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    03a Evaporation

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    Agustino Waitihache
    The document discusses evaporation, transpiration, and evapotranspiration. It provides details on: - Evaporation occurring from open water, soil, and plant leaves. - Transpiration is the process where plants release water vapor through their leaves, with only 1% of absorbed water used by the plant. - Evapotranspiration refers to the combined water loss from evaporation and transpiration when studying water in the field.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    03a Evaporation

    Uploaded by

    Agustino Waitihache
    117 views39 pages
    The document discusses evaporation, transpiration, and evapotranspiration. It provides details on: - Evaporation occurring from open water, soil, and plant leaves. - Transpiration is the process where plants release water vapor through their leaves, with only 1% of absorbed water used by the plant. - Evapotranspiration refers to the combined water loss from evaporation and transpiration when studying water in the field.

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    The document discusses evaporation, transpiration, and evapotranspiration. It provides details on: - Evaporation occurring from open water, soil, and plant leaves. - Transpiration is the process where plants release water vapor through their leaves, with only 1% of absorbed water used by the plant. - Evapotranspiration refers to the combined water loss from evaporation and transpiration when studying water in the field.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    117 views39 pages

    03a Evaporation

    Uploaded by

    Agustino Waitihache
    The document discusses evaporation, transpiration, and evapotranspiration. It provides details on: - Evaporation occurring from open water, soil, and plant leaves. - Transpiration is the process where plants release water vapor through their leaves, with only 1% of absorbed water used by the plant. - Evapotranspiration refers to the combined water loss from evaporation and transpiration when studying water in the field.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Evaporation,

    Transpiration,
    EvapoTranspiration

    December 28, 2015

    Losses of Precipitation

    December 28, 2015

    December 28, 2015

    December 28, 2015

    December 28, 2015

    December 28, 2015

    Evaporation

    Evaporation happens
    in several ways

    Open water evaporation


    Transpiration from
    leaves
    Evaporation from soil
    and land surface

    December 28, 2015

    Evapotranspiration

    Evaporation

    Terminology
    Evaporation process by which liquid
    water passes directly to the vapor phase
    The rate of evaporation depends upon the
    water temperature and the temperature
    and humidity of the air above the water.
    Humidity refers to the amount of moisture
    in the air; more specifically:

    Absolute humidity - mass of water per unit volume of air (usually grams
    water per cubic meter of air)
    Saturation humidity - maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at a
    given temperature
    Relative humidity - the absolute humidity over the saturation humidity
    (i.e., the percent ratio of the amount of moisture in the air to the total
    amount it could possibly hold)

    December 28, 2015

    Transpiration

    Transpiration - process by which


    liquid water passes from liquid to
    vapor through plant metabolism
    Plants take up water for their own
    use (i.e., for building plant tissue),
    Only about 1% of what they suck up
    gets used; the rest is released to the
    atmosphere through leaves.

    December 28, 2015

    December 28, 2015

    10

    Evapotranspiration

    When studying water in the field, one


    cannot separate water lost to evaporation
    from transpiration losses
    It is typical to lump them together as
    evapotranspiration (E-T).

    Potential evapotranspiration is the water loss that would occur if there


    is an unlimited supply of water available for transpiration and
    evaporation.

    In reality, the amount of water that transpires or evaporates is limited


    by the amount of water that is available. If the amount of water
    available is less than the potential, then the actual evapotranspiration
    will be lower than the potential.

    December 28, 2015

    11

    Factors Influencing
    Evaporation

    Energy supply for vaporization


    (latent heat)

    Solar radiation

    Temperature
    Energy input for evaporation to proceed
    The higher the temperature the higher
    the capacity of air to absorb more water

    December 28, 2015

    12

    Factors influencing
    evaporation

    Transport of vapor away from


    evaporative surface

    Wind velocity over surface


    Specific humidity gradient above
    surface

    December 28, 2015

    13

    Wind has a major effect on


    evaporation, E
    By convection wind removes vapor-laden
    air
    Keeping the boundary layer thin and
    maintaining a high transfer rate of water
    from liquid to vapor phase
    Wind is also turbulent, increasing the
    diffusion several orders of magnitude over
    that of molecular diffusion

    December 28, 2015

    14

    Factors influencing
    evaporation

    Vegetated surfaces/Crop resistance


    The transpiration of cropped surface is
    usually less than the evaporation of an
    open water surface
    Supply of moisture to the surface

    Evapotranspiration (ET)
    Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)
    moisture supply is not limited

    December 28, 2015

    15

    Measurement of
    evaporation

    (a) Evaporimeters
    Class A-Evaporation pan
    IS standard pan
    Colorado Sunken pan
    US geological survey floating pan

    December 28, 2015

    16

    Evaporation from a
    Water Surface

    Simplest form of evaporation

    From free liquid of permanently


    saturated surface

    December 28, 2015

    17

    Evaporation from a Pan


    Sensible
    Net radiation Vapor flow rate
    heat to air

    Rn

    Hs

    m v w AE

    National Weather Service Class A


    type
    Installed on a wooden platform in a
    grassy location
    Filled with water to within 2.5
    inches of the top
    Evaporation rate is measured by
    manual readings or with an analog
    output evaporation gauge

    December 28, 2015

    CS

    dh
    dt

    Area, A

    Heat conducted
    to ground
    18

    The most commonly use evaporimeter is the class A pan.


    This is a pan with 1.21m diameter and depth of 225mm.
    the pan is set 150 mm above the ground to allow air to move
    freely around.
    Evaporation is measured daily as the amount of water
    evaporated from the pan.
    At the beginning of the day, the pan is filled to the 50mm
    from the top and is left to evaporate for 24 hrs.
    December 28, 2015
    To
    determine the amount of water evaporated during the

    19

    Pan coefficient

    Evaporation pans are not exact models


    of large reservoirs and have the
    following drawbacks:
    They differ in heat storing capacity and
    heat transfer from the sides and bottom
    The height of the rim in an evaporation pan
    affects the wind action over the surface
    The heat transfer characteristics of the pan
    are different from that of the reservoir

    December 28, 2015

    20

    Values for Pan


    Coefficient Cp
    Types of Pan

    Average
    value

    Range

    Class A Land Pan

    0.70

    0.60-0.80

    ISI pan

    0.80

    0.65-1.10

    Colorado Sunken
    Pan

    0.78

    0.75-0.86

    USGS floating
    pan

    0.80

    0.70-0.82

    December 28, 2015

    21

    (b) Empirical Methods

    A Large empirical equations are available to


    estimate Free water evaporation using commonly
    available meteorological data.
    Most formulae are based on the Dalton-type
    equation and can be expressed as:

    EL Kf (u )(es ea )
    Where;
    EL = free water evaporation in mm/day
    es = saturation vapour pressure at the water-surface
    temperature in mm of mercury
    ea = actual vapour pressure of overlying air at a specified
    height
    f(u) = wind speed correction
    K is a coefficient
    December 28, 2015

    22

    Meyers
    equation:

    E C es ea 1 0.06215V
    E = evaporation in mm/month
    es = saturation vapour pressure
    ea = actual vapour pressure in mm
    V = monthly mean wind velocity in km/hr
    C = 15 for small shallow ponds

    December 28, 2015

    23

    (c) Analytical Methods of


    Estimating Evaporation

    Water-budget method
    Energy Balance Method
    Aerodynamic method (Mass-transfer
    method)
    Penman Method (Combined method)

    December 28, 2015

    24

    (i) Water-Budget Method

    The water budget method is the simplest of


    the three analytical methods.
    It involves writing the hydrological
    continuity equation for the free water
    storage system
    The ideal way of estimating evaporation
    from any lake, reservoir, or catchment
    would be to measure the various
    components of inflow, outflow and storage
    and apply the mass balance equation.

    December 28, 2015

    25

    The evaporation in any time interval may


    be computed from

    E S1 S 2 I Q
    Where I and Q are the volumes of inflow
    and outflow, S1 and S2 are the initial and
    final storage respectively.

    December 28, 2015

    26

    (ii) Energy Method

    It is an application of the law of conservation of


    energy
    Continuity
    CV contains liquid and vapor phase water

    Hs

    Liquid phase
    Rn

    m
    v

    a
    dh
    E
    dt

    d
    m v w d wV dA
    dt CV
    CS
    dh
    dh
    w A
    E
    dt
    dt

    0
    No flow of liquid
    water through CS

    m v w AE

    The air in contact with the ground or water surface is warmed and then m
    27 H
    flow of energy thru the air is termed sensible heat flux
    s

    December
    2015
    The 28,
    associated

    Hs

    Rn

    Energy Method

    Energy Eq. for Water in


    CV
    dH
    dt

    Rn H s G

    m
    v

    a
    E

    dh
    dt

    Rate of heat input to the system

    Assume:
    1. Constant temp of water in CV
    2. Change of heat is change in internal energy of water
    evaporated
    dH
    lv m v
    dt

    w AE
    Recall m
    :
    Neglecting sensible and
    1
    ground heat R
    fluxes
    Rn H s G
    E
    lv w A
    Er n
    lv w

    lv m v Rn H s G

    December 28, 2015

    28

    H s Ts Ta
    Ts Ta

    es ea

    lv mv es ea

    Tw Ta

    es ea

    Rn G
    EL
    w L 1
    Rn = net radiation, G = Heat flux into the
    ground, L = latent heat of vaporization, p is
    the barometric
    pressure in mb

    => Sign of
    changes in morning and
    evening, since Hs is +ve (upward )during the

    December 28, 2015

    29

    (iii) Aerodynamic
    Method

    Include transport
    of vapor away from
    water surface as
    function of:

    Humidity gradient
    above surface
    Wind speed across
    surface

    December 28, 2015

    Rn

    Net radiation

    Air Flow

    E Evaporation

    30

    December 28, 2015

    31

    Aerodynamic Method
    Ea M (es ez )u z
    Where Ea =evaporation by the aerodynamic
    method,
    M = mass-transfer coefficient, es =
    saturation vapour pressure at water
    temperature, ez = vapour
    pressure of the air
    aCE
    M =0.wind
    622
    at level Z, u
    z
    Pvelocity at level Z
    w

    Where w = density of water, a =


    density of air, P = atmospheric
    pressure at level Z, CE = bulk
    December 28, 2015
    evaporation coefficient

    32

    (iv) Combined Method

    Evaporation is calculated by

    Aerodynamic method

    Energy method

    Energy supply is not limiting


    Vapor transport is not limiting

    Normally, both are limiting, so use a


    combination method
    H s lv m v
    Sensible heat flux is difficult to estimate

    Assume it is proportional to the vapor heat flux


    = Bowen ratio
    1
    Rn H s G
    E
    Energy balance equation (G=0) lv w A
    Rn lv m 1

    December 28, 2015

    33

    Recall Vapor Pressure

    17.27T
    es 611 exp

    237
    .
    3

    December 28, 2015

    des
    4098es

    dT (237.3 T ) 2
    34

    Combined Method
    (Cont.)

    Combining

    Energy balance
    Aerodynamic Methods

    Combined Method
    E

    Er

    Rn
    lv w

    Ea M (es ez )u z

    Er
    Ea

    Well suited to small areas


    with detailed data

    Net Radiation
    Air Temperature
    Humidity
    Wind Speed
    December 28,2015
    Air Pressure

    des
    4098es

    dT (237.3 T ) 2

    E 1.3

    Er

    Priestly & Taylor

    35

    Example

    Use Combo Method to find


    Elev = 2 m,
    Evaporation
    lv 2.501x10 6 2370T
    Press = 101.3 kPa,
    Wind speed = 3 m/s,
    Net Radiation = 200 W/m2,
    Air Temp = 25 degC,
    Er
    Rel. Humidity = 40%,

    December 28, 2015

    (2500 2.36 * 25) x103 2441 kJ/kg

    Rn
    200

    7.10 mm/day
    lv w 2441x103 * 997

    36

    Example (Cont.)

    Use Combo Method to find


    Elev = 2 m,
    Evaporation
    eas 3167 Pa
    Press = 101.3 kPa,
    Wind speed = 3 m/s,
    Net Radiation = 200 W/m2,
    Air Temp = 25 degC,
    Rel. Humidity = 40%,

    ea Rh * eas 0.4 * 3167 1267 Pa

    Ea 4.54 x10 11 3167 1267 * (1000 mm / 1 m) * (86400 s / 1 day)


    7.45 mm/day
    December 28, 2015

    37

    Example (Cont.)

    Use Combo Method to find


    Evaporation
    Elev = 2 m,

    Press = 101.3 kPa,


    Wind speed = 3 m/s,
    Net Radiation = 200 W/m2,

    Air Temp = 25 degC,


    Rel. Humidity = 40%,

    0.738

    4098 * 3167
    (237.3 25)

    188.7 Pa/degC

    0.262

    Er
    E a 0.738 * 7.10 0.262 * 7.45 7.2 mm/day

    December 28, 2015

    38

    Example

    Use Priestly-Taylor Method to find


    Evaporation rate for a water body
    Net Radiation = 200 W/m2,
    Air Temp = 25 degC,

    E r 7.10 mm/day

    E 1.3

    Er

    Priestly & Taylor

    0.738

    E 1.3 * 0.738 * 7.10 6.80 mm/day


    December 28, 2015

    39

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