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    Chapter 6.1

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    Abdul Rehman
    1) The common-emitter amplifier circuit was analyzed using DC and AC models. 2) Key parameters like input and output resistances, and voltage gain without and with load were calculated. 3) For the example circuit, the signal voltage at each node, minimum bypass capacitor value, and overall voltage gain were determined.

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    Chapter 6.1

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Rehman
    83 views16 pages
    1) The common-emitter amplifier circuit was analyzed using DC and AC models. 2) Key parameters like input and output resistances, and voltage gain without and with load were calculated. 3) For the example circuit, the signal voltage at each node, minimum bypass capacitor value, and overall voltage gain were determined.

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    Original Title

    Chapter 6.1(1)

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    1) The common-emitter amplifier circuit was analyzed using DC and AC models. 2) Key parameters like input and output resistances, and voltage gain without and with load were calculated. 3) For the example circuit, the signal voltage at each node, minimum bypass capacitor value, and overall voltage gain were determined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views16 pages

    Chapter 6.1

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Rehman
    1) The common-emitter amplifier circuit was analyzed using DC and AC models. 2) Key parameters like input and output resistances, and voltage gain without and with load were calculated. 3) For the example circuit, the signal voltage at each node, minimum bypass capacitor value, and overall voltage gain were determined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    Chapter 6:BJT Amplifiers

    6-1:Amplifier Operation: The biasing of a transistor is purely a dc


    operation to establish a Q-point about which variations in current and
    voltage can occur in response to an ac input signal
    AC Quantities
    Representation of Vce
    ◼ ac and dc quantities are usually
    represented by capital letters with a change
    in the subscripts
    ◼ dc quantities: capital non-italic

    subscripts like IB, IC, IE, VC, VE, VCE


    ◼ ac quantities: small italic subscripts,

    for example, Ic, Ie, Ib, Vc, and Vce


    ◼ ac quantities may be represented in rms, instantaneous
    average, peak, peak to peak. rms values
    will be used unless otherwise stated.
    ◼ ac instantaneous quantities are represented by small letters with
    Lowercase small italic subscripts like ic, ie, ib, vc, and vce
    ◼ Resistance is also identified with a small letter of small subscript when
    analyzed from an ac standpoint.
    6-1:Amplifier Operation:
    The linear amplifier
    ◼ A linear amplifier provides amplification of a signal without any
    distortion → output signal is an exact amplified replica of the input signal.
    ac source of internal
    resistance Rs coupled
    to the base through C1

    Load resistance
    ◼ The coupling capacitors block dc and thus RL coupled to
    prevent Rs and RL from changing the dc bias the collector
    voltages at the base and collector. through C2

    ◼ For the amplifier shown, notice that the voltage waveform is inverted
    between the input Vband output Vce but has the same shape.
    6-1:Amplifier Operation:
    AC Load Line
    ◼ Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line as
    shown.

    ◼ The ac load line is different than the dc load line because a capacitor
    looks open to dc but effectively acts as a short to ac → the collector resistor
    RC appears to be in parallel with the load resistor RL.
    6-1:Amplifier Operation:
    Example: a) Determine the resulting peak-to-peak values of collector
    current and collector-to-emitter voltage from the graph. b) What are the dc
    Q-point values
    a)
    collector current varying
    from 4 mA to 6 mA →
    collector current has peak-
    to-peak value of 2 mA
    (Ic = 2 mA)

    And Vce = 1 V

    b)
    IBQ = 50 μA
    ICQ = 5mA
    VCEQ = 1.5V
    6-2: Transistor AC Models:
    ◼ A transistor in an amplifier circuit can be represent by a model circuit.
    The transistor model circuit based on various internal transistor
    resistance parameters r that can represent its operation.

    ◼ Five resistance parameters (r-parameters) can be used for detailed analysis


    of a BJT circuit. For most analysis work, the simplified r-parameters give
    good results.
    6-2: Transistor AC Models:
    r-Parameter Transistor Model

    rb' is generally
    very small →
    can be neglected
    (shorted)
    rc' is generally
    Simplified
    very large → to
    can be neglected
    (opened)

    ◼ Hence for simplified r-parameter, we have


    only to be used. can be derived At 20 °C
    assuming an abrupt p-n junctions →
    6-2: Transistor AC Models:
    Determining by a Formula

    ◼ For the simplified r-parameter, we have only to be considered. can


    be derived assuming an abrupt p-n junctions →

    At 20 °C

    ◼ Example: Determine the of a transistor that is operating with a dc


    emitter current of 2 mA.
    6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
    ◼ In the common-emitter (CE) amplifier, the input signal is applied to the
    base and the inverted output is taken from the collector. The emitter or
    ground is common to ac signals (Vin and Vout) as shown. CE amplifiers has
    high voltage gain and high current gain.

    A common-emitter amplifier with voltage-divider bias and coupling capacitors C1


    and C3 on the input and output and a bypass capacitor, C2, from emitter to ground.
    Output voltage has a 180° phase difference from input voltage.
    6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
    DC analysis
    ◼ Considering CE amplifier circuit above, dc analysis can be done by
    removing the coupling and bypass capacitors. Capacitors appear open with
    dc connected → only we will have the voltage divider bias circuit shown.
    ◼ Using thevenin equivalent for bias circuit (see Ch. 5) →

    RIN(base) > 10 R2 → stiff voltage divider ➔


    6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
    AC analysis
    ◼ Ac equivalent circuit can be developed by considering:
    1- The capacitors are replaced by effective shorts because their values
    are selected so that the capacitive resistance XC is negligible at the signal
    frequency and can be considered to be 0 Ω.
    * Note that C2 must be large enough so that XC2
    is very small compared to RE ( )
    At given frequency. XC can be calculated using the relation
    2- The dc source is replaced by ground. No ac voltage can be developed
    across it so it appears as an ac short. This is why a dc source is called an
    ac ground. ➔ the ac equivalent circuit for CE amplifier is
    6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
    AC analysis: input and output resistances
    ◼ the total input resistance for voltage divider bias circuit for the input ac
    voltage is
    Where Rin(base) for ac is

    also

    ➔ Rs is series with Rin(tot) →

    ◼ the output resistance for voltage divider bias circuit is the resistance
    looking in at the collector

    ➔ Hence when RL is capacitively coupled with the circuit, The total


    output resistance (ac resistance Rc seen by the collector) is RC||RL →
    6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
    AC analysis: Voltage gain
    ◼ ac equivalent circuit for the bias circuit capacitively coupled with RL is

    With no load, the voltage gain for ac voltage is (see Ch. 4)

    If C2 is removed →
    6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
    AC analysis: Voltage gain
    ◼ With load resistance RL → ac resistance seen by the collector is Rc=RC||RL →

    If C2 is removed →

    To get the overall gain of the amplifier from the source voltage to
    collector, the attenuation (reduction in signal voltage) of the input circuit
    must be included.

    The overall voltage gain of the amplifier

    Reciprocal of the attenuation


    6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
    AC analysis: Example: for the amplifier shown below, calculate (a) the
    signal voltage at the base (Vb), (b) the minimum value for the emitter
    bypass capacitor, C2, if the amplifier must operate over a frequency range
    from 200 Hz to 10 kHz., (c) Calculate the base-to-collector voltage gain of
    the amplifier (without and with C2) if there is no load resistor, (d) If a load
    resistor of 5kΩ is added at Vout, calculate the voltage gain (include C2), and
    (e) the overall voltage gain if C2 and RL are included (f) the signal voltage
    at the collector
    6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
    AC analysis: Example – continued.
    The Ac equivalent circuit of above circuit
    is shown in the figure below
    (a) From above dc analysis IE = 3.8 mA

    hence

    (b) The XC of the bypass capacitor, C2, should be at least ten times less than RE.
    6-3: The Common-Emitter Amplifier
    AC analysis: Example – continued from previous

    (c) Without C2

    With C2

    (d) With RL and C2


    included

    (e) The overall voltage gain is (C2 and RL are included)


     Vb   7.44 
    A =   Av = 
    '
    v 127 = 94
     Vs   10 
    (f) The signal voltage at the collector Vc
    Vc
    A =  Vc = Av' Vs = 94(10 mV ) = 940mV = 0.94V
    '
    v
    Vs

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