1 Skeletal System

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Terms

Terms for self reading

Orthopedics Cleft lip Arthroscopy

Orthodontics TMJ Syndrome Fractures
Pagets Sinisitis Dislocation
Dwarfism Runner’s Knee Bursitis
Acromegaly Bone Grafting Spran/Strain
Black eye Clubfoot Flatfoot
Subluxation
Whiplash Injury Laminectomy Spina bifida
******Bone scan- Gamma camera

SKELETAL PLAN – 2 DIVISIONS: Figure 7.1 Division

1. _________________________________ – ______________ bones
Skull face - 14
Cranium -8
Hyoid -1
Auditory ossicles -6
Vertebral column - 26
Thorax Sternum - 1 (Body or gladiolus, manubrium, xiphoid process)
Ribs - 24 (12 pairs):
- TRUE ribs = first 7 ribs
- FALSE ribs = 8 to 12
- FLOATING RIBS = 11 and 12

2. _________________________________ – ___________ bones

PECTORAL GIRDLE
Clavicle -2
Scapula -2
UPPER LIMBS
Humerus -2
Ulna -2
Radius -2
Carpals - 16
Metacarpals - 10
Phalanges - 28
PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE
Hip, pelvic or coxal -2
LOWER LIMBS
Femur -2
Fibula -2
Tibia -2
Patella -2
Tarsals - 14
Metatarsals - 10
Phalanges - 28

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2 Skeletal System

THE AXIAL SKELETON:

SKULL
1. Frontal bone
2. Parietal bone
- sagittal suture
- coronal suture with the occipital bone
3. Occipital bone
4. Temporal bone
5. Sphenoid bone
6. Ethmoid bone

Table 7.3 Principal Foramina

BONES OF THE FACE

Maxillae - 2
Lacrimal bones - 2
Palatine bones - 2
Turbinate bone/inferior nasal conchae
Mandible
Zygomatic bones
Vomer – divides the nasal cavity

AUDITORY OSSICLES
- Malleus (hammer)
- Incus (anvil)
- Stapes (stirrup)

FETAL SKULL – presence of fontanels

- membrane filled spaces between the cranial bones
- commonly called soft spots
- replaced by intramembranous ssification and become sutures
- a.__________________________________________ (future sphenoid, temporal, parietal, frontal)
 closes 3 months after birth
- b.________________________________________ (junction of temporal, parietal, occipital bones)
 begins to close 1-2 months after birth; completely closed at 12 months
- c._____________________ – where the right and left parietal bones are to meet the frontal bones
 roughly diamond shaped
 largest fontanel
 closes 18-24 months after birth
- d._____________________where the parietal bones are to meet the occipital bones, closes 2
months
FUNCTION OF THE FONTANELS:
- provide flexibility to fetal bones
- allow the skull to change in shape as it passes through the birth canal and rapid growth of brain
during infancy

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_________________________
1. Coronal – unites frontal and parietal bones
2. Sagittal - unites 2 parietal bones on superior midline
3. Lambdoid - unite 2 parietal and occipital bone
4. Squamous – unite the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral
_________________________
- or paranasal sinuses: mucous membrane lined spaces
 Frontal
 Ethmoid
 Maxillary - biggest
 Sphenoid

VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- 2/5 of total body weight
- 71 cm (28 inches) in male; 61 cm (24 inches) in female
- strong flexible rod that can move forward, backward, sideways and rotates
- encloses and protect the spinal cord; supports the head, serves as a point of attachment for the
ribs, pelvic girdle and muscles of the back
- Early development: 33 vertebrae then some fuse to yield 26 vertebrae:
 _________cervical
 _________thoracic
 __________lumbar
 __________sacrum (fused _________sacral vertebrae)
 __________coccyx (fused _________coccygeal vertebrae)

Normal Curves of the Vertebrae:

1. Cervical and lumbar – convex, relative to the front of the body
2. Thoracic and sacral – concave
- the curve of the vertebral column increases its strength, help maintain balance in an upright
position, absorbs shock during walking and help protect the vertebrae from fracture

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
- fibrous ring in between vertebral bodies up to the sacrum
PARTS:
1. Annulus fibrosus – outer fibrous ring made up of fibrocartilage
2. Nucleus pulposus – inner, soft, pulpy, highly elastic
 strong joints permitting various movements and absorb vertical shock

VERTEBRAE – Parts of a typical vertebra:

1. Body – thick, disc shaped anterior portion
- weight bearing
- inferior and superior aspects are roughened for the attachment of discs
2. Vertebral arch – extend posteriorly from the body
- 2 short thick processes: pedicle that form the arch which extend posteriorly to unite with the laminae
> vertebral foramen – adipose tissue, spinal cord, areolar CT and blood vessels
> intervertebral foramen - single spinal nerve
3. Processes
- 7 processes:
 transverse

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 spinous
 2 superior articular process
 2 inferior articular process

REGIONS OF THE VERTEBRAE:

1. Cervical Region
- bifid processes from C2-C6
C1 - Atlas
- ringlike vertebra supporting the skull by forming a joint with the occipital condyles
- supports the head; allows the movement of the head signifying “YES”
C2 - Axis
- (+) body known as dens or odontoid (toothlike) process
- makes a pivot and moves the head signifying “NO”
- trauma to the dens = WHIPLASH
C3-C6 - typical vertebrae
C7 - vertebral prominens: single large spinous process at the base of the head

2. Thoracic – T1 to T12
- larger and stronger
- longer spinous processes on T1 and T2 directed inferiorly
-T11-T12: shorter, broader spinous process directed posteriorly
3. Lumbar - L1-L5
- longest and strongest; processes are short, thick, and broad
4. Sacrum
- bone that develops as a set of 5 vertebrae that fuse to form one large bone inferior to L5
5. Coccyx (tailbone)
- inferior to the sacrum; made up of fused 4 vertebrae

ABNORMAL SPINE CURVATURES

________________ – an exaggerated thoracic curve that resulted in a hunched back with rounded shoulders
________________– vertebral column bending laterally
_______________ – exaggerated lumbar curve that appears as a swayback with the abdomen protruding anteriorly.

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON:

A. THE UPPER EXTREMITIES

 SCAPULA - shoulder blade
Forms part of the shoulder girdle supporting the arm
Irregular bone

 CLAVICLE – collar bone

Long bone whose long axis lie along the horizontal axis on the anterior

 HUMERUS – a large, long bone

Has the following features: Head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater and lesser tubercle, deltoid
tuberosity, coronoid and olecranon fossa

 RADIUS – one of the two long bones of the lower arm.

It is LATERAL to the ulna articulating with the capitulum of the humerus
Has the following features: Head, radial tuberosity, styoild process

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 ULNA – long bone articulating with the trochlea of the humerus.

Has the following features: Olecranon, throchlear notch, coronoid process, head, styoild process

 CARPUS OR WRIST
Composed of 8 small bones: pisiform, triquetrium (triangular), lunate, scaphoid (navicular), hamate, capitate,
trapezoid, trapezium

 METACARPAL BONES - hand

 PHALANGES - fingers
Has proximal, middle, and distal (total of 14 per hand)

B. THE LOWER EXTREMITIES

 COXAL BONES – pelvic bones articulate with the sacrum to form the pelvic girdle
Articulates with the sacrum and support the legs
Made up by the fusion of 3 bones: ILIUM, ISCHIUM, PUBIS
Has the following features: acetabulum, iliac crest, anterior superior spine, ischial spine, obturator foramen,
symphysis pubis, pubic arch, sacroiliac joint

 FEMUR – Thigh bone; longest bone in the body

Has the following features: head, neck, greater and lesser trochanter, medial and lateral condyle

 PATELLA – knee cap

Large sesamoid bone forming the anterior bone of the knee joint

 TIBIA – long bone of the lower leg; larger and medial to the fibula
Features: lateral and medial condyle, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus

 FIBULA – Narrower, lateral bone of the lower leg

Parts: head, lateral malleolus

 TARSAL BONES – made up of 7 to form the ankle

7 bones: talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral)

 METATARSAL BONES – 5 bones

 PHALANGES – 14 phalanges per foot

PELVIS OF THE MALE AND FEMALE – COMPARISON:

FEMALE MALE
General structure Light and thin Heavy and thick
False or greater pelvis Shallow Deep
Pelvic brim Large; more oval Smaller; heart shaped
Acetabulum Small and faces anteriorly Large and faces laterally
Obturator foramen Oval Round
Pubic arch > 90 degrees angle < 90 degrees angle
Iliac crest Less curved More curved

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Ilium Less vertical More vertical

Greater sciatic notch Wide Narrow
Coccyx More movable; more curved Less movable; less curved anteriorly
anteriorly
Sacrum Shorter; wider Longer; narrower
Pelvic outlet Wider Narrower
Ischial tuberosity Shorter, farther apart, more laterally Longer, closer together, more
projecting medially projecting

ARTICULAR SYSTEM (JOINTS)

JOINTS or ARTICULATIONS: structures in the skeleton where two or more bones join together

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION:
- based on the amount of movement the joint allows
 Immovable joints or __________________________________
Eg. skull bones and teeth sockets

 Slightly movable joints or ______________________________

Eg. intervertebral joints, tibulofibular joints, pubic symphysis

 Freely movable joints or _______________________________

Eg. most of the joints in the body, about 90%

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION:
- depends on the type of connective tissue forming the joint and whether there is a space ofr synovial cavity between
the bones

1. ______________________________– dense fibrous CT with strong collagen fibers holding the joints firmly
together with no synovial cavity. Has little or no movement at all
 Suture - joint between 2 flat bones, as between the left and right parietal bones
 Syndesmosis – bands of fibrous tissue bind bones, as between the distal ends of the radius and ulna
 Gomphosis – a fibrous membrane connecting each tooth to its socket in a jaw’s alveolar process

2._______________________________– has either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connecting the bines with no
synovial cavity. Usually, there is small degree of movement
 Synchondrosis – hyaline cartilage connects bones (example: costal cartilage connection between a rib and
the sternum)
 Symphysis – fibrocartilage forms the joint, as in the symphysis pubis, joining the left and right coxae

3.______________________________ – have a greater amount of movement due to having small synovial cavity
between two bones. Dense fibrous CT holds the 2 bones together.
Contains synovial fluid for: a. lubrication to prevent friction between joints; b. nourishment

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 _________________ – two flat surfaces slide past each other, as between two carpal bones
 _________________ – as with a door hinge, two bones are joined so that they can move in one plane only,
as in the elbow and knuckle joints of the fingers
 _________________– an oval condyle fits into an oval fossa, allowing movement in two planes, as between
the metatarsals and phalanges
 __________________ – one bone pivots on the axis of another, allowing rotation, as with the atlas and axis
 ______________________ – two saddle-shaped processes fit together to allow movement in two planes,
as in between the thumb’s proximal phalanx and the trapezium of the wrist
 _______________________– a ball-shaped process fits into a rounded fossa, allowing almost unrestricted
movement, as between the femur (head as the ball) and the acetabulum (socket)

JOINT MOVEMENTS

i. Relative to the CORONAL OR FRONTAL PLANE

 ________________________ – decreasing the angle of the joint

 ________________________ – increasing the angle of the joint
 ________________________ – moving a joint beyond its normal range, or beyond the anatomical position
 ________________________ – moving a part anteriorly, along a horizontal plane
 _________________________– moving a part posteriorly, along a horizontal plane

ii. Relative to the SAGITTAL PLANE

 ________________________ – moving an appendage’s distal end away from the midsagittal plane
 ________________________ – moving an appendage’s distal end toward the midsagittal plane
 ________________________ – moving the foot from the anatomical postion (sole downward) to a position
in which the sole is facing midsagittal
 ________________________ – moving the foot from the anatomical position to a position in which the sole
faces away from the midsagittal plane

iii. CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS

_______________________ – moving the distal end of an appendage in a circle, making a cone shaped sweep
________________________– moving a bone on its axis, as if on a pivot or axle
________________________– rotating the forearm from the anatomical position (palm forward)to reverse it (palm
facing superiorly)
________________________ – rotating the forearm from the pronated position back to the anatomical position

iv. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS

Elevation-Depression
Protraction-Retraction
Supination-Pronation
Inversion-Eversion
Dorsiflexion – Point the toes upward; stand on the heels
Plantar flexion – point the toes downward; raise the heel
Opposition – movement of the thumb across the different fingers

Knee joint is susceptible to knee injury as it lacks interlocking.

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Strain – minor stretching of ligaments or tendons with minimal damage

Sprain – forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint with partial rupture or other injury to its attachment without
dislocation

END
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prepare while others are playing; and dream while others are wishing.

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