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    Sensory, Motor and Integrative System

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    putridewi22
    This document discusses sensation and somatic sensation. It describes how stimuli are transduced and transmitted via sensory receptors and neurons. The general senses include somatic and special senses. Somatic sensation includes touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain, and proprioception. The somatic sensory pathway and spinal cord tracts are described. Somatic motor pathways involve upper and lower motor neurons and basal ganglia, cerebellar and local circuit neurons. Damage to specific areas can cause paralysis or abnormal movement. The roles of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in movement are also summarized.

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    Sensory, Motor and Integrative System

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    putridewi22
    122 views35 pages
    This document discusses sensation and somatic sensation. It describes how stimuli are transduced and transmitted via sensory receptors and neurons. The general senses include somatic and special senses. Somatic sensation includes touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain, and proprioception. The somatic sensory pathway and spinal cord tracts are described. Somatic motor pathways involve upper and lower motor neurons and basal ganglia, cerebellar and local circuit neurons. Damage to specific areas can cause paralysis or abnormal movement. The roles of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in movement are also summarized.

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    This document discusses sensation and somatic sensation. It describes how stimuli are transduced and transmitted via sensory receptors and neurons. The general senses include somatic and special senses. Somatic sensation includes touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain, and proprioception. The somatic sensory pathway and spinal cord tracts are described. Somatic motor pathways involve upper and lower motor neurons and basal ganglia, cerebellar and local circuit neurons. Damage to specific areas can cause paralysis or abnormal movement. The roles of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in movement are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    122 views35 pages

    Sensory, Motor and Integrative System

    Uploaded by

    putridewi22
    This document discusses sensation and somatic sensation. It describes how stimuli are transduced and transmitted via sensory receptors and neurons. The general senses include somatic and special senses. Somatic sensation includes touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain, and proprioception. The somatic sensory pathway and spinal cord tracts are described. Somatic motor pathways involve upper and lower motor neurons and basal ganglia, cerebellar and local circuit neurons. Damage to specific areas can cause paralysis or abnormal movement. The roles of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in movement are also summarized.

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    The document discusses concepts related to somatic sensation, sensory pathways, and motor control in the human body.

    Sensation is defined as the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes, while perception is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensation. Perception involves higher-level processing in the cerebral cortex.

    The main somatic sensory modalities discussed are tactile sensation, thermal sensation, pain sensation, and proprioceptive sensation.

    ACHMAD AMINUDDIN

    SENSATION
    SENSATION

    - THE CONSCIOUS OR SUBCONSCIOUS AWARENESS OF CHANGES IN THE EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. PERCEPTION - THE CONSCIOUS AWARENESS AND INTERPRETATION OF SENSATION AND IS PRIMARILY A FUNCTION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX.

    SENSORY MODALITIES
    THE GENERAL SENSES

    - SOMATIC SENSORY MODALITIES - tactile sensation ( touch, pressure and vibration ) - termal sensation. - pain sensation. - proprioceptive sensation. - VISCERAL SENSATION - provide information about conditions within internal organ THE SPECIAL SENSES - sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium.

    THE PROCESS OF SENSATION


    STIMULATION OF THE SENSORY RECEPTOR. THE TRANSDUCTION OF THE STIMULUS. GENERATION OF THE NERVE IMPULSES. INTEGRATION OF SENSORY INPUT

    SENSORY RECEPTORS.
    FREE NERVE ENDING. ENCAPSULATED NERVE ENDING. SEPARATE CELLS THAT SYNAPSE WITH

    FIRST ORDER SENSORY NEURON.

    Table 16.1 hal 550

    SOMATIC SENSATION
    TACTILE SENSATION / MODALITY

    - touch - pressure. - vibration - itch - tickle THERMAL SENSATION / MODALITY - cold receptor 10 c - 40 c. - warm receptor 32 C - 48 C. - < 10 C / > 48 C, stimulate pain receptors

    SOMATIC SENSATION
    PAIN SENSATION / MODALITY

    - Fast pain ; - within 0,1 second. - medium-diameter myelinated A fibers. - Slow pain; - begin a second or more. - small-diameter unmyelinated C fibers. - According to arise stimulation ; - superficial somatic pain. - deep somatic pain. - visceral pain. PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATION / MODALITY

    Fg 16.3 hl 553

    SOMATIC SENSATION
    PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATION / MODALITY

    - PROPRIOCEPTORS ; - MUSCLE SPINDLES WITHIN SKELETAL MUSCLES. - TENDON ORGAN WITHIN TENDON. - JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS WITHIN SYNOVIAL JOINT CAPSULES.

    Fig 16.2 hal 555

    SOMATIC SENSORY PATHWAY


    THE POSTERIOR COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMNISCUS

    - fine touch - stereognosis - proprioception - vibratory sensations ANTEROLATERAL ( SPINOTHALAMIC ) PATHWAY - The lateral spinothalamic tract - convey sensory impulses for pain and temperatr - The anterior spinothalamic tract - tickle - crude touch. - itch - pressure. SOMATIC PATHWAYS TO THE CEREBELLUM - Tract ; - the posterior spinocerebellar tract. - the anterior spinocerebellar tract. - Critical for posture, balance and coordination of skilled movement

    Fig 16.5 hal 557

    Fig 16.6a

    Table 16.3 hl 559

    SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS

    LOCAL CIRCUIT NEURON


    LOCATED CLOSE TO THE L.M.N
    CELL BODIES INTHE BRAIN STEM AND SPINAL

    CORD. RECEIVE INPUT FROM ; - SOMATIC SENSORY RECEPTORS. - HIGHER CENTER INTHE BRAIN. HELP COORDINATE RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY IN SPECIFIC MUSCLE GROUPS

    UPPER MOTOR NEURONS


    U.M.N FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ARE ESSENTIAL FOR

    PLANNING, INITIATING AND DIRECTING SEQUENCEAS OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT. U.M.N. ORIGINATE IN MOTOR CENTER OF BRAIN STEM; THE RED NUCLEUS, THE VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS, THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS AND THE RETICULAR FORMATION. U.M.N. FROM THE BRAIN STEM ; - REGULATE MUSCLE TONE. - CONTROL POSTURAL MUSCLES. - ORIENTATION OF THE HEAD AND BODY.

    BASAL GANGLIA NEURONS


    ASSIST MOVEMENT BY PROVIDING INPUT TO U.M.N. NEURAL CIRCUITS INTERCONNECT THE GANGLIA BASAL

    WITH ; - MOTOR AREA OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. - THALAMUS. - SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEI. - SUBSTANTIA NIGRA. THE CIRCUITS HELP ; - INITIATE AND TERMINATE MOVEMENT. - SUPRESS UNWANTED MOVEMENT. - ESTABLISH A NORMAL LEVEL OF MUSCLE TONE.

    CEREBELLAR NEURONS
    AID MOVEMENT BY CONTROLLING THE

    ACTIVITY OF U.M.N. NEURAL CIRCUITS INTERCONNECT THE CEREBELLUM WITH ; - MOTOR AREAS OF CEREBRAL COTEX VIA THE THALAMUS. - BRAIN STEM. A PRIME FUNCTION ; COORDINATES BODY MOVEMENT AND HELP MAINTAIN NORMAL POSTURE AND BALANCE.

    PARALYSIS
    L.M.N. ---- FLACCID PARALYSIS.

    - muscles on same side. - voluntary action ( - ). - reflex (- ). - muscle tone decreased or lost. - muscle remains limp or flaccid. U.M.N. --- SPASTIC PARALYSIS - musles on opposite dide. - reflexes are exaggerated. - pathological reflexes such as the babinski sign appear. - muslce tone is increased.

    ORGANIZATION OF U.M.N. PATH WAYS


    DIRECT MOTOR PATHWAYS

    provide input to l.m.n. Via axon that extend directly from the cerebral cortex. INDIRECT MOTOR PATHWAYS - provide input to l.m.n. From motor centers in the brain stem. - brain stem centers, receive signals fron neuron in the ganglia basal, cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

    ROLES 0F THE BASAL GANGLIA


    THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS AND THE PUTAMEN, RECEIVE

    INPUT FROM - sensory area. - association area. - motor area. - substansia nigra. OUT PUT FROM THE BASAL GANGLIA CAMES FROM - the globus pallidus. - substansia nigra. FEED BACK SIGNALS TO THE MOTOR CORTEX BY WAY OF THE THALAMUS THIS CIRCUIT, FROM CORTEX TO BASAL GANGLIA TO THALAMUS AND TO CORTEX APPEAR TO FUNCTION IN INTIATING AND TERMINATING MOVEMENT.

    ROLES OF THE BASAL GANGLIA


    NEURON IN THE PUTAMEN GENERATES IMPULSES JUST

    BEDORE BODY MOVEMENT OCCUR. NEURON IN THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS GENERATE IMPULSES JUST BEFORE EYE MOVEMENT OCCUR THE BASAL GANGLIA ALSO SUPPRESS UNWANTD MOVEMENT BY THEIR INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON THE THALAMUS AND SUPERIOR COLLICULUS AND INFLUENCE MUSCLE TONE. THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS SENDS IMPULSES INTO THE RETICULAR FORMATION THAT REDUCE MUSCLE TONE

    DAMAGE TO THE BASAL GANGLIA


    UNCONTROLLABLE MOVEMENT. ABNORMAL BODY MOVEMENT. OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY ;

    - MUSCLE REGIDITY. - TREMOR, WHILE AT REST.

    MODULATION OF MOVEMENT BY THE CEREBELLUM


    THE CEREBELLUM MONITORS INTENTIONS FOR

    MOVEMENT. THE CEEBELLUM MONITORS ACTUAL MOVEMENT. THE CEREBELLUM COMPARES THE COMMAND SIGNALS WITH SENSORY INFORMATION. IF THERE IS A DISCREPANCY BETWEEN INTENDED AND ACTUAL MOVEMENT, THE CEREBELLUM SENDS OUT CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK TO U.M.N.

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