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    Dams

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    Muhammad Usman
    A dam is a barrier built across a stream to control water flow for uses like drinking water, irrigation, flood control and hydropower. Dams provide benefits to humans like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control and recreation. However, they can also cause changes to river temperature/flow, disrupt fish communities, and risk earthquakes or failure. Dams are classified based on design, materials, capacity and more. Factors like topography, geology and cost are considered for selecting dam type and site. Common dam types include earthfill, rockfill, gravity, arch, buttress and more.

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    Dams

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Usman
    535 views23 pages
    A dam is a barrier built across a stream to control water flow for uses like drinking water, irrigation, flood control and hydropower. Dams provide benefits to humans like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control and recreation. However, they can also cause changes to river temperature/flow, disrupt fish communities, and risk earthquakes or failure. Dams are classified based on design, materials, capacity and more. Factors like topography, geology and cost are considered for selecting dam type and site. Common dam types include earthfill, rockfill, gravity, arch, buttress and more.

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    Dams

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    A dam is a barrier built across a stream to control water flow for uses like drinking water, irrigation, flood control and hydropower. Dams provide benefits to humans like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control and recreation. However, they can also cause changes to river temperature/flow, disrupt fish communities, and risk earthquakes or failure. Dams are classified based on design, materials, capacity and more. Factors like topography, geology and cost are considered for selecting dam type and site. Common dam types include earthfill, rockfill, gravity, arch, buttress and more.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    535 views23 pages

    Dams

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Usman
    A dam is a barrier built across a stream to control water flow for uses like drinking water, irrigation, flood control and hydropower. Dams provide benefits to humans like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control and recreation. However, they can also cause changes to river temperature/flow, disrupt fish communities, and risk earthquakes or failure. Dams are classified based on design, materials, capacity and more. Factors like topography, geology and cost are considered for selecting dam type and site. Common dam types include earthfill, rockfill, gravity, arch, buttress and more.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that dams are barriers built across streams, rivers or estuaries to control water flow for uses like irrigation, hydropower, flood control etc. They can be classified based on their design, construction material, usage and capacity. Dams provide benefits like irrigation, power generation and flood control but also have disadvantages like displacing people and altering downstream ecosystems.

    Dams are mainly classified based on their hydraulic design as overflow or non-overflow dams, structural design as gravity, arch or buttress dams, usage as storage, diversion or detention dams and construction material as concrete/masonry, earthfill or rockfill dams.

    Some major benefits of dams include irrigation for agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, flood control, providing water for domestic and industrial use, recreation opportunities and enabling navigation.

    Dam Engineering

    What is a dam?

    A dam is a barrier built across a stream, river or estuary to hold and control the flow of water for such uses as drinking water supplies, irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation etc.

    What is a dam?

    Benefits of Dams

    The benefits of dams are usually to the advantage of humans. They may include:
    Irrigation
    Hydroelectric Flood

    production

    control Recreational opportunities Navigation Industrial and Domestic water supply Aeration of water

    IRHAFIN

    Purpose Distribution of Dams


    0.60% 5.30% 5.40%
    Irrigation Hydropower

    10.00% 48.60% 12.70%

    Water Supply Flood Control Recreation Navigation and Fishing Others

    17.40%

    Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)

    Disadvantages of dams
    Changes

    in temperature and flow in the river downstream from the dam alteration of the fish community in the region of the river

    Possible

    Small

    scale earthquakes in the area


    of loss of life and property in case of failure of of people from the area

    Danger

    dam
    Displacement

    Changes

    in the climate

    EPDTFC

    Classification of dams:
    Dams are classified on several aspects, some of the important aspects are as follow: 1) Based on Hydraulic Design: Over flow dams (e.g. concrete dams) Non over flow dams (e.g. embankment dams) 2) Based on Structural Design: Gravity dams Arch dams Buttress dams 3) Based on Usage of Dam: Storage dams Diversion dams Detention dams

    UCHMS

    Classification of dams:
    4) 5)

    Based on Construction Material: Concrete / Masonary dams Earthfill dams Rockfill dams Earthfill rockfill dams Concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRD) Based on Capacity: Small dams Medium dams Large dams

    Selection of dam Type:


    The choice of dam is decided upon by examining foundation conditions, load strains, temperature and pressure changes, chemical characteristics of ground water and possible seismic activity. Followings are the important factors considered for the selection of type of dams:
    1)
    2)

    3) 4) 5)

    Topography Geology and nature of foundation Bearing capacity of the underlying soil Foundation settlements Permeability of the foundation soil Availability of construction materials Spillway location Safety considerations

    GTA-SS-EPA-L

    Selection of dam Type:


    6) 7) 8) 9)

    Earthquake zones Purpose of dam and economics Aesthetic considerations Life of the Dam

    Site selection of a dam:


    Following are the important factors considered for the selection of site for a dam:
    1) 2) 3)

    4)
    5) 6) 6)

    7)
    8) 9)

    Catchment characteristics Length of dam Height of dam Foundation conditions Availability of suitable Spillway location Availability of suitable construction materials Storage capacity Construction and maintenance cost Access to the site Options for diversion of river during construction

    Site selection of a dam:


    Following the important factors considered for the selection of site for a dam:
    10) 11) 12)

    13)

    Compensation cost for property and land acquisition Quality of water Sediment transport Environmental conditions

    Types of Storage Dams


    Reservoirs are readily classified in accordance with their primary purpose, e.g. irrigation, water supply, hydroelectric power generation, flood control etc. Dams are of numerous types and type classification is sometimes less clearly defined. An initial broad classification into generic groups can be made in terms of the principal of construction material employed: Embankment Dams: Constructed of earth-fill and/or rock-fill. Upstream and downstream face slopes are similar and of moderate angle, giving a wide selection and high construction volume relative to height. Gravity Dams: Constructed of mass concrete. Face slopes are dissimilar, generally steep downstream and near vertical upstream and dams have relatively slender profiles depending upon type
    Note: Embankment dams are numerically dominant for technical and economical reasons, and account for over 85-90% of all dams built

    Types of Storage Dams

    Embankment Dams Earth-fill Dam


    Earth-fill dams, also called earthen, rolled-earth or simply earth dams, are constructed as a simple embankment of well compacted earth.

    Concrete Dams
    Gravity

    Dam

    Gravity dams are dams which resist the horizontal thrust of the water entirely by their own weight. These are typically used to block streams through narrow gorges.

    Buttress

    Dam

    Rock-fill

    Dam

    Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth utilized often contains a large percentage of large particles hence the term rockfill is used.

    Buttress dams are dams in which the face is held up by a series of supports. It can take many forms - the face may be flat or curved.

    Arch

    Dam

    An arch dam is a curved dam which is dependent upon arch action for its strength. Arch dams are thinner and therefore require less material than any other type of dam.

    Types of Storage Dams

    Embankment dam

    Gravity dam

    Buttress dam

    Arch dam

    Large Dams: World Register Statistics (ICOLD 1998)


    ICOLD= International Commission of Large Dams

    Group Embankment Dam

    Type Earth Fill Rock Fill

    ICOLD* Code TE ER

    % 82.9

    Concrete Dams including Masonry dams

    Gravity
    Arch Buttress Multiple arch

    PG
    VA CB MV

    11.3
    4.4 1.0 0.4

    Total Large Dams

    41413

    ICOLD defines large dams as dams exceeding15 m in height or in case of dams of 10-15m, satisfying one certain criteria e.g a storage volume in excess of 1x106 m3 or a flood discharge capacity of over 2000 m3/s

    Panoramic Views of Dams

    Tarbela Dam: Earth and Rockfill Dam

    Warsak Dam: Gravity dam

    Mangla Dam: Earthfill

    Panoramic Views of Dams

    Gordon Dam: Arch Dam

    Hoover Dam: Arch Dam

    Panoramic Views of Dams

    Hume Dam: Buttress dam

    Coolidge Dam: Buttress dam

    Le Prele Dam: Buttress dam

    Itaipu Dam: Buttress dam

    Merits and Demerits of Earthfill and Rockfill Dams Merits: Demerits:

    Raising is possible Adoptability in seismic zone Economical Can be Built on any foundation type Relatively Easy availability of Material Less skilled labor is needed Rapid speed of construction due to recent development

    Damaged by heavy rainfall, floods & overflow Maintenance cost is high Silt problems are relative more Sudden failure of dam Not suitable for narrow gorges Cannot be constructed for large height Very regular supervision and instrumentation is needed to study behavior of dam.

    Merits and Demerits of Gravity Dam


    Merits:

    Demerits:

    Suitable for

    narrow gorges with steep side slopes, areas with heavy rainfall Overflow conditions

    Can be built to any height provided that foundation is stable and strong. Low maintenance cost Cost can be reduced by reducing the thickness of sections Outlets can be provided at various elevations Failure is not sudden

    Stable and strong foundation is required Availability of construction material and skilled labor Raising of dam is difficult Not recommended in seismic zones

    Merits and Demerits of Buttress Dam


    Merits:

    Demerits:

    Lesser concrete is needed which make it economical Structurally stable especially against sliding, Lesser pressure on foundation & lesser uplift pressure Can be built on permeable foundation Powerhouse can be accommodated within space of buttresses Future extension is possible Maintenance cost is low Speed construction Lesser problems of temperature

    Reduced stabbility against lateral thrust and earthquakes Rich mix of concrete, reinforcement and formwork More susceptible to damage and failure under military attacks. Highly skilled labor needed Sensitive to deterioration of concrete Closer supervision is needed.

    Pros and Cons of Arch Dam


    Merits:

    Demerits:

    Suitable for narrow gorges with lesser base width Structurally stable, Problem of uplift is less

    Highly skilled labor needed Good quality formwork is required Low speed of construction

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