Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 692 views

    Dam Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Devendra Sharma
    Dams are barriers built across streams, rivers or estuaries to control water flow for uses like drinking water, irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. The main benefits of dams are providing water for human uses like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control, and recreation. Dams are classified based on their design, material, size, and other factors. The most common types are embankment dams made of earth and rock fill, and gravity dams made of concrete. Dams must withstand various forces like water pressure, seismic activity, and more.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Dam Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Devendra Sharma
    692 views30 pages
    Dams are barriers built across streams, rivers or estuaries to control water flow for uses like drinking water, irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. The main benefits of dams are providing water for human uses like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control, and recreation. Dams are classified based on their design, material, size, and other factors. The most common types are embankment dams made of earth and rock fill, and gravity dams made of concrete. Dams must withstand various forces like water pressure, seismic activity, and more.

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Dams are barriers built across streams, rivers or estuaries to control water flow for uses like drinking water, irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. The main benefits of dams are providing water for human uses like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control, and recreation. Dams are classified based on their design, material, size, and other factors. The most common types are embankment dams made of earth and rock fill, and gravity dams made of concrete. Dams must withstand various forces like water pressure, seismic activity, and more.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    692 views30 pages

    Dam Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Devendra Sharma
    Dams are barriers built across streams, rivers or estuaries to control water flow for uses like drinking water, irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. The main benefits of dams are providing water for human uses like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control, and recreation. Dams are classified based on their design, material, size, and other factors. The most common types are embankment dams made of earth and rock fill, and gravity dams made of concrete. Dams must withstand various forces like water pressure, seismic activity, and more.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 30
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that dams provide benefits like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control, and recreation. They are classified based on design, material, usage, and capacity. The main types include embankment, gravity, and arch dams.

    The main types of dams are embankment dams, gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and rockfill dams. Embankment dams are the most common type constructed of earth and rock fill.

    The main benefits of dams include irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, flood control, water supply, recreation, and creating habitat for fish and birds.

    What is a dam?

    A dam is a barrier built across a stream, river or estuary to hold and control the flow of water for such uses as drinking water supplies, irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation etc.

    What is a dam?

    Benefits of Dams

    The benefits of dams are usually to the advantage of humans. They may include:
    Irrigation
    Hydroelectric Flood

    production

    control Recreational opportunities Navigation Industrial and Domestic water supply Aeration of water

    For animals the benefits may include:

    Larger numbers of fish and birds in the reservoir Greater habitat diversity

    Purpose Distribution of Dams


    0.60% 5.30% 5.40%
    Irrigation Hydropower

    10.00% 48.60% 12.70%

    Water Supply Flood Control Recreation Navigation and Fishing Others

    17.40%

    Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOL)

    Classification of dams:
    Dams are classified on several aspects, some of the important aspects are as follow: 1) Based on Hydraulic Design: Over flow dams (e.g. concrete dams) Non over flow dams (e.g. embankment dams) 2) Based on Structural Design: Gravity dams Arch dams Buttress dams 3) Based on Usage of Dam: Storage dams Diversion dams Detention dams

    Classification of dams:
    4) 5)

    Based on Construction Material: Concrete / Masonary dams Earthfill dams Rockfill dams Earthfill rockfill dams Concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRD) Based on Capacity: Small dams Medium dams Large dams

    Selection of dam Type:


    The choice of dam is decided upon by examining foundation conditions, load strains, temperature and pressure changes, chemical characteristics of ground water and possible seismic activity. Followings are the important factors considered for the selection of type of dams:
    1)
    2)

    3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

    Topography Geology and nature of foundation Bearing capacity of the underlying soil Foundation settlements Permeability of the foundation soil Availability of construction materials Spillway location Safety considerations Earthquake zones Purpose of dam and economics Aesthetic considerations

    Types of Storage Dams


    Reservoirs are readily classified in accordance with their primary purpose, e.g. irrigation, water supply, hydroelectric power generation, flood control etc. Dams are of numerous types and type classification is sometimes less clearly defined. An initial broad classification into generic groups can be made in terms of the principal of construction material employed: Embankment Dams: Constructed of earth-fill and/or rock-fill. Upstream and downstream face slopes are similar and of moderate angle, giving a wide selection and high construction volume relative to height. Gravity Dams: Constructed of mass concrete. Face slopes are dissimilar, generally steep downstream and near vertical upstream and dams have relatively slender profiles depending upon type
    Note: Embankment dams are numerically dominant for technical and economical reasons, and account for over 85-90% of all dams build

    Types of Storage Dams

    Embankment Dams Earth-fill Dam


    Earth-fill dams, also called earthen, rolled-earth or simply earth dams, are constructed as a simple embankment of well compacted earth.

    Concrete Dams
    Gravity

    Dam

    Gravity dams are dams which resist the horizontal thrust of the water entirely by their own weight. These are typically used to block streams through narrow gorges.

    Buttress

    Dam

    Rock-fill

    Dam

    Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth utilized often contains a large percentage of large particles hence the term rockfill is used.

    Buttress dams are dams in which the face is held up by a series of supports. It can take many forms - the face may be flat or curved.

    Arch Dam Cupola or Double Arch

    An arch dam is a curved dam which is dependent upon arch action for its strength. Its ??? are thinner and therefore require less material than any other type of dam.

    Types of Storage Dams

    Embankment dam

    Gravity dam

    Buttress dam

    Arch dam

    Panoramic Views of Dams

    Tarbela Dam: Earth and Rockfill Dam

    Warsak Dam: Gravity dam

    Mangla Dam: Earthfill

    Panoramic Views of Dams

    Gordon Dam: Arch Dam

    Hoover Dam: Arch Dam

    Panoramic Views of Dams

    Hume Dam: Buttress dam

    Coolidge Dam: Buttress dam

    Le Prele Dam: Buttress dam

    Itaipu Dam: Buttress dam

    Spillway Outlets and Ancillary Works

    Dams require certain ancillary structures and facilities to enable them to discharge their function safely and effectively. In particular, adequate provision must be made for the safe passage of extreme floods and for controlled drawoff and discharge of water in fulfillment of the purpose of the reservoir.

    Spillways, outlets and ancillary facilities are incorporated as necessary for the purpose of the dam and appropriate to its type.

    Spillway Outlets and Ancillary Works

    Spillways:

    The purpose of spillway is to pass flood water safely downstream when the reservoir is full. It has two principle components

    Spillway weir Spillway Channel (It purpose is to conduct flood flow safely downstream of dam)

    The Spillways can be


    Uncontrolled (Normally) Controlled

    The Spillway capacity must accommodate the maximum design flood.

    Note: Concrete dams normally incorporate an overfall or crest spillway, but embankments generally require a separate sidechannel or shaft spillway structure located adjacent to the dam.

    OVER FLOW SPILLWAYS

    SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAYS

    CHUTE SPILLWAYS

    Auxiliary Spillway of Tarbela Dam

    Service Spillway of Tarbela Dam

    Forces on Dams

    Primary Loads: are identified as those of major importance to all


    dams irrespective of type, e.g. water and related seepage loads and self weight load.

    Secondary Loads: are universally applicable although of lesser


    magnitude or alternatively are of major importance only to certain type of dams (e.g. thermal effects within concrete dams)

    Exceptional Load: are so designated on the basis of limited


    general applicability or having a low probability of occurrence. (e.g. tectonic effects, or the inertial loads associated with seismic activity)

    Forces on Dams

    Primary Loads: are identified as those of major importance to all


    dams irrespective of type, e.g. water and related seepage loads and self weight load.

    (a): Water Load: Hydrostatic distribution of pressure with


    horizontal resultant force.

    (b): Self Weight load: Determined w.r.t. an appropriate unit


    weight for the material. For simple elastic analysis the resultant is considered to operate through the center of the section.

    (c): Seepage Loads: Equilibrium seepage pattern will establish


    within and under the dam, e.g. in pores and discontinuities, with resultant vertically loads identified as internal and external uplift respectively.

    Forces on Dams

    Secondary Loads: are universally applicable although of lesser


    magnitude or alternatively are of major importance only to certain type of dams (e.g. thermal effects within concrete dams)

    (a): Sediment load: Accumulated silt etc. generate a horizontal thrust,


    considered as an equivalent additional hydrostatic load with horizontal resultant, P5.

    (b): Hydrodynamic wave load: Transient load generated by wave


    action against the dam. (not normally significant)

    (c): Ice Load: Ice thrust may be significant in more extreme climatic
    conditions.

    (d): Thermal Load: (concrete dams), Internal, generate by difference


    associated with change in ambient temperatures and with cement hydration and cooling.

    (e): Interactive effect: Internal, arising from relative stiffness and


    differential deformation of dam and foundation.

    (f): Abutment hydrostatic load: internal seepage load in abutment


    rock mass( This is of particular concern to arch and cupola dams)

    Forces on Dams

    Exceptional Load: are so designated on the basis of limited


    general applicability or having a low probability of occurrence. (e.g. tectonic effects, or the inertial loads associated with seismic activity)

    (a): Seismic Load: Horizontal and vertical inertia load are


    generated with respect to dam and the retained water by seismic disturbance.

    (b): Tectonic Loads: Saturation, or disturbance following deep


    excavation in rock, may generate loading as result of slow tectonic movements

    Combination of Loads

    A dam is designed for the most adverse combinations of loads as have reasonable probability of simultaneous occurrence.

    For construction conditions dam is completed, reservoir is empty, no tail water i. With earthquake forces ii. Without earthquake forces For normal operating conditions, reservoir full, normal weather tail water conditions, normal uplifts and silt load i. With earthquake forces ii. Without earthquake forces For flood discharge conditions, reservoir at max flood level, all spillway gates open, tail water at flood levels normal uplifts and silt load

    Thanks

    You might also like