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    LIC Unit 3

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    mekalajesi
    Linear Integrated Circuits discusses analog multipliers and phase locked loops (PLL). It describes the different types of multipliers, including single quadrant, two quadrant, and four quadrant multipliers. It also covers key multiplier terminology like accuracy, linearity, bandwidth, and applications of multipliers like frequency doubling and power measurement. Gilbert multipliers are discussed as an example circuit that can be used to implement an analog multiplier.

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    LIC Unit 3

    Uploaded by

    mekalajesi
    134 views25 pages
    Linear Integrated Circuits discusses analog multipliers and phase locked loops (PLL). It describes the different types of multipliers, including single quadrant, two quadrant, and four quadrant multipliers. It also covers key multiplier terminology like accuracy, linearity, bandwidth, and applications of multipliers like frequency doubling and power measurement. Gilbert multipliers are discussed as an example circuit that can be used to implement an analog multiplier.

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    Linear Integrated Circuits discusses analog multipliers and phase locked loops (PLL). It describes the different types of multipliers, including single quadrant, two quadrant, and four quadrant multipliers. It also covers key multiplier terminology like accuracy, linearity, bandwidth, and applications of multipliers like frequency doubling and power measurement. Gilbert multipliers are discussed as an example circuit that can be used to implement an analog multiplier.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    134 views25 pages

    LIC Unit 3

    Uploaded by

    mekalajesi
    Linear Integrated Circuits discusses analog multipliers and phase locked loops (PLL). It describes the different types of multipliers, including single quadrant, two quadrant, and four quadrant multipliers. It also covers key multiplier terminology like accuracy, linearity, bandwidth, and applications of multipliers like frequency doubling and power measurement. Gilbert multipliers are discussed as an example circuit that can be used to implement an analog multiplier.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Linear Integrated Circuits

    Click to edit Master subtitle style Unit-III

    Analog Multiplier and PLL

    Multiplier
    n n n n

    Non linear operation Output proportional to the product of two signals Uses log and antilog circuits Applications
    q

    Frequency doubling, measurement of real power, detecting phase angle, multiplication, division, squaring a signal and square root of a signal

    Single quadrant, two quadrant, four quadrant multiplier


    x y

    xy / vref

    Terminologies
    n n

    n n

    Accuracy: deriving actual output from ideal output Linearity: maximum percentage derivation from the ideal output Linearity error: maximum absolute derivation, imposes lower limit on accuracy Squaring mode accuracy: maximum derivation from absolute square law curve Bandwidth: 3-dB Bw => output reduces by 3dB, Transconductance BW: transcon reduced by 3dB

    Linear Error

    Squaring Error

    Analog multiplier using Emitter coupled transistor

    Gilbert Multiplier cell

    Gilbert Multiplier cell (DC Analysis)

    Applications of Gilbert multiplier cell


    n

    If V1 and V2 < VT Gilbert cell behaves as a multiplier as tanh function becomes linear however, inclusion of non linearity can extend the input voltage range One of the input is >VT the transistor associated with that behaves as switch; works as a modulator Both inputs > VT all transistors behave as non saturating switches; useful in detection of phase difference between signals

    Gilbert cell as a Multiplier

    Pre-warping circuit Inverse tanh

    Continued
    n n

    Differential o/p current is proportional to the product of input voltages This holds good for output currents of differential voltage to current convertors are positive Compensating non-linearity on V2 makes collector current of Q1 and Q2 directly proportional to V2 rather than its tanh Hence combination of Q1 and Q2 is redundant, output current of voltage-current converter can be fed to Q3-Q4, Q5-Q6 pairs

    A Complete Analog Multiplier

    Continued..
    n n

    n n n

    Complete analog multiplier consists of core transistors, input voltage-current converters and output current to voltage amplifier Core configuration is common to most four quadrant transconductance multipliers The circuit has the transresistance The output voltage usually chosen so that And all the voltages have a 10V range.

    Variable Transconductance techniques of the basic The differential output


    n n n

    n n

    transconductance multiplier is Where is the transconductance Second input Vy applied w.r.t current source can vary transconductance If then The overall output voltage is

    n n

    It depends on absolute termeratureT It has a drawback, common mode voltage swing caused being emitter current as a function of second input

    Continued two differential stages in This is overcome by using


    n n n

    parallel and cross coupling their output Gilbert However the dynamic range is limited for linear multiplier applications Features:
    q q q q q

    Simpler to integrate into a monolithic chip Cheaper, has good accuracy with reduced error It is available in four quadrant unlike logarithmic multiplier Available with high speed of operation Bandwidth of 10MHz an higher values are available

    Generation of Logarithmic bias input for differential stage


    n

    The voltage current transfer characteristics of differential pair

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