R )
    F ( R)
    dR

    Work and Electric Potential


    Coulomb force is associated with potential energy

    1 Q1Q2
    F ( R)
    4 0 R 2
    Indeed

    1 Q1Q2
    U ( R)
    4 0 R

    d (1 / R )
    d ( R 1 )
    1
    2

    ( R ) 2
    dR
    dR
    R

    Hence F follows from U


    Also U can be obtained by integrating F.

    Work and Electric Potential


    You can write potential energy of interaction as

    U ( R ) Q2V1
    Potential of the field created by
    the first charge (potential energy
    of a unit charge)

    Units Volt
    1V = 1J / 1C

    1 Q1
    V1
    4 0 R
    Potential also often called voltage

    Electric Potential and Equipotential Lines


    1 Q1
    V1
    const
    4 0 R

    Electric field
    is a gradient
    E = - dV/dt
    In addition to field lines electrostatic field can be represented
    by equipotential lines

    Potential, Potential difference, Voltage


    Potential energy per unit charge is called the potential.
    The change in potential energy per unit charge is called the
    potential difference dV and related to E:

    U
    V
    Q

    dV E ( R) dR

    units Volt; 1V = 1 J/C voltage


    Electric field lines are perpendicular to equipotential lines.
    Point in the direction of decreasing potential.
    Exercise 6.3
    A proton (mp = 1.67 x 10-27 kg) is placed in a uniform electric field
    E = 5 N/C and released from rest. After travelling 4 cm, how fast is it moving?

    Field Superposition
    V= V 1+ V 2+ V 3
    E1

    Total electric potential


    is a sum of those of
    E3
    +
    individual charges

    E=E1+E2+E3
    E2
    q=1

    Q2
    Total electric field is a
    superposition of those of
    individual charges

    +
    Q1

    Q3

    Force produced on the probe


    charge
    F=qE

    Electric Dipoles
    A system of two charges Q of equal magnitude and opposite sign
    separated by a distance r is called an electric dipole with dipole
    moment d=Q r
    -Q

    r
    -

    +Q
    +

    Some molecules act like an electric dipole, so-called polar


    molecules
    The centre of the positive charge does not coincide with the centre
    of the negative charge
    Example: Water
    Application: Solvation - attraction of molecules of a solvent with
    molecules or ions of a solute.

    Electric Dipoles
    Field lines, equipotential lines and 3D image
    electric potential created by dipole

    Electric Dipoles
    d=Q r

    E2
    -

    E1

    +
    R-r/2
    R
    R+r/2

    1
    E E1 E2
    4 o

    Q
    r
    R
    2

    1
    V V1 V2
    4 o

    4 o

    Q
    r
    R
    2

    1
    Q

    r
    r
    4 o
    R
    R
    2
    2

    Electric Dipoles
    If R>>r

    1
    r
    R
    2

    1
    r
    2 1
    R
    R

    1
    r
    R
    2

    1
    r
    2 1
    R
    R

    Dipole moment d=Qr

    1 Qr
    1 d
    E E1 E2

    3
    3
    2 o R
    2 o R
    Electric field is inversely proportional to R cube

    Electric Dipoles
    If

    3
    R

    R>>r

    2
    R

    Electric field is proportional to R-3 and electric potential to R-2


    which is different from the field of a single charge

    1 Q
    E ( R)
    4 0 R 2

    V ( R)

    1 Q
    4 0 R

    Electric field of a dipole decreases faster than that of individual


    charge

    Dissolution of NaCl in Water

    http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/index/Notes_Chapter_11.pdf

    Constant Electric Field


    If charge is distributed over parallel plates
    the electric field lines are perpendicular to the plates and
    the equipotential lines are parallel to the plates.

    0
    Potential V(x)=Ex ,

    E= - dV/dx

    Potential difference between two metal plates

    V=EL

    Electric Current
    V
    +

    Example:
    Ionic Solution
    (Electrolyte)
    +
    E L= V
    In electrolyte a voltage to the electrodes (metal plates) will create
    electric field E=V/L. Field will produce force acting on ions and
    ions will start moving producing electric current

    Electric Current
    Example:
    In metals electric
    current is due to
    mobile electrons

    V
    +

    Pick a cross section and count the number of electrons


    (and the charge Q =n e ) passing through it in time t.
    Electric current I = Q / t = n e / t

    Electric Current
    V
    +

    Electric current is measured in Amperes ( 1A = 1C / 1s)


    Ohms law: Electric current is proportional to potential difference
    (voltage)

    I =V/R

    R is called resistance

    The units for resistance is Ohm, 1 = 1V/ 1A

    Electric Current
    The electric current I is the flow of electric charges
    through a circuit per time interval : I = Q/t
    Electrons in metal (or ions in electrolyte) must be mobile
    The current I (SI units: Amperes; 1A = 1C/s) flowing
    through a conductor is proportional to the potential
    difference V across it.
    and described by Ohms Law:

    I=V/R.

    The constant of proportionality is the resistance R of the


    conductor. SI units: Ohm; 1 = 1V/A

    Power
    In conductors electric field from external source of
    voltage produces force on moving charges
    The force does work which initially goes into the kinetic
    energy of charged particle (electron and ion)
    Accelerated charged particles collide with surrounding
    molecules (ions in electrolyte collide with solvent
    molecules, electrons in metals collide with atoms of
    metal lattice) and transfer energy to their thermal motion.
    Hence, when electric current passes through a conductor
    heat is released.

    Power
    The power P (i.e. heat per unit time) which dissipated
    through a conductor with resistance R is :

    P = VI

    = VQ / t

    or using Ohms Law I = V/R or V = I R

    P = V2/R = I2 R
    SI unit: Watt

    1W = 1 J / 1 s

    Magnetism
    Moving charges create another type of field which is called
    magnetic field B.
    Electric current creates magnetic field, which is a combination
    of those of individual moving charges.
    http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/mfwire.htm
    current

    Magnetism
    current I
    R
    B magnetic field
    Biot-Savart law:

    0 I
    B
    4 R

    where 0 the magnetic permeability

    Magnetic field is perpendicular to current.


    Direction of field given by cork screw rule.
    Field B, proportional to current, inversely proportional to distance.
    SI unit: Tesla; 1T = 1(N/C)/(m/s)

    Magnetism
    http://stargazers.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/geospace_images/magnet_in_space/earth_mag_field.gif

    Circular currents, coils (solenoids)


    and magnets create magnetic field
    with the field lines which look
    very similar to those of
    electric field of an electric dipole

    N S

    Magnetic Dipole
    A magnetic dipole is a closed circulation of an electric
    current
    Field lines of magnetic field B created by a magnetic
    dipole are similar to those of electric field E created by
    electric dipole
    The magnetic dipole moment is a measure
    of the strength of a magnetic source
    Example: Single loop of wire with
    constant current flowing through it
    Or: Electron moving in an orbit
    around the nucleus: orbital dipole moment.
    Electron also spins around its own axis:
    spin dipole moment

    Magnetism
    Atoms of iron have large magnetic moment.
    To make a magnet atoms of iron must be aligned.

    Fe

    Magnetism
    Magnetic field acts on electric currents and moving charges with
    the so called Lorentz force.
    Lorentz force is proportional to the current I, and Magnetic field
    B. Lorentz force is always perpendicular to both I and B
    http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/lorentzforce.htm
    Lorentz force is what makes electric motors work
    http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/electricmotor.htm
    Lorentz force acting on a single charge q moving with the speed v
    (perpendicular to the field) is expressed as

    FL q v B

    Mass spectrometry
    Magnetic sector instruments

    Magnetic field
    B

    From ion
    source

    F ma

    Centripetal
    acceleration
    2

    Velocity v

    v
    zvB m
    R

    Lorentz Force
    F=zvB
    orthogonal to v

    m
    R vB
    z

    Charge z
    Mass m

    Mass/charge ratio

    Mass spectrometry
    Time-of-flight instruments
    Charge z
    Mass m

    Electric
    potential

    +U

    Energy of an ion
    T=zU is the same
    for all ions.
    Their velocities differ
    mv2/2=zU
    v=(2Uz/m)1/2

    L
    Time of flight
    t=L / v =
    =L / (2U)1/2 (m/z)1/2
    Detector
    Mass/charge ratio

    Summary
    Point charges, Coulombs law, and the electric field
    Electric dipoles and solvation
    Current and power
    Magnetism and magnetic fields
    Atomic magnetic dipoles

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