Comparison of pressure vessel codes

Why do the codes differ and How do they differ

Presented by: Ray Delaforce

03/24/11 By Ray Delaforce 3/24/2011

By Ray Delaforce

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes These are the codes we are going to compare:
ASME Section VIII, Division 1 ASME Section VIII, Division 2 PD 5500 EN 13445 Part 3

But first we look at the most fundamental requirement What is the ALLOWABLE STRESS ? y This is the primary stress we must not exceed A PRIMARY stress results from internal pressure There are SECONDARY stresses we do not discuss them
03/24/11 By Ray Delaforce 3/24/2011 By Ray Delaforce

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes We first look at a couple of important material properties Let us look at the Stress-Strain diagram we get a lot of information Collapse can occur when we reach the yield point Let us look at the important features of our steel
Elastic El ti Range Plastic Range Fracture Ductile Range Yield Point Stre ess

Allowable Stresses about here All bl St b th

0.2% strain

Strain

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Consider steel: UTS = 70 000 psi (482 MPa) Yield 38000 psi (262 MPa) Let us look at the Stress-Strain diagram we get a lot of information Collapse can occur when we reach the yield point Let us look at the important features of our steel There are three important features we must consider 1. There is the limit of proportionality 2. The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) 3. The Ductility = Yield / UTS Yield Point 0.2% strain When fracture occurs Must be less than 1.0

There is a 4th one Creep which occurs at higher temperatures

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Allowable stress is base on these characteristics of the metal ASME Section VIII Division 1 S = smaller of: UTS / 3.5 or Yield / 1.5
= 20 000 psi (138 MPa)

ASME Section VIII Division 2 Sm = smaller of: EN 13445 f = smaller of: PD 5500 f = smaller of: UTS / 2.35 or Yield / 1.5
= 25 300 psi (174 MPa)

UTS / 2.4

or

Yield / 1.5

= 25 300 psi (174 MPa)

Both based on PED European requirements UTS / 2.4 or Yield / 1.5

We consider Carbon Steel for simplicity

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes We look at this on the Stress Strain diagram ASME VIII, Division 1 has a larger safety margin safer This code is still the favoured code throughout the World

Yield Point Stre ess ASME VIII Division 2, EN 13445 & PD 5500 ASME VIII Di i i 1 Division

Strain

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation the cylindrical shell Here are the basic dimensions We shall ignore joint efficiency E (z) We W now do the calculation for the cylinder: d th l l ti f th li d
P = 300 psi (207 MPa) D = 60 ins (1 524 mm) S(f) = 20 000 psi (174 MPa)

By ASME VIII Division 1

By ASME VIII Division 2

By EN 13445

DO Di

t ASME e EN 13445 & PD5500

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation the cylindrical shell Elliptical Head Here are the basic dimensions We shall ignore joint efficiency E We W now do the calculation for the cylinder: d th l l ti f th li d
P = 300 psi (207 MPa) D = 60 ins (1 524 mm) S(f) = 20 000 psi (174 MPa)

By ASME VIII Division 1

By ASME VIII Division 2

That is why the differences are so small the formulae are nearly the same !

By EN 13445
t = 0 453 i (11 516 mm) 0.453 in (11.516 )

This formula looks odd, but is actually just about the same as the others

By PD 5500
t = 0 453 in (11 516 mm) 0.453 (11.516 8

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation the cylindrical shell Elliptical Head Here are the basic dimensions We shall ignore joint efficiency E We W now do the calculation for the cylinder: d th l l ti f th li d By ASME VIII Division 1
Cylinder based on the equilibrium equation
t = 0.454 in (11.534 mm)

By ASME VIII Division 2

That is why the differences are so small the formulae are nearly the same !

By EN 13445
t = 0 453 i (11 516 mm) 0.453 in (11.516 )

This formula looks odd, but is actually just about the same as the others

By PD 5500
t = 0 453 in (11 516 mm) 0.453 (11.516 9

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation the Elliptical Head
Minor h Major D P = 300 psi (207 MPa) D = 60 i (1 524 mm) ins ) S(f) = 20 000 psi (138 MPa) t = 0.451 in t = 11.447 mm

Shape is based on true ellipse D/2h = 2

ASME Division 1 simple calculation 2 complicated calc.

Head formula almost identical to the cylinder formula: Cylinder: Elliptical head:

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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Let us now look at a typical calculation the Elliptical Head
Minor h Major D P = 300 psi (207 MPa) D = 60 i (1 524 mm) ins ) S(f) = 25 300 psi (174 MPa)

Shape is based on true ellipse D/2h = 2

ASME Division 2 complicated calc. 1 There are many steps to do 2 Cannot calculate t directly . . . only P

Division 2 allows higher stress On the next slide we show the calculation per PV Elite
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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 The Elliptical head is transformed in equivalent Torispherical Head

Crown radius Knuckle radius

COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 Next we must calculate some geometry factors

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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 Even more geometry and other factors factors and more lots of factors

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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 Even more geometry and other factors and more lots of factors

Finally we end up with our starting pressure

PV Elite does an iterative calculation to end up with the pressure

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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 We had to start the calculate with a guess thickness t

And we ended up with our starting pressure

We have to use a computer to do this calculation ! The computed thickness is t = 0.3219 in t = 8.1767 mm
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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite - ASME Division 2 EN 13445 has a similar method slightly less complicated than ASME

The final computed thickness is: t = 0.3886 in

t = 9.8619 mm
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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes The method of computing the head by PD 5500 is very different
Minor h Major D P = 300 psi (207 MPa) D = 60 i (1 524 mm) ins ) f = 25 300 psi (174 MPa) 1 Calculate h / D = 0.25 2 Calculate P / f = 0.119

PD 5500 uses a graphical solutions like this

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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Here is the Graph used to compute this head thickness
1 Calculate h / D = 0.25 2 Calculate P / f = 0.119

e/D

e = D x (e/D)

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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes This is the calculation using PV Elite

t = 0.3792 in

t = 9.6317 mm

Each code has its own way of computing a head and other parts But, where do codes borrow procedures from other codes ?

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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Codes Copy codes some examples Flange analysis

ASME Division 1

ASME Division 2

EN 13445-3

PD 5500

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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Codes Copy codes some examples Access openings in skirt

AD Merblatter (AD 2000)

EN 13445-3
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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes Codes Copy codes some examples Pressure Area method

PD 5500

ASME Division 1

ASME Division 2

EN 13445-3

Each f th E h of the codes has modified the method same principle d h difi d th th d i i l
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COMPARISON of the various pressure vessel codes We have looked at various codes of construction We have learned some important issues 1. ASME VIII Division 1 requires thicker metal high safety factor 2. The th 2 Th other codes we discussed use thinner metal, but d di d thi t l b t the allowable stresses are nearer the yield point less safety 3. Some procedure in the codes have been borrowed 3 S d i th d h b b d from other codes 4. ASME VIII Division 2 and EN 13445 are based on the PED (European Pressure Equipment Directive)

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