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    Basic AM: - Modulation

    Uploaded by

    Sysu Kumar
    This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) radio. It begins by explaining the basic principles of AM, including that the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to the amplitude of an audio signal. It then covers key topics like the modulation index, spectra of AM signals, detection methods, and efficiency considerations. Finally, it discusses variations of AM systems and components of AM radio transmitters and receivers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Basic AM: - Modulation

    Uploaded by

    Sysu Kumar
    19 views28 pages
    This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) radio. It begins by explaining the basic principles of AM, including that the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to the amplitude of an audio signal. It then covers key topics like the modulation index, spectra of AM signals, detection methods, and efficiency considerations. Finally, it discusses variations of AM systems and components of AM radio transmitters and receivers.

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    AM

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    This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) radio. It begins by explaining the basic principles of AM, including that the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to the amplitude of an audio signal. It then covers key topics like the modulation index, spectra of AM signals, detection methods, and efficiency considerations. Finally, it discusses variations of AM systems and components of AM radio transmitters and receivers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    19 views28 pages

    Basic AM: - Modulation

    Uploaded by

    Sysu Kumar
    This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) radio. It begins by explaining the basic principles of AM, including that the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to the amplitude of an audio signal. It then covers key topics like the modulation index, spectra of AM signals, detection methods, and efficiency considerations. Finally, it discusses variations of AM systems and components of AM radio transmitters and receivers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    Basic AM

    Modulation
    Amplitude
    Spectrum
    Carrier
    Sideband

    v (t ) (1 m cos mt ) EC cos C t

    C
    C m

    Modulation index
    0<m<1
    How to measure?
    Modulated carrier vs baseband signal

    What happens when m>1?

    Waveforms
    Base Band and Modulation
    m = 100%

    m = 120%
    Math
    Real

    Spectrum
    Double Side Band Full Carrier
    Spectrum
    LSB, USB, Carrier

    Efficiency
    Efficiency in Using Bandwidth?
    Two side bands

    Efficiency in Using Power?


    Carrier

    V 2 Ec2 (sin c t )2 Ec2


    Pc

    R
    R
    2R

    Side band

    m 2 Pc
    Plsb Pusb
    4

    Information in side band


    Carrier for synchronization

    Variations of AM
    Bandwidth Efficiency
    Single Side Band
    Vestigial Side Band

    Power Efficiency
    Reduced Carrier
    Suppressed Carrier

    Complication
    Circuits: generation, tuning, detection
    Filter, tone variation, carrier recovery

    AM Radio
    Source
    Audio, 20-20 kHz

    Carrier Frequency
    525 1705 kHz

    Performance
    5 kHz bandwidth
    250-500 km range
    50 V sensitivity

    AM Radio

    Commercial AM Radio
    Circuit Diagram

    Commercial Radio
    Circuit Board

    Block Diagram

    Crucial Components
    RF Amplifier
    High dynamic range

    Autodyne Oscillator and Mixer


    Tuning

    Loop Antenna
    LC resonator

    Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers


    455 kHz
    Tank circuit (double tuner) with flat center band

    Diode RF Rectifier
    Envelope detection

    Automatic Gain Control


    Strong vs weak stations

    Audio Amplifier
    Speaker

    Heterodyne
    Incoming RF

    vRF (t ) (1 m cos mt ) EC cos C t

    RF amplifier
    Bandpass filter

    Local Oscillator
    Mixer

    vLO (t ) E LO cos(C IF )t

    Nonlinear device or balanced mixer


    v (t ) (1 m sin t ) E E cos( )t
    Bandpass filter
    Signal proportional to local oscillator strength
    IF

    LO

    IF

    Intermediate Frequency (AM at 455 kHz)


    No further tuning

    EMI from Local Oscillator

    Detection
    Baseband Signal
    Coherent Detection

    vRF (t ) m A(t )

    vRF (t ) (1 m A(t )) EC cos C t


    AM modulation
    vLO (t ) ELO cos C t
    Local oscillator
    vM (t ) (1 m A(t )) EC ELO cos C t cos C t
    Mixer
    vLP (t ) (1 m A(t )) EC E LO / 2
    LP filter
    vO (t ) m A(t ) EC E LO / 2
    AC coupling
    High sensitivity for low
    S/N

    Envelope Detection
    Circuit
    RF rectifier
    Filter
    RC time constant
    Simple for high S/N

    Waveform

    Detection
    Square Law Detector

    Modulation
    Nonlinearity
    RF filter
    Low pass and AC
    coupling

    vRF (t ) (1 m A(t )) EC cos C t


    vsq (t ) (1 m A(t )) 2 EC2 cos2 C t

    vRF LF (t ) (1 m A(t )) 2 EC2 / 2


    vLF (t ) m A(t ) EC2

    Performance

    Sensitivity
    Fidelity or Bandwidth
    Dynamic Range
    Selectivity
    Adjacent channel

    Image Rejection
    IF

    Spurious Response
    Harmonics

    Squelch
    Noises
    Static noise from transmission media
    Motor boating noise from drift in frequency

    Lab and Projects


    Virtual Laboratory
    http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/load
    Category.do
    (Search: FM AM)

    Matlab project
    http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/classes/ee151/Winter01/

    Software Radio (http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/Eproject-042805-113037/unrestricted/DASR_MQP_REPORT.pdf)

    Simple AM Projects
    Experiments
    Agilent 33120 AM modulation
    MC1496
    http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/AN531-D.PDF

    AM Transmitter
    History
    Block Diagram

    Automatic Level Control


    m<1

    AM Modulator
    Balanced Mixer
    Other Circuit
    Base band signal modulates oscillator current

    Power Amplifier
    Impedance Matching
    Maximize Power to the Load
    Impedance
    Z=V/I

    Change V I Relation
    Transformer
    High current, low voltage
    Low current, high voltage

    RLC Networks
    Frequency dependent impedance

    Impedance Matching
    MIT Open Courseware
    http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Electrical-Engineering-andComputer-Science/6-776Spring-2005/025E9FB7-46C3-4718-98EA-C
    BD23EEC9D98/0/lec4.pdf

    Berkeley RLC Pi and T LC Network


    Calculator
    http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/RF/projects/60GHz/matc
    hing/ImpMatch.html

    Role of Antenna
    Impedance transformation between circuit and
    free space

    Short Wave Radio

    Terrestrial Coverage, HAM


    http://n5xu.ece.utexas.edu/hamradio/

    Regenerative Receiver Project


    http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/regen-radio-receiver.htm

    HAM
    http://www.arrl.org/hamradio.html
    http://www.qsl.net/dl4yhf/
    Spectral analysis of audio signals

    http://www.ac6v.com/
    Antenna projects

    http://www.radio.org/linux/
    Linux HAM

    AM Stereo
    Two Channels
    L+R
    L-R

    Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


    Sin, Cos: orthogonal
    Increase Information Capacity Without
    Increasing Bandwidth

    Motorola CQUAM System


    Details
    Chip

    Modern Application of AM
    Advanced Television Systems
    Committee (ATSC)
    8-VSB Digital Signaling

    AM Noise Analysis
    DSBFC Signal and Noise
    e(t ) (1 m A(t )) EC cos C t n C cos(C t ) n S sin(C t )

    Baseband signal power: SM m 2 A2 EC2 / 2


    Carrier power: SC EC2 / 2
    Noise spectral density: N 0 / 2
    Double sideband bandwidth: 2 2W
    2
    2
    N

    2
    W

    n
    /
    2

    n
    /2
    0
    c
    s
    Total noise power:

    Coherent Detection

    eD (t ) (1 m A(t )) EC ELO / 2 n C E LO / 2

    In phase noise only


    2
    2
    2
    S
    /
    N

    E
    / 2WN 0
    C
    S/N

    AM Noise Analysis
    Envelope Detection
    Signal Dominant Regime
    e(t ) [(1 m A(t )) EC ) n C ]2 ns2 (1 m A(t )) EC n C

    Similar to coherent detection

    Noise Dominant Regime


    Noise large
    Signal small with random phase
    e(t ) nC2 ns2 (1 m A(t )) EC cos

    Numerical Analysis

    AM Review

    AM Waveform
    Modulation Index Limit
    Double Sideband, Full Carrier
    Detection Circuits
    Coherent detection
    Envelope detection

    Variations
    SSB, RC or SC
    Vestigial sideband

    AM Transmitter
    Impedance matching
    Efficiency

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