1

GENERAL ANATOMY
Lecture Outline:
IDENTIFICATION
Definition ,methods, terminology




IDENTIFICATION
Dr Mamdouh Abdel Aziz Mahmoud
Professor of Anatomy & Embryology
Anatomy & Embryology department

WHAT is our aim............. ?
*we are all here to help you
to make anatomy ease.NOT COMPLICATED






how can we make anatomy ease . . . ?
good friendship between staff and you any problem can be solved
study anatomy on the same day
Make summary for the subject
Draw diagram discus me & your friends
***********************************************

Parts that will be studied..
general anatomy.thorax
abdomenpelvis
upper limb


Marks annual work mid year exam
written
Practical
oral

Behavior in dissecting room..
BOOKS used in department
ANY TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY MAY BE USED
The staff agreed to use series of
(human anatomy ,STAFF MEMBERS ,TANTA UNIVERSTY )

Friends of anatomy . . . . . . .


ANATOMY
DEFINITION
TERMINOLOGY
Skin, fasciae
APPLIED ANATOMY


7-5
ANATOMY
DEFINITION
Anatomy : means --------->to cut a structure
into small pieces,
.. I e , it means the study of the form &
structure of an animal or human body.

Methods
-Regional
-Systemic


7-6
TERMINOLOGY
Positions
*Anatomical position :
*Supine position
*Prone position
Planes
median( Midsagittal ) plane
sagittal( Parasagittal ) plane
coronal plane
transverse or horizontal plane
oblique plane
7-7
Anatomical position
7-8
Anatomical position
7-9
positions
7-10
planes
Median
(Midsagittal )

Sagittal
( Parasagittal )

coronal

Horizontal

planes

quiz

quiz

Oblique planes . .
Any other plane
7-15
*Terms of directions
anterior ( ventral )
posterior (dorsal )
medial
lateral
superior ( cranial upper - cephalic )
inferior (caudal lower )
proximal
Distal
ipsilateral
contralateral
7-16
proximal
Distal

ipsilateral
contralateral
Superficial (external)
Deep (internal(
7-19
*Terms of movements
Flexion :.....
Extension .....
Adduction.............
Abduction.................
Rotation
Circumduction
Pronation & Supination
Eversion & Inversion
7-20
movements
7-21
movements
rotation
Medial
rotation
Lateral
rotation
7-23
circumduction

Pronation
Supination


Inversion
Eversion
Protraction
retraction
7-27
Skin, fasciae
SKIN




FASCIAE
skin
Outer covering of our body
Formed of
Epidermis
strat. Sq epith. develops from basal
layer . . outer lay is horny
Dermis
7-28
skin . . dermis
Dermis
conn t layer deep to epidermis
rich in bl v, lymph v , n
Contains
collagen fibers run in parallel bundles lines of
cleavage (Langers lines (scar
Hair
Glandssweat sebaceous g..

7-29






Skin appendages
nails ..
skin creases ..

7-37
FASCIAE :


SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
DEEP FASCIA...........
Superficial
fascia
Conn tissue between skin & deep fascia
Contains bl v , lymph v, nerves ,.. fat, fibers
Fibers : collagen fibers are more in scalp,..hand,
fat : is more in abdomen ,
: absent in eye lid ,auricle, nipple ..
Keep body temp..contour
7-38
Superficial
fascia

collagen fibers are more in scalp
fat : is more in abdomen
Deep fascia
A membranous con tis lay invest ms
Attach to bones ,ligaments
in neck . . . well formed
In thorax , abdomen thin
In limbs . . . forms sheaths ,septa
Near joints thick forms retinacula
In palm & sole.. Forms aponeurosis
7-40
Deep
fascia
A membr con tis lay invest
ms
Attach to bone ,ligaments

Deep
fascia
In neck : Well formed
In thorax ,abd : thin ..
why?
In limbs forms : sheaths
,septa
Near joints:
thickretinacula
In palm & sole :
..aponeurosis
In fingers & toes : . .
tendon sheaths
In limbs
forms
:,septa
compartment

Applied anatomy
Dandruff : scales of keratin
Ulcer : lose of epidermis over an area of
skin
Langers lines : cleavage lines between
collagen fibers of dermis
Sebum : oily material secreted by
sebaceous glands
Blackheads : blockage of sebaceous gland

Acne : infected sebaceous gland
Retinaculum: thick part of deep fascia
hold tendons in position

Dandruff
Ulcer
Langers lines
Acne
blackheads
retinaculum
Remember
Anatomical position :
Supine position
Prone position
median( Midsagittal ) plane
sagittal( Parasagittal ) plane
coronal plane
transverse or horizontal plane
oblique planes

Terms of directions

anterior ( ventral )
posterior (dorsal )
medial
lateral
superior ( cranial upper - cephalic )
inferior (caudal lower )
proximal
Distal
ipsilateral
contralateral

Terms of movements

Flexion :.....
Extension .....
Adduction.............
Abduction.................
Rotation
Circumduction
Pronation & Supination
Eversion & Inversion
Skin : Epidermis , dermis
Fascia : SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
DEEP FASCIA...........
Nails
Skin creases

7-54
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Lecture Outline:
DEFINITION ,
TYPES,
CHARACTERS,
STRUCTURE,
PARTS,
SHAPE,
ACTION
7-55
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
DEFINITION:
.......contains contractile cells (ms fiber)
TYPES : ,skeletal .....
,smooth ..............
,cardiac..


7-56
Skeletal muscles (striated-
voluntary ms)
Characteristics
attached to bones ----- by tendons or aponeurosis
moves a joint
Striatedlarge striated cells
Voluntary .motor nerveends in
neuromuscular plate ( motor end plate )

Hilton Law (( the motor nerve of a ms
Represent 40 % of body w

7-57
Skeletal ms
attached to bones -----
by tendons or
aponeurosis moves a
joint
Striatedlarge striated
cells
Voluntary .motor
nerveends in
neuromuscular plate (
motor end plate )

7-58
STRUCTURE
A-fleshy portion( ms belly)
-muscle fibers
(muscle cells)
- contain
several peripheral nuclei
- sarcoplasm
- fibers:
myofibrils (striated)
- limited by cell
membrane : sarcolemma
- surrounded by con
tissue
7-59





B-tendinous portion (
tendon)
-fibrous tissue packed to
attach the ms to bone
-many forms :
cylindrical, linear ,
aponeurosis


7-60
Structure of fleshy portion
Fleshy
part


Fasciculi

Ms fibers
7-61
Structure of skeletal ms
7-62
structure
7-63
structure
7-64
structure
-Nuclei: several peripheral
- sarcoplasm
- fibers: myofibrils
(striated)
-cell membrane :
sarcolemma
-

surrounded by con tissue

7-65
PARTS OF
MUSCLE
-origin
more fixed
-insertion
more movable
7-66
SHAPE OF MUSCLES
1-Parallel
2- Oblique -triangle
-pennate
A-unipennate
-parallel muscle fibers
-slop into one side
B-bipennate
C- multipennate
-flat
-circumpennate
3- spiral -sphincter , , ,
7-67
shape
Parallel
oblique
spiral
pennate
7-68
Shape of
muscles
What is the significance of shape of
ms ? . . . Action . .
pennate : unipennate bipennate multipennate

Flat circumpennate
spiral

7-70
MUSCLE ACTIONS
ISOTONIC :ms
contract-----distance
decreases----tension
remains as it is

ISOMETRIC ms
contract-----distance
remains as it is ----
tension increases

e g Ms tone
7-71
Muscle action
-prime movers -initiate & maintain ms movement
-controlled by pyramidal system

-antagonists -opposite prime movers.
- control them
-Synergist - fix proximal joints to allow perfect
movement in distal joints
-fixators -fix involved joints to allow perfect
movements contract isometric
preventing unneeded displacement

7-72
7-73
-prime
movers

- synergist

-fixators
- antagonist

Action of ms
What are the muscles involved while typing . . . ?
7-74
-paradox : ms contract to oppose the
movements occur by gravity

What are the muscles active in
raising a leg ?
prime movers , antagonists, fixators
, synergists & paradox
7-75
Action of
paradox
7-76
Visceral , ,SMOOTH ,,Unstriated
involuntary :MUSCLES
SITE : walls of viscera & tubes , blood vessels
Contraction -------->expel or narrow
Unstriated..(?(
Control :under involuntary control ..
Structure :-under ordinary microscope --------
smooth ( no striation)
-long spindle fibers
Contraction : is prolonged , many nerves
7-77
Smooth ms
SITE : walls of viscera & tubes ,
blood vessels
Contraction -------->expel or
narrow

Unstriated..(?)
Structure :-under ordinary microscope ------
smooth ( no striation)
-long spindle fibers


Involuntary : controlled by autonomic
nervous system . . Sympathetic ,

parasympathetic
7-79
CARDIAC MUSCLE
-site :Only in the heart.. in myocardium
-structure : Similar to smooth ms but
Polygonal ms fibers ,
central nuclei,
striation
forming syncytial mass , intercalated discs
- action : acts involuntary .spontaneous
contraction by SAnode , AVN,
-N S : autonomic n s , regulator to limited extend

7-80
Cardiac ms
7-81
Skeletal ,cardiac, smooth ms
quiz

remember
Striation
Hilton law
Fasciculi
Origin
Insertion
Pennate ms
Circumpennate ms

Isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
Prime mover
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixator
Action of paradox

Visceral ms
Syncytial mass
Intercalated disc
Important
muscles
Ms of back

Ms of head & neck
Ms of scalp: occipitofrontalis
Ms of face: orbicularis oris , buccinator
Ms of mastication : Temporalis .masseter
,medial & lateral pterygoid .
Ms of tongue : hyoglossus
Ms of neck : sternomastoid , trapezius