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    Time Dependent Currents in RC Circuits

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    murali_j17
    The document discusses RC circuits and how a capacitor charges and discharges over time when connected to a battery or power source via a resistor. It introduces the concept of a time constant, tau, which is equal to RC and represents how fast the circuit reaches equilibrium. Examples are provided to show how to calculate the time for a capacitor to reach 99% of its final voltage and to compare the energy stored in a charged capacitor to the energy provided by the battery.

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    Time Dependent Currents in RC Circuits

    Uploaded by

    murali_j17
    30 views20 pages
    The document discusses RC circuits and how a capacitor charges and discharges over time when connected to a battery or power source via a resistor. It introduces the concept of a time constant, tau, which is equal to RC and represents how fast the circuit reaches equilibrium. Examples are provided to show how to calculate the time for a capacitor to reach 99% of its final voltage and to compare the energy stored in a charged capacitor to the energy provided by the battery.

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    TimeDependentCurrents

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    The document discusses RC circuits and how a capacitor charges and discharges over time when connected to a battery or power source via a resistor. It introduces the concept of a time constant, tau, which is equal to RC and represents how fast the circuit reaches equilibrium. Examples are provided to show how to calculate the time for a capacitor to reach 99% of its final voltage and to compare the energy stored in a charged capacitor to the energy provided by the battery.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views20 pages

    Time Dependent Currents in RC Circuits

    Uploaded by

    murali_j17
    The document discusses RC circuits and how a capacitor charges and discharges over time when connected to a battery or power source via a resistor. It introduces the concept of a time constant, tau, which is equal to RC and represents how fast the circuit reaches equilibrium. Examples are provided to show how to calculate the time for a capacitor to reach 99% of its final voltage and to compare the energy stored in a charged capacitor to the energy provided by the battery.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    Time dependent currents

    in RC circuits
    A simple RC circuit:
    charging a capacitor
    Introduce initial conditions:
    1. The capacitor is initially uncharged.
    t=0
    2. The switch is closed at t = 0.

    Then apply Kirhhoff’s


    rules to solve for I(t). I(t)
    This leads to a first order
    linear differential
    equation for q(t):

    - R dq/dt - q/C = 0 => q(t). Then I(t) = dq/dt


    A simple RC circuit

    The solution is:


    q(t) = C[ 1 - exp(-t/RC) ]

    I(t) = Io exp[-t/RC]
    with Io = /R

    We define a “time constant”


    τ = RC (units seconds).
    This is a measure of how fast the
    circuit reaches equilibrium.
    Example 1

    A 5 µF capacitor is being charged by a battery. The circuit


    resistance is 3 Ω .

    How long after closing the switch will it take before the
    capacitor reaches 99% of its final voltage?
    Example 2

    A capacitor C is being charged by a battery with emf volts.

    After the capacitor is fully charged, compare the ES energy


    stored in the capacitor to the energy provided by the battery.

    Fully charged
    VC =
    VC
    A simple RC circuit:
    discharging a capacitor
    Introduce initial conditions:
    t=0
    1. The capacitor is initially charged to Qo
    2. The switch is closed at t = 0.
    I(t)

    As before apply Kirhhoff’s


    rules to solve for q(t).

    q(t) = Qo exp(-t/RC) and I(t) = - dq/dt = Qo/RC exp(-t/RC)


    A simple RC circuit:
    discharging a capacitor

    q(t) = Qo exp(-t/RC) I(t) = Qo/RC exp(-t/RC)

    Io = Qo/RC

    τ = RC
    Measuring DC current
    and voltage
    A galvanometer

    The heart of current, volt and ohm meters is a galvanometer


    that can measure very small currents.
    The currents pass through a wire
    coil in a magnetic field.
    This causes a torque on the coil
    and it rotates to equilibrium opposite
    to the torque applied by
    an opposing spring.
    The rotation is recorded on a scale
    that is calibrated to the current.
    Measuring currents (ammeter) and
    voltages (voltmeter)

    A galvanometer
    records small currents
    I
    on a digital or analogue meter

    V
    Magnetic forces and fields
    Introduction

    In the Physics II course you have studied


    two of the three forces that are evident in our every-day
    world.
    There are only three long-range forces.
    The rest operate at only very short distances (comparable
    to the size on nuclei ~ 10-15 m). These are the strong and
    weak nuclear forces.

    Force Field v Force propagator


    gravity g = - Gm/r2 r
    v graviton
    electric E = kq/r2 r
    photon
    magnetic B = … (next)
    Introduction: the magnetic force
    For the electrostatic force we developed a field formalism
    where, given the electric field E, the force on a point
    particle q is:

    Fq = q E SI units of E V/m

    We now want to develop a similar field formalism for the


    magnetic force.

    The magnetic force on a point


    particle q is:
    Fq = q v x B SI units of B Tesla
    The magnetic force
    on a point particle
    Examples of magnetic
    force using cross product

    negative charge
    positive charge
    The complete EM force

    Given the electric and magnetic fields E and B, the


    completely general equation for the force on a
    point particle q is:
    The fundamental
    Fq = q E + q v x B force law of
    electromagnetism
    This is referred to as the Lorentz equation.

    The force on an any charged object is obtained by summing


    (or integrating) over the forces on each point qi (or
    differential dq ) charge component.
    Example 3 (velocity selection)

    How can electric and magnetic fields be used to


    velocity- select particles?

    That is given a beam of particles with charge q and a


    continuous spectrum of velocities, select those
    with velocity vo .
    Example 4 (mass spectrometer)

    An electron of velocity v = 5 x 106 m/s is fired into a region of


    constant magnetic field B = 2.0 x 10-4 Tesla.

    How does it move?


    Circular motion in a
    Uniform B field
    Magnetic force on
    a current carrying wire
    Since a current is moving charges, there is a magnetic force
    on a current carrying wire.

    For a straight segment of wire carrying a constant current


    I, the force is

    F=ILxB

    where L is a vector along the wire in the direction of the


    current

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