Personality and Values: © 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All Rights Reserved

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality
and
Values
Chapter FOUR
What is Personality?
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts
and interacts with others; measurable traits a person
exhibits.
Personality Traits
Enduring characteristics
that describe an
individuals behavior.
Personality
Determinants
Heredity
Environment
Situation
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Personality Types
Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Score is a combination of
all four (e.g., ENTJ)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and
classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.
Meyers-Briggs, Continued

A Meyers-Briggs score
Can be a valuable too for self-awareness and career
guidance
BUT
Should not be used as a selection tool because it has
not been related to job performance!!!
The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions
Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
Openness to Experience
Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive
Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus
nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (negative).
Measuring Personality
Personality is Measured By

Self-report surveys
Observer-rating surveys
Projective measures
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception
Test
Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB
Core Self-evaluation
Self-esteem
Locus of Control
Machiavellianism
Narcissism
Self-monitoring
Risk taking
Type A vs. Type B personality
Proactive Personality

Core Self-Evaluation: Two Main Components

Self Esteem
Individuals degree of liking or disliking
themselves.
Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they are
masters of their own fate.
Internals (Internal locus of control)
Individuals who believe that they
control what happens to them.
Externals (External locus of control)
Individuals who believe that what
happens to them is controlled by
outside forces such as luck or chance.
Machiavellianism
Conditions Favoring High Machs
Direct interaction with others
Minimal rules and regulations
Emotions distract for others
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes
that ends can justify means.
Narcissism

A Narcissistic Person
Has grandiose sense of self-importance
Requires excessive admiration
Has a sense of entitlement
Is arrogant
Tends to be rated as less effective
Self-Monitoring
Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures
an individuals ability to adjust
his or her behavior to external,
situational factors.
High Self-Monitors
Receive better performance
ratings
Likely to emerge as leaders
Show less commitment to
their organizations
Risk-Taking
High Risk-taking Managers
Make quicker decisions
Use less information to make decisions
Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial
organizations
Low Risk-taking Managers
Are slower to make decisions
Require more information before making decisions
Exist in larger organizations with stable environments
Risk Propensity
Aligning managers risk-taking propensity to job
requirements should be beneficial to organizations.
Personality Types
Type As
1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in
terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type Bs
1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its
accompanying impatience;
2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements
or accomplishments;
3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their
superiority at any cost;
4. can relax without guilt.
Personality Types
Proactive Personality
Identifies opportunities,
shows initiative, takes
action, and perseveres
until meaningful change
occurs.
Creates positive change
in the environment,
regardless or even in
spite of constraints or
obstacles.
Which of the following is not a typical
personality trait considered to be
organizationally relevant?

Locus of control
Self-monitoring
Self-enhancing
Self esteem
Machiavellianism

Chapter Check-Up: Personality
Discuss with your neighbor how each of the three traits above would
influence a college instructors behavior, and where you think your
teacher falls with respect to each of them.

Alison arrives to class and realizes that shes
forgotten her homework to turn in. She says Oh
man, its just not my lucky day today. Alison has
______________.

Alison has a high external locus of control. Alison believes that
things outside of her control determine what happens.
If Alison works on a team with you, and you have a very
high internal locus of control, what kinds of discussions
do you think the two of you might have? Discuss with a
friend.
Julia is known for being a go-getter. She
never leaves a task incomplete, and is
involved in a number of activities.
Moreover, shes at the top of her class.
Shes so busy that sometimes, she forgets
to stop and eat lunch. Julia can be easily
characterized as someone that has/is a
Type ____ Personality.

A
Julia is also likely to not be very
Happy?
Fun?
Creative?
Stressed?

In general, Type As are rarely creative because
they generally dont allocate the necessary time
for new solution development; they usually rely on
past experiences to solve problems in order to be
speedy.
Definition: Mode of conduct or end state is
personally or socially preferable (i.e., what is right &
good)
Terminal Values
Desirable End States
Instrumental Values
The ways/means for achieving ones terminal values

Value System: A hierarchy based on a ranking of an
individuals values in terms of their intensity.

Note: Values Vary by Cohort
Values
Importance of Values
Provide understanding of the attitudes,
motivation, and behaviors of individuals and
cultures.
Influence our perception of the world around us.
Represent interpretations of right and wrong.
Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are
preferred over others.
Types of Values - Rokeach Value Survey
Terminal Values
Desirable end-states of
existence; the goals that a
person would like to achieve
during his or her lifetime.
Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of behavior
or means of achieving ones
terminal values.
Values in
the
Rokeach
Survey
E X H I B I T 4-3
Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human
Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
Values in
the
Rokeach
Survey
(contd)
E X H I B I T 4-3 (contd)
Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human
Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
Mean Value Rankings of
Executives, Union
Members, and Activists
E X H I B I T 4-4
Source: Based on W. C. Frederick and J. Weber, The Values of
Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and
Normative Implications, in W. C. Frederick and L. E. Preston (eds.)
Business Ethics: Research Issues and Empirical Studies (Greenwich,
CT: JAI Press, 1990), pp. 12344.
Values, Loyalty, and Ethical Behavior
Ethical Climate in
the Organization
Ethical Values and
Behaviors of Leaders
Power Distance
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long-term and Short-term orientation
Values across Cultures: Hofstedes
Framework
Hofstedes Framework for Assessing Cultures
Power Distance
The extent to which a society accepts that
power in institutions and organizations is
distributed unequally.
Low distance: relatively equal power
between those with status/wealth and those
without status/wealth
High distance: extremely unequal power
distribution between those with
status/wealth and those without
status/wealth
Hofstedes Framework (contd)
Collectivism
A tight social framework in
which people expect
others in groups of which
they are a part to look
after them and protect
them.
Individualism
The degree to which
people prefer to act as
individuals rather than
a member of groups.
Vs.
Masculinity
The extent to which the
society values work roles
of achievement, power,
and control, and where
assertiveness and
materialism are also
valued.
Femininity
The extent to which
there is little
differentiation
between roles for
men and women.
Vs.
The extent to which a society feels threatened by
uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to
avoid them.
High Uncertainty Avoidance:
Society does not like
ambiguous situations & tries to
avoid them.

Low Uncertainty Avoidance:
Society does not mind
ambiguous situations &
embraces them.
Long-term Orientation
A national culture
attribute that
emphasizes the future,
thrift, and persistence.
Short-term Orientation
A national culture attribute
that emphasizes the
present and the here and
now.
Vs.
Achieving Person-Job Fit
Personality Types
Realistic
Investigative
Social
Conventional
Enterprising
Artistic
Personality-Job Fit
Theory (Holland)
Identifies six personality
types and proposes that
the fit between personality
type and occupational
environment determines
satisfaction and turnover.
Hollands
Typology of
Personality
and
Congruent
Occupations
E X H I B I T 48
Relationships
among
Occupational
Personality
Types
E X H I B I T 49
Source: Reprinted by special permission of the publisher, Psychological
Assessment Resources, Inc., from Making Vocational Choices, copyright 1973,
1985, 1992 by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. All rights reserved.
Organizational Culture Profile (OCP)
Useful for determining person-
organization fit
Survey that forces choices/rankings of
ones personal values
Helpful for identifying most important
values to look for in an organization (in
efforts to create a good fit)
In Country J most of the top management team meets
employees at the local bar for a beer on Fridays, and there
are no reserved parking spaces. Everyone is on a first
name basis with each other. Country J, according to
Hofstedes Framework, is probably low on what dimension?

Chapter Check-Up: Values
Collectivism
Long Term Orientation
Power Distance

How would a College or University in Country J differ from your
College or University? Identify 3 differences and discuss with a
neighbor.

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