Physics

The magnifying power m is the ratio of the angle β subtended at

the eye by image to the angle α
that is subtended by object at the lens.

m=(β/α)

β ≈ tanβ = h / fe

where h is image height and fe is focal length of eye piece

α ≈ tanα = h / fo
where fo is foacl length of objective lens

hence , we get magnifying power m as

7)Limitations of Rutherford' model are :

• Rutherford’s model was inadequate to explain the stability of an atom.

• It did not mention anything about the arrangement of an electron in
orbit.
• As per Rutherford’s model, electrons revolve around the nucleus in a
circular path. But particles that are in motion on a circular path would
undergo acceleration , and acceleration causes radiation of energy by charged
particles. Eventually, electrons should lose energy and fall into the nucleus

Difference between n-type and p-type semiconductors:

n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor
1. Electrons are majority charge 1. Holes are majority charge carriers
carriers and holes are minority and electrons are minority charge
charge carriers. carriers.
2. The majority of charge carriers 2. The majority of charge carriers
move from low potential to high move from high potential to low
potential. potential.
3. An donor produce is n-type . 3. An acceptor is produce is p- type
4. Pentavalent impurities are
4. Trivalent impurities are added.
added.
5. It has donor energy levels that
5. It has acceptor energy levels that
are very close to the conduction
are very close to the valence band.
band.

1 A wheatstone bridge, also known as the resistance

bridge, can be defined as an electrical circuit in which an
unknown electrical resistance can be measured with the
help of two different legs belonging to a bridge circuit.
2 Wheatstone bridge calculates the unknown
resistance by balancing two legs of the bridge circuit,one
leg of which includes the unknown component .
The primary benefit of the circuit is its ability to provide
extremely accurate measurements.
We apply Kirchoff's current law in the shown circuit

At junction B,
i1=ig+i3

At junction D,
i2+ig=i4
If current through the galvanometer is zero,
ig=0
thus
i1=i3
and
i2=i4
Applying Kirchoff's voltage law for loop ABDA,
i1P+igG=i2R
Applying Kirchoff's voltage law for loop BCDB,
i3Q=i4S+igG
When
ig=0,
i1P=i2R
and
i3Q=i4S
But
i1=i3
and
i2=i4,
Therefore
P/Q=R/S
Q)

For n turns in the circular loop,

B=µ0nIR2/2(x2+R2)3/2.^i

.
Q)What are coherent sources?Why two indepents sources
cannot be coherent?

Two independent
Two independent source
sources of light
cannot cannot be
be coherent coherent
because :
because:
What are dia,para and ferromagnetic material?
Discuss their important properties?
Physics 2nd paper
Q) Explain,what is meant by quantization charge?
Ans)Quantization of electric charge:
1)According to charge quantization, any charged particle can have a charge
equal to some integral number of e, i.e where n=1, 2, 3,….Here,"e" is the value of
charge on the electron.
q=ne [n=±1,±2,±3,......]
2)As a result, a charge cannot have any arbitrary value but must be an integral
multiple of the fundamental charge.
3)In other words, it says that the charge can only exist in nature in the form of
the integral multiple of charge on one electron or proton.
4) Faraday's law of electrolysis and Millikan's oil drop experiment established
quantum nature of electric charge.

Q)A ray of light is incident surface of a plate of glass of refractive index 1.5 at
polarising angle. The angle of refraction of the ray will be?
Sol)
 Q) Write postulates of Bohr's model of hydrogen.

Q)Define capacitance of capacitor?

Ans)The capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of charge on
either of the conductor plates to the potential difference existing between the conductors.
C=QV or Q∝V
The SI unit of a capacitor is farad(F)
Q) What is Photoelectric effect?Derive the Einstine eqaution.
Ans)The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are ejected from the
surface of a metal when light is incident on it. These ejected electrons are
called photoelectrons.
According to Einstein’s theory of the photoelectric effect, when a photon
collides inelastically with electrons, the photon is absorbed completely or
partially by the electrons. So if an electron in a metal absorbs a photon
of energy, it uses the energy in the following ways.
Some energy Φ0 is used in making the surface electron free from the
metal. It is known as the work function of the material. Rest energy will
appear as kinetic energy (K) of the emitted photoelectrons.
Einstein equation is derived as follow:-
The energy carried by each particle of light (called quanta or photon) is
dependent on the light’s frequency (ν) as shown:
E = hν ------eq(1)

Where h = Planck’s constant = 6.62× 10^-34 Js.

Energy of photon = energy required to eject an electron (work function) +
Maximum kinetic energy of the electron i.e
E = W + KE

From eq (1) We have,[E=hv]

=>hv = W + KE

KE = hv – w

At the threshold frequency, ν0 electrons are just ejected and do not have
any kinetic energy. Below this frequency, there is no electron emission.
Thus, the energy of a photon with this frequency must be the work
function of the metal. ,i.e

w = hv0

Thus, Maximum kinetic energy equation becomes:

[KE = 1/2mv^2max]

=>1/2mv^2=h(v−v0)-Einstine Equation

∝
This eqaution shows 1/2mv^2 v^2

h= propotionality constant

V=(v-v )
0
 Q)How is junction diode formed ? Discuss the working of a junction diode as a full-wave
rectifier.
Ans)A junction diode is a semiconductor device that allows electricity to flow in
one direction only. It is formed by joining a p-type semiconductor with an n-type
semiconductor. When the p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined, the holes
from the p-type semiconductor combine with the electrons from the n-type
semiconductor. This creates a depletion region at the junction bet ween the t wo
semiconductors.
A full-wave rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts AC electricity into DC
electricity. It uses t wo junction diodes to rectify both the positive and negative
halves of the AC input signal.
Here's how a full-wave rectifier works:
1)The AC input signal is transfered to the primary winding of a genrator
2)The transformer steps up or steps down the voltage of the AC input signal.
3)The stepped-up or stepped-down AC slides is then applied to the t wo junction
diodes.
4)When it on positive side the AC input signal, one of the junction diodes
conducts electricity. The other junction diode does not conduct electricity.
5)During the negative side the AC input signal, the other junction diode conducts
electricity. The first junction diode does not conduct electricity.
6)The output of both junction diodes is combined to produce a DC output signal.
The DC output signal of the full-wave rectifier can then be used to power
electronic devices.
Q) With the help of labelled diagram,Explain the construction and working of
an AC generator. Find an expression for EMF produced by the generator.
Ans)AC Generator: Construction and Working
AC generators, also known as alternators, are devices that convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy in the form of alternating current (AC). They work
on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Construction:-
An AC generator typically consists of the following components:
1)Stator: This is the stationary part of the generator, containing coils of wire
that produce the electrical current.
2)Rotor: This is the rotating part of the generator, usually containing magnets
or electromagnets that generate the magnetic field.
3)Prime Mover: This is the mechanical device that provides the rotational
energy to drive the rotor. Examples include turbines, diesel engines, and gasoline
engines.
4)Slip Rings: These are conductive rings that allow electrical current to be
transferred from the rotating rotor to the stationary external circuit.
5)Brushes: These are carbon or metal contacts that press against the slip rings
and conduct the electrical current.
Working Principle:-
1)Magnetic Field: The prime mover rotates the rotor, which contains magnets
or electromagnets. This creates a rotating magnetic field.
2)Induction: As the magnetic field cuts across the conductors in the stator, an
electromotive force (EMF) is induced in them.
3)Alternating Current: The direction of the induced EMF changes as the rotor
rotates, resulting in the production of alternating current.
4)Output: The alternating current is collected by the brushes and transmitted
to the external circuit.
the emf is induced in the conductor that means the current induced in the
conductor
= Change in flux=bldx
Where,
dx=Small distance moved by conductor in the magnetic field
b=Magnetic field
l =Length of the conductor
Now, the induced emf is Induced
=>emf=change in flux/change in time
emf=bldxdt
Where,
dxdt=v
emf=blv
Hence, when a conductor of length l is moved with a uniform velocity v ,Normal to
a uniform magnetic field b.
Then, the induced emf is
emf=blv

The binding energy is the energy required to break a nucleus into its constituent protons
and neutrons.

Where,

Zmp is the total mass of the protons.

(A-Z)mn is the total mass of the neutrons.

mnuc is the mass of the nucleus.

 Q) What is the difference bet ween intrinsic and conductor
and p -type semiconductor?Why is p-type semicounductor
crystal neutral

The p-type semiconductor is uncharged, or neutral because there is no

addition of charged particles into the semiconductors.
Physics 3rd paper
 Q)What is magnetic lines of force?Why t wo such line cant cross
eacother?
1)A magnetic line of force is defines as the curved lines surroundind the bar magnet
2)The magnetic field lines of a bar magnet form continuous closed loops.
3)They are directed from north pole to south pole outside the magnet and from south
to north inside the magnet.
4)The magnetic field lines of a bar magnet bends along its length and enters the
magnet again from the opposite poles to its origin.
At the point of intersection there will be two distinct direction of magnetic field so,
no two lines of force intersect each other.
Q) State and explain the Krichhoff's voltage law.
Ans)Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that:-The net emf around a closed circuit loop is equal
to the sum of potential drops around the loop
It is termed Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule, which is an outcome of an electrostatic field
that is conservative,hence

•If a charge moves around a closed loop in a circuit, it must gain as much
energy as it loses.
•It is the gain in energy by the charge = corresponding losses through
resistances
•Mathematically, the total voltage in a closed loop of a circuit is expressed as
∑V=0
Physics 4th Paper
 State Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction?

Epsilon
Q) Give the principle , construction and working of moving coil galvanometer.
Ans)Principle:
A current-carrying coil, when placed in an external magnetic field, experiences magnetic torque.
The angle through which the coil is deflected due to the effect of the magnetic torque is
proportional to the magnitude of current in the coil.
Construction of a moving coil galvanometer
1)The galvanometer consists of a coil, with many turns, free to rotate about a fixed axis, in a
uniform radial magnetic field.
2)There is a cylindrical soft iron core which not only makes the field radial but also increases the
strength of the magnetic field.
3)When a current flows through the coil, a torque acts on it.
4)The magnetic torque tends to rotate the coil.
5)Spring provides a counter torque that balances the magnetic torque, resulting in a steady
angular deflection.
6)The deflection is indicated on the scale by a pointer attached to the spring.
Working:
i. The coil rotates due to a torque acting on it as the current flows through it. The torque acting
on the current-carrying coil is t = NIAB sine.
Here θ = 90° as the field is radial. ∴T = NIAB
where A is the area of the coil,
B is the strength of the magnetic field, Nis the number of turns of the coil, and I the current in
the coil.
ii.This torque is counterbalanced by a torque due to a spring fitted at the bottom so that a fixed
steady current I in the coil produces a steady angular deflection Ф.
iii. The larger the current is, the larger is the deflection and the larger is the torque due to the
spring. If the deflection is Ф, the restoring torque due to the spring is equal to KФ where K is the
torsional constant of the spring, Thus, KФ=NIAB, and the defelection Ф=(NAB/K)I
This means the deflection Ф is proportional to the current li.e.,Ф∝i
End