A CASE STUDY

ON
INDIAN WIND POWER PROGRAMME FOR TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER AND SHARING BEST PRACTICES

SAARC Energy Centre

Islamabad, Pakistan
December 2011
 Author
Dr. S.Gomathinayagam
Executive Director
Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)
Chennai, India

External Reviewer
Mr. M. P. Ramesh
Former Executive Director
Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)
Chennai, India

Programme Coordinator and Internal Reviewer

Dr. Muhammad Pervaz
Programme Leader, Technology Transfer
SAARC Energy Centre

Published by
SAARC Energy Centre
Address: House # 697, Street # 43, NPF, Sector E-11/4, Islamabad.
Contact: +92-51-222 8802-4 Fax: +92-51-222 1937
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.saarcenergy.org
 A CASE STUDY
ON
INDIAN WIND POWER PROGRAMME FOR TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER AND SHARING BEST PRACTICES

SAARC Energy Centre

Islamabad, Pakistan
December 2011
DISCLAIMER:

The author’s compilation or views expressed in this publication does not necessarily
reflect views of either SAARC Energy center (SEC) or that of any of the Governments of
SAARC countries including India. The maps of countries and related objects are not
meant to be exact geo-political maps; these are mere indicative thematic maps with
shape, boundaries mostly not to scale.

Copyright © 2011 by SAARC Energy Centre.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have immense pleasure in thanking Mr. Hilal A. Raza, Director of SAARC Energy Centre
at Islamabad, Pakistan for having entrusted this reporting on Indian Wind Power
Development as a case study. Author acknowledges with thanks the patient co-
ordination of the preparation and review of this compilation by Dr.Muhammad Pervaz,
Programme Leader, Technology Transfer, SEC. The author also would like to place on
record his sincere thanks for his nomination as an expert to take up this assignment by
Secretary /MNRE and Chairman Governing Council, CWET. Last but not the least, the
author would like to place on record his sincere acknowledgements to various printed
/published and internet resources which have been referred in this report either
directly or indirectly. Some of the published information have been compiled and
included “as reported” to avoid mis-interpretation or re-writing errors. Such special
reports are acknowledged with due courtesy in the common interest of sharing
information among member countries.

V
 CONTENTS

Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………………. 1

Section – 1 Introduction and Review of Indian Wind Power…………………… 2

Section – 2 Policy Formulation and Implementation.……………………………... 16

Section – 3 Role of Institutional Mechanisms….…………………………………….. 30

Section – 4 Quality Assurance and Safety of WTGs ………………..……………… 46

Section – 5 Highlights of Best practices in India…………………………………….. 48

Section – 6 Grid Connectivity and Compatibility…………………………………….. 61

Section – 7 Lessons Learned from Indian Wind Power Programme……….. 80

Section – 8 Specific Recommendations for SAARC Member States…………. 86

Section – 9 Summary and Way Forward…………………………………………………. 101

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………… 103

Web Resources…………………………………………………………………………………………. 104

Acronyms/ Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………. 105

Appendices and Annexures (Documents related to Indian Wind Power

Programme)……………………….……………………………………………….……………………. 108

Vi
 LIST OF TABLES

1 Wind Power Installed Capacity in MW -- 13

2 Installable potential at 50 m level ( 2% L.A) -- 14
3 State-wise data of wind projects -- 21
4 Wind Tariff order determining parameters - A review -- 24
5 Picture of various areas of focus of MNRE -- 38
6 Voltage withstand limits for wind farms -- 68
7 Voltage unbalance limits for wind farms -- 69
8 Fault clearing time and voltage limits -- 71
9 Operating voltage limits for wind farms -- 72
10 Ramp rate limits for wind farms -- 73
11 Voltage harmonic limits -- 74
12 Current harmonic limits -- 75
13 Wind Potential and Installed potential -- 89

Vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

1 Cumulative installed wind power capacity in India -- 3

2 State-wise annual capacity addition of wind power installations -- 3
3 Cumulative distribution of Indian Wind Power -- 4
4 Market Share of Indian manufacturers in 2009-2010 -- 4
5 Growth of average rating per windmill in India -- 5
6 State share of cumulative wind electric generation -- 5
7 Lower capacity WTGs and power curves -- 8
8 Sub-Mega watt medium capacity WTGs and power curves -- 9
9 Mega watt class WEGs and power curves -- 10
10 Wind utilization index ( WUI) over the years -- 12
11 Wind potential yet un-tapped in India -- 12
12 Wind Installed capacity 1994-2003 and 2003-2011 -- 29
13 Asia’s largest wind farms near the Aralvoimozhi Pass -- 51
14 Highest wind penetration region ( 55% base power level in -- 51
installed capacity) 6 GW wind and 10.0 GW conventional
15 Growth of wind turbine models and manufacturers -- 57
16 Highest rated capacity of wind turbines -- 58
17 Voltage Vs Power factor characterization of wind farms -- 69
connected above 66 kV
18 Variation of active power output of wind farms with respect to -- 70
frequency
19 Fault ride through characteristics -- 71
20 Energy ring envisages in SEC formations -- 86
21 Energy supply corridor in SAARC Countries -- 88
22 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Afghanistan -- 89
23 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Pakistan -- 90
24 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Bhutan -- 91
25 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Nepal -- 92
26 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Sri Lanka -- 94
27 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Maldives -- 95
28 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Bangladesh -- 96
29 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of India -- 97
30 Cost of Typical Wind Power Plant -- 101

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Wind power development in India is certainly a success story, even though it had its ups
and downs rather due to policy changes, democratic governance, and fiscal and other
tax sops. In the recent years there have been several case studies with varying focus on
specific aspects of wind power development in India. C-WET sponsored study and
review by World Institute of Sustainable Energy (WISE, Pune) and ABPS-infrastructure
is released in 2009. Global outlook studies almost every year since 2000, with specific
focus on the Indian Wind power scenarios by Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC).
Recent theme paper presented in the Wind Energy 20% in 2020 is almost the latest
review one can think of. With this kind of developments there are several case studies
available in several wind energy web sites for a curious information seeker. However in
what follows in this will serve as yet another review with specific objective of transfer
of Technology to SAARC member countries.
As in the rest of the world wind power in India started due to increase in oil prices, as
early as in 1980s. The history of development indicates Governments’ strong initiative
to promote renewable energy. A few demonstration wind mills initially and wind farms
later by Government of India in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu,
illustrated the technological feasibility and viability of Wind Power. This activity
attracted several private investors in this industry slowly increasing the installed
capacity to nearly 14989 MW (as on date) and keeps its global position as 5 th. Today
China, USA, Germany and Spain are ahead of India in the overall installed capacity. This
report is intended to provide the details of Indian experience of Wind Power
Development and share the same as a case study to all the other SAARC member
countries. While the report discusses various procedures and best / bad practices in
the installation of small , sub-megawatt class and mega watt class wind turbine which
are grid connected to various central and state electrical utility grids. The Section - 1
deals with the introduction and a general review of wind power development in India.
The Section - 2, describes the step by step policy development to enable wind Power in
the energy mix. In Section - 3 we explain special institutional mechanisms which geared
the growth of the industry in an orderly manner. The Section - 4 describes the
requirements of quality and safety of wind turbine systems in its installed positions
under various conditions of operations. The Section - 5 highlights the best practices of
Indian Wind Power development. The Section - 6 enlists the methods of obviating
problems related to grid connectivity. The Section - 7 gives the lessons learnt through
case study of Indian Wind power and describes the stalemate situation of transfer of
Technology from the developed Western Europe. The Section - 8 addresses briefly
various specific issues relevant to India and the other SAARC countries, and
recommends specific measures based on the Case study of Indian Wind power. The
final Section - 9 provides the summary and way forward.

1
 SECTION - 1

INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF INDIAN WIND POWER

1.1 INTRODUCTION
India is in 5th position having a total installed capacity of 14 GW in the Grid connected
Wind Power next to China, USA, Germany and Spain. However, there is a significant
boost in average capacity of installed wind mills in India which is close to 1 MW per
installed wind machine. Yet, the expected capacity utilization factor all over India
stands oscillating between 17-20%. However the electrical energy generated from wind
is close to 3 – 4 % of net electricity generation from all sources. This needs a thorough
relook and revamping of the existing grid connection norms and operational
maintenance issues of wind turbines as well as wind farms which are geographically
spaced all around India.

DEMONSTRATION WIND FARMS AND THEIR IMPACT

Late in the eighties the formation of an independent ministry for non-conventional
energy sources (MNES which is now renamed as MNRE meaning Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy) was established for the first time in the country and probably the
first in the world as well. Starting with a few demonstration wind farms in Gujarat,
Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra to promote the viability and utility of such projects
through state electricity boards(SEBs) the Govt. of India (GOI) was able to attract
several investors small and big through a series of incentives and tax sops. This has
certainly paved the pace of development of wind power in India which is depicted in
Fig. 1. The growth was fueled by single Wind turbine Generator owners as well as multi-
mega watt wind farm owners interested to avail the accelerated depreciation benefits.

1.2 STATUS OF WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Figure 1 gives the cumulative wind power installed capacity since 1986 when the
demonstration wind farms in India came into being in several States. Beyond 1995, the
growth has been quite good till 2002, when most of the machines were all lower than
500 kW capacity. Since 2002, several machines with higher capacities like 750, 800 and
1 MW machines started coming into Indian Market. Now the highest capacity available

2
in Indian market is 2.5 MW. The addition of MW class machines in Indian electric grid
has shown a steep and steady growth in the last 5 years in spite of recession.

Fig. 1: Cumulative installed Wind Power capacity in India

Figure 2 indicates the status of the State wise and year wise capacity addition of wind
power installations while Figure 3 shows the state-wise share of cumulative installed
capacity in Indian States.

STATE WISE & YEAR WISE WIND POWER INSTALLED CAPACITY IN INDIA
1000

900

800

Andhra Pradesh
700
Gujarat
Karnataka
Kerala
600
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
500
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Others
400

300

200

100

0
Upto 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
March 2002

Fig. 2: State wise annual capacity addition of wind power installations

3
 Fig. 3: Cumulative distribution of Indian Wind power (CECL, 2010)

With the introduction of higher liberalized Government guidelines in terms of

certification and quality assurance of WTGs (Wind Turbine Generators) connected in
Indian grids, now there are as many as 45 wind turbine models catering to the different

Fig. 4: Market share of Indian manufacturers in 2009-10

investor segments available from over 21 manufacturers in India. Figure 4 gives the
market share of wind power projects totaling 1567MW by various players in India in
4
the year 2009-2010. Figure 5 shows much evidently the average rating of WTGs
capacity in kW. This has been steadily growing in the millennium decade and it stands
at 932 kW in 2010. Several States have got the benefit of wind power development in
the Country while the cumulative generation runs to Seventy-Seven million crores so far
resulting in about Seventy-Seven thousand and thousand tons of carbon dioxide
reduction with significant saving of coal as a whole.

Fig. 5: Growth of average rating per Wind turbine Generatorin India

In Figure 6, the contribution of wind electric generation cumulated over the years in
various states of India are shown and Tamil Nadu has a signicant contribution of over
70% of the wind generation in India.

Fig. 6: State-Share of cumulative wind electric generation

The status of wind power development as on date has a steady growth irrespective of
the profit fluctuation of various Industry in India. This point needs to be highlighted
because without industrial profit, wind power development would have not taken place
5
in India, since the tax incentive of Acelerated Depreciation (AD) has essentially steered
the growth of wind power development in the Country until now.

1.3 TECHNOLOGICAL STATUS:

In terms of technology, if one looks at the various wind machines available in the Indian
market, the capacities ranges from 225 kW to 2.5 MW (2500 kW). There are essentially
about 5 aspects which require consideration. By comparing the various techniques
available in the Indian market, these aspects are (i) the type of rotor, (ii) wind power
regulation techniques (iii) drive train (with or without gear), (iv) the generated type
and (v) finally the types of tower-foundation.

Coming to the rotor, the early wind machines had fixed speed machines in order to
keep the design simple, and now the trend is towards the use of variable speed or dual
speed rotor in WTGs ( Wind Turbine Generators, WTGs) and obviously, the advantage
of variable speed rotor wind machine is that the machine will be able to capture 10 to
15% more energy from wind than the constant speed of the fixed speed rotor, which
means every fluctuation that is happening in the wind will be matched with active
pitching of the blades with feedback control systems and efficient power capture will
be ensured by technology.

1.4 POWER REGULATION

As the wind speed fluctuates the power available in wind varies continuously and when
the generated electricity from WTG is grid connected such continuous fluctuations
cannot be fed into the Grid. The demand for characteristics of power quality with
constant voltage and constant frequency requires a versatile and efficient power
regulation. We can identify two distinct ways of regulating power; one is the rotar and
blade pitch/stall control with feed forward aerodynamic features. The other is output
voltage controls using the grid and power conversion techniques. There could be also
an hybrid feed forward and feedback regulation which may derive from voltage and
active pitch regulation techniques.

In the olden time machines fixed pitch rigidly mounted blades were used by varying the
twist in the blade design to provide the effective stall angle (passively) required for
power regulation with constant speed (RPM) rotor. In modern WTGs due to the need
for deriving power from gusty or low winds with variable RPM operation, a pitch

6
system (with a bearing and motor) with either hydro-dynamically or electrically (in
some of the modern WTGs) control is used for power regulation at the rotor side. This
is achieved by sensing the grid and direction and varying actively the pitch of
blade/blades to regulate power. The other system which is also time tested is AC-DC-
AC conversion of power with power electronics and voltage controls at the output side
of WTGs.

1.5 DRIVE TRAIN TECHNIQUES

In order to convert the low RPM (Revolution Per Minute) of the rotor to a higher RPM to
match the grid frequency of 50 Hz (cycles per second) in India and 60 Hz in US, most of
the WTGs use a gear box which has an efficiency of 94-97%. However in India there was
at least one model without gear as well in 1998. Yet, in practice, the wear and tear in
gear systems in the tropical operating conditions posed several wind turbines with
down time unpredictable often due to its interface to a weak grid as in India with
frequent power outages. Several gear boxes have failed in the early stages of wind
power development mostly in the stall regulated constant RPM WTGs in India, which
has also prompted some of the manufacturers to bring in new models which are having
gearless transmission techniques to transfer Kinetic Energy of Wind Energy to
Mechanical rotation energy in the required higher RPM from the usual low RPM of wind
turbine rotors, suitable to drive the generators compatible to the grid frequency.

1.6 GENERATOR TYPES

Of the available generators, the most fundamental type of generator was Squirrel cage
Induction Generator (SIG) since these induction generators are asynchronous
generators which derive power to magnetize the coil from the electric grid. This in turn,
results in some reactive power consumption of the power drawn from grid by the wind
turbine. The modern generators are of type PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator), EESG (Electrically Exited Synchronous Generator) and DFIG (Doubly Fed
Induction Generator) while the advantage of conventional SIG is its simplicity; the
modern generators have the advantage of semi or full power conversion through a
sophisticated AC-DC_AC convertor involving considerable power electronic controls and
electronic circuitry. The permanent magnet based generators too have a few special
requirements such as anti-clogging design and design of modular magnetic segments for
easy maintainability.
7
1.7 POWER PERFORMANCE:
Of various combinations of wind turbine techniques, the ultimate goal of the designer is
to maximize the annual energy production at any given site. The annual energy
production at any given site may be discussed based on 3 major factors. The first one is
the wind resource at the given site which is usually described by the annual probability
of occurrence of a particular wind speed at the given site with a magnitude of
distribution and direction distribution in the form of wind rose. Normally this
probabilistic prediction should also be fine tuned taking into account the long term
fluctuation of the annual wind speed at the given site. It is not only the initial wind
resource assessment that is important , equally important is the forecasting of wind of
wind resource with long term regional climate adjustments for effective load scheduling
of wind generated power. The second factor which is of significance relates to the
power performance of the WTGs which is the basic integrated WTG design suited to the
site in question. The quality of power performance is a measured and certified power
curve of the machine indicating the generated output of the machine under various
wind speed conditions. The available WTGs in the Indian market and their power curve
characteristics are given in Figure 7 to Figure 9. The third factor is the machine and grid
availability which are man-made environmental conditions for seem less operation
when the wind is blowing.

Fig. 7: Lower capacity WTGs and Power curves

8
It is worth highlighting the importance of this power curve of same capacity machines.
Their shapes as well as their rated wind speeds are quite important for maximizing the
annual energy production (AEP). In Figure 7 it can be seen, that one of the older
machines (350kW) with lower capacity has dipping of power curves after having
reached the rated capacity of the wind turbines at a rated wind speed they start
declining in the power output. This is typical, especially of the machines which are not
designed with better power capture ability in the post stall regime, while in most
machines it is taken care of by conscious design improvements. In the medium capacity,
machines in the range of 750 and 950 kW, there are a few machines which have this
typical post stall behavior (Fig.8) after the rated wind speed. However, it may be noted
in the lower range as well as medium range, there are certain modern wind machines
(Fig.9)which have a flat response (Flat power output beyond the rated wind speed) up
to cut-off wind speed. Apart from mean annual wind speed and the associated
probability densities the choice of a wind turbine with rated wind speed close to wind
speed with higher probability, of appropriate capacity for optimizing AEP to suit the
site’s long duration availability of wind speed will be desirable, along the predominant
wind directions which may vary significantly in different seasons of the region.

Fig. 8: Sub-mega watt medium capacity WTGs and Power curves

9
 Fig. 9: Mega-watt class WEGs and Power curves
In case of MW class of wind machines, given in the bottom set of curves it can be
observed that most machines have a flat power performance beyond the rated wind
speed up to the cut-off wind speed of 25 m/s. This is an indication to better power
capture from wind when the wind speed increased beyond the rated wind speed
resulting in higher output of AEP by the MW class machines but it is even more useful to
design the WTG to continue operation during the low wind conditions which may
prevail over longer duration in a specific site. It may be stated that this efficient
performance is possible due to the technology of active pitch regulation and full
convertibility using AC-DC-AC power-electronics. These power electronic systems
facilitate the much needed feed forward and feed back regulatory controls to the
variable (low) speed rotation of the wind rotor to be transformed into the constant RPM
needs of the generator. When these power electronic converters are deployed in cold
regions there are technical issues of continuous operation of WTGs. To overcome this
issue, even though bit more expensive there is possibility of alternate torque converters
which facilitate conversion of variable torque from wind fluctuations(from rotor) to
constant torque(of the generator) needs of the conventional induction generators
(SIGs). The regulation of variable to constant torque is achieved through non electronic
means with hydrodynamic/pneumatic fluid couplers.

1.8 WIND ENERGY CUMULATIVE CONTRIBUTION IN INDIA

The industry experts suggest further improvement in certain issues regarding the policy
and regulatory matters which seem to be critical for enabling boot strapping of wind

10
power development and integration in the electricity utility/supply systems. By boot
strapping we mean the achieving of self sustained growth of Wind power development
with no drivers such as incentives, subsidies, or even accelerated depreciation like tax
Sops. There is a need for National Renewable Standard priority sector lending, mega
developmental project in wind power zones setting up of SEZ’s by central and state
governments for wind projects with prospective policies for futuristic repowering when
better technology becomes available so that old WTGs gradually phased out and even to
establish a renewable power corporation, if necessary exclusively for the wind sector
which is almost 70% of commercial renewable power in most countries. The noted
constraints are well known to most of the stakeholders of wind farm developers, which
are: (i) availability of large windy area - since the best windy sites are already occupied,
(ii) An adequate and cost effective power evacuation/ transmission/distribution
system. (iii) good logistics and infrastructural developments such as roads, access
ports/harbours. As a relook into the Accelerated Depreciation (AD) driven in the wind
power development in the Country, it is worth observing the trends in different parts of
India as indicated by the available data on wind power generation and installed capacity
in different states. Figure 10 gives a summary of growth and utility and trends in the
windy states in India. As it can be seen, the cumulative millions of units generated per
MW installed capacity from all the grid connected wind turbines of each state has been
taken as a Wind Utilization Index (WUI) which will indicate the effective utilization of
wind power state-wise in India.

Cumulative Generation in Millions of kWh in state

WUI = -----------------------------------------------------------------
Cumulative installed capacity in MW in the states

It is worth to note from the figure that the improved technological advancements while
this WUI shows a healthy upward trend in most of the States there are a few downward
trends occasionally, which needs caution and proper regulatory function to ensure the
investment giving the expected yield to meet the targets of the wind power
development of the Country. The reasons for the downward growth trend seen in one of
the states could be due to several factors such as metering errors, recorded generation
errors, climatic low wind cycles, non-performing machines/machinery/GRID, or even
O&M issues. High “ WUI” may not mean effective use of available wind power in the
state since it could be stagnation of installed capacity ( denominator), since systematic
11
generation data from every WTG installed is not available from many states except
Tamil Nadu.

Fig. 10: Wind Utilisation Index (WUI) in growth and utility of wind power

Fig.11: Wind Potential yet untapped in India

Figure. 11 gives the yet untapped potential in Indian windy states with a color code.
Table-1 gives the current installed capacities and Table-2 presents a rational
assessment of Wind resource potential assuming 2% land availability for wind farming

12
 Table-1: Wind Power installed capacity in MW
Available Capacity in MW Installed Capacity in MW
Sl.No. State
@ 50m level @ 30m to 80m levels

1 Andhra Pradesh 5394 200

2 Gujarat 10609 2175.5

3 Karnataka 8591 1730

4 Kerala 790 32.8

5 Madhya Pradesh 920 275.5

6 Maharastra 5439 2310

7 Rajasthan 5005 1525

8 Tamil Nadu 5374 5904.( Excess -ve )

9 Other-states 7008 100

India 49130 14158 (as on 31-03-2011)

activity in the identified windy areas. The capacity as predicted by some of the latest
unquottable international draft report (specially from LBNL, Lawrence and Berkeley
National Laboratory, USA, 2011) states that two to three times more wind potential in
India with assumptions of using even using farm lands and wetlands to the tune of 6%
land availability (LA), which needs further analysis and measurements. The Indian
Wind Atlas released in April 2010 with the assistance of meso-scale map development
by RISOE, Denmark validated with CWET’s extensive mast measurements all over India
( over 600 stations) gave a clear picture with reasonable error levels atleast in most
part of plain terrain.

13
 Table-2: Installable Potential at 50m level (2% LA)

A quick look at 80m level with limited validation with available mast measurements of
the developed meso-scale map (numerical) for India, in line with the availability of
modern wind turbines of higher rotor diameters and higher hub-heights of the towers
of WTGs is indicated (100 GW) i.e, more than twice that of the official wind potential of
49 GW, declared based on certain assumptions on land availability 2%, wind farmability
(spacing of 5Dx7D, 8Dx4D, and 7Dx4D spacing D being diameter of rotor) with
9MW/sq.km , and hubheight of WTGs as 50m with plain terrain wind conditions. The
Figure 11 shows –ve in the case highly wind powered state of Tamil Nadu because of the
algebraic net untapped ( available-installed) capacity; it only means declared capacity
at 50m level being exceeded due to higher hub-height wind turbines being installed in
the recent times, inspite of permission being given to wind farms with only 5Dx7D
spacings. On the date of finalising this report India has a total installed capacity of

14
14989 MW, however the charts and tables pertain to the regional development trend
statistics which has not been significantly altered.

To exploit even the offically declared 49GW huge untapped on-shore wind potential as
well as to begin the process for an Indian offshore wind farm , Government of India
through the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is taking very effective steps to
increase the wind power penetration in the country’s overall electrical energy
generation mix. Some of the revised strategic plans are likely to be released after the
detailed discussions that are currently underway towards the 12th FIVE YEAR PLAN of
2012-2017. Some of the suggestions are summarised later in this report.

15
 SECTION - 2

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

2.1 WIND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (WE 20, 2011)

The policy which has been driving wind power developments in India has been the
Accelerated Depreciation (AD). Even though, the Government of India has announced
special schemes for those non-tax liable investors, viz. G.B.I (Generation Based
Incentive), the Projects registered under GBI scheme as on date are quite few, when
compared to the expectations of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India. The registered few projects under GBI are also triggered only by
IPP (Independent Power Producers), mode developers who operate through the public
/ private sectors and several other Government Undertakings to invest in wind power.
Even though, several of these public sectors and Government Undertakings have shown
interest in investing in wind power most of them seem to hang on to the accelerated
depreciation scheme of the governmental policy.

The main drivers for growth of Wind energy sector in India during past five years; are
conducive policy framework and regulatory initiatives directed towards harnessing of
wind energy sources, increasing prices for fossil fuel based generation, growing
consumption to sustain economic growth, and some limited recognition of
environmental concerns.

The growth of wind power sector can be grouped into three phases of development
depending of policy shifts before and after the Electricity Act (EA) , 2003:

• Period before 1994-95 (prior to initiation of MNRE's structured policy programme)

• Era between 1995 and 2003 (With MNRE policy programme and prior to EA 2003)
• Period after 2003 (Post enactment of Electricity
Act 2003)

16
PERIOD BEFORE 1994-95 (PRIOR TO INITIATION OF MNRE'S STRUCTURED
POLICY PROGRAMME)
During the period till 1994, the wind energy sector in India was at its nascent stage of
development. The Government set up demonstration projects of 100 kW - 2 MW at
different locations. However, the initiatives taken during this phase put the foundation
for wind energy development in coming years. The Central Government started
mapping of wind potential and till date, 620 wind monitoring stations have been
established in 25 states and 3 union territories. During this phase, the capacity addition
growth was very slow. Till the end of financial year (FY) 1993-94, the total wind
installed capacity was around 115 MW.

PERIOD BETWEEN 1994-95 AND 2003 (PRIOR TO ENACTMENT OF ELECTRICITY

ACT 2003)
During this period, the renewable energy sector in general and the wind power sector in
particular, registered significant growth in terms of capacity addition. The installed
capacity increased from 115 MW at the beginning of FY 1994-95 to 1868 MW at the end
of FY 2002-03. During this phase, significant wind capacity addition took place in the
State of Tamil Nadu which had more than 50% share (990 MW) in the total installed
capacity of 1868 MW, at the end of FY 2002-03. Most of the wind turbines installed
during this phase was of 225-500 kW capacity. During this phase, manufacturing of the
wind turbines also started in India. Vestas, NEG, and ENERCON set up their
manufacturing facility in collaboration with local manufacturers. This era also saw the
birth of largest domestic wind turbine manufacturing company, Suzlon Energy Limited.

The growth during this phase was driven by the policy support provided by the Central
and State Government. The Central Government provided various fiscal and financial
policies in the form of capital subsidy(only for Small Wind energy Systems-SWES), tax
holiday, buy-back rate, concessional wheeling charges and banking charges, and
accelerated depreciation etc. The State Governments also encouraged wind capacity
addition programmes by providing various measures in the form of concessional land
allotment, electricity duty exemption, schemes for exemption or deferment of sales tax
for the industry etc. The wind resource development and R&D programmes by C-WET
(Centre for Wind Energy Technology) laid down the foundation for growth of wind

17
sector in coming years. C-WET as an autonomous body of MNRE, was established
during this phase in 1998

PERIOD AFTER 2003 (POST ENACTMENT OF ELECTRICITY ACT 2003)

This phase can be termed as golden phase in the development history of wind sector.
During the past 7 years, the installed WTG capacity has increased from 1868 MW at the
beginning of FY 2003-04 to 14157 MW at the end of March, 2011, registering a
compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 30%. During this short span of 8
years, the wind technology has emerged as a matured technology amongst various
types of renewable energy technologies. It contributes to over 10% of total generation
capacity while its share amongst various renewable energy based installations
constitutes over 70%. The legal clarity and certainty of regulatory principles together
with conductive policy framework has ensured continued developer interests in wind
sector, which has ultimately resulted into significant growth in harnessing wind energy
across various States. Electricity Act 2003 has specific provisions for promotion of
electricity generation from renewable energy sources and role of regulatory institutions
in facilitating growth of RE capacity addition has been described in the following
paragraphs.

POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR GROWTH OF WIND SECTOR - CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

POLICIES FOR WIND SECTOR:
India's renewable energy development has been fuelled by effective national and State
Government policy support for both foreign and local investment in renewable energy
technologies (RETs). Wind development in India began in the 1990s with various
benefits in terms of fiscal and financial incentives announced by the Central
Government. Incentives offered by the Central Government for wind power are in the
form of tax benefits - direct and indirect. Direct tax benefits include accelerated
depreciation and income tax holidays, while indirect tax benefits include exemption
from excise duty and reduced custom duties. In addition, the Indian government has set
up the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), to provide concessional
loans for renewable energy projects; and the Centre for Wind Energy Technology
(C-WET) which undertakes R&D, training, certification, and testing and resource

18
assessment for the sector. The fiscal and financial incentives schemes available to a
wind energy generator under current tax regime includes,

• Accelerated Depreciation: Under section 32 of the Income Tax Act, investors can avail
advantage of 'Accelerated Depreciation' of up to 80 per cent of the project cost, if the
project is commissioned before September 30 of the same financial year; or 40 per
cent if the project is commissioned before March 31 of the same financial year (FY).

• Income Tax Holiday : Under section 80-1A, wind power project developers are
exempted from income tax on all earnings generated from the project for period of
10 consecutive assessment years during the first 15 years of the project life. The
book profit from such undertaking, however attract Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT)
@18 per cent (excluding surcharge and education cess) of book profit.

Apart from the direct tax incentives under Income Tax Act 1961, several other
incentives available to a wind power project developer include,

• Concessional Custom Duty on specified items

• Exemption in Excise Duty on specified devices/systems
• Exemption in Central Sales Tax and General Sales Tax on sale of renewable energy
components
• Generation Based Incentive @ 50 paisa/kWh (over and above feed-in-tariff specified
by the State Electricity Regulatory Commission) to the developers who do not intend
to avail accelerated depreciation benefit.

MNRE INCENTIVE: GENERATION BASED INCENTIVE (GBI)

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced on 17th December
2009 approval for Generation based Incentive Scheme for wind Power Project. As per
the Scheme, a generation based incentive of Rs.0.50/kWh for a period of ten years to the
eligible project promoters for Grid interactive Wind Power projects will be given. IREDA
will disburse the Generation based incentives to the generator on half yearly basis
through e-payment. This incentive will be over and above the applicable tariff approved
by respective State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC). Some SERCs may take
into account this GBI benefit while fixing tariff which is not welcome by the developers.
19
2.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF GENERATION BASED INCENTIVE SCHEME

INCENTIVE
• Incentive of Rs. 0.50 /unit fed into the grid
• Available for a period of not less than 4 years and a maximum period of 10 years.
• Cap on incentive of Rs. 62 Lakhs per MW
• Cap on total disbursement in a year of Rs. 15.50 Lakhs / MW
 Scheme applicable to a maximum capacity limited to 4000 MW during 11th plan
period
• Co-existent with Accelerated Depreciation till 2012, or till the effective date of
implementation of proposed Direct Tax Code (DTC )

ELIGIBILITY
• Wind turbines commissioned after notification of GBI scheme by MNRE and on or
before 31.03.2012.
• Wind generators who do not avail accelerated depreciation benefit.
• Grid connected wind generators set up for sale at tariff set by SERC/Govt, also
including captive wind power projects
• Excluding Merchant Power Plants and Plants for third party sale

FINANCIAL OUTLAY
A budgeted specific financial outlay was given to IREDA, for execution. According to the
latest statistics by IREDA, updated as on March 2011, a total number of 57 wind projects
with capacity of 409 MW have been registered under the current GBI scheme (Table.3).
The State- wise details of the same are shown in the table below. Out of the wind energy
predominant States, the highest number of wind projects registered under the scheme
is from Tamil Nadu with a capacity of 185.5 MW.

20
 Table - 3: State-wise data of wind Projects
GBI
State No of Capacity (MW)
Projects
Tamil Nadu 30 185.45
Rajasthan 21 82.0
Karnataka 1 82.4
Gujarat 3 53.6
Andhra Pradesh 1 4.8
Maharashtra 1 0.8
Total 57 409.5

Registered under GBI scheme Source: IREDA

However, it would also be worthwhile to note that during the same period, i.e., from
notification of the new GBI scheme till March 2011, a total of 308 projects with installed
capacity 587 MW was registered with IREDA for availing the benefit under accelerated
depreciation route. This continued interest shown towards accelerated depreciation
scheme when it is still in vogue, instead of opting towards GBI is likely to change
through IPP ( Independent Power Producers ) developers using Wind so that
necessary modifications if required could be made for achieving the desired objective of
the scheme in a fast track mode. However it is expected if in the 12th plan period (April
2012 to March 2017) the accelerated depreciation scheme is withdrawn then GBI could
be facilitator for the non-tax liable and IPP developers.

2.3 LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

ELECTRICITY ACT 2003

The enactment of Electricity Act 2003 has ushered in radical changes in legal and
regulatory framework for the renewable energy sector. The Act provides for policy
formulation by the Government of India and mandates State Electricity Regulatory
Commissions to take steps to promote renewable and non-conventional sources of
energy within their area of jurisdiction. In fact, Sec. 3 of EA 2003 clearly mandates that

21
formulation of National Electricity Policy, National Tariff Policy and Plan thereof for
development of power systems shall be based on optimal utilization of all resources
including renewable sources of energy.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RELATED PROVISION UNDER ELECTRICITY ACT 2003

(SECTION 3: POLICY FORMULATION)
3. (1) The Central Government shall, from time to time, prepare the national electricity
policy and tariff policy, in consultation with the State Governments and the Authority
for development of the power system based on optimal utilization of resources such as
coal, natural gas, nuclear substances or materials, hydro and renewable sources of
energy.

E.A. 2003 SEC. 61: TARIFF PRINCIPLES

The Appropriate Commission shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, specify the
terms and conditions for the determination of tariff, and in doing so, shall be guided by
the following, namely:
"...
(h) The promotion of co-generation and generation of electricity from renewable
sources of energy;"

E.A 2003 SEC. 86: PROMOTIONAL MEASURES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

(1) The State Commission shall discharge the following functions, namely: -

"(e) promote co-generation and generation of electricity from renewable sources of

energy by providing suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and sale of
electricity to any person, and also specify, for purchase of electricity from such sources,
a percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the area of a distribution
licensee;"

National Tariff Policy and National Electricity Policy framed subsequent to the Act also
stipulates several conditions in respect of promotion and harnessing of renewable
energy sources and mechanism for promoting use of renewable energy, time for
implementation etc.

22
FEED IN TARIFF (FIT)/ PREFERENTIAL TARIFF (PT)

State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) under the guidance of the Electricity
Act 2003 and subsequent National Tariff Policy (NTP) and National Energy Policy (NEP)
have issued long term Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) orders to ensure financial obligations of RE
developers. FIT mechanism is the world's most successful policy mechanism for
simulating the rapid development of renewable energy. The electricity utilities are
obligated to buy renewable electricity at the rates by the government or regulator. The
feed-in tariff mechanism was first introduced by USA in 1978. Government of India
introduced the feed-in tariff mechanism in 1995 when Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (then, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources) specified the uniform feed-
in tariff of Rs 2.25 per unit with an escalation of 5% per annum for all types of RE
sources.

National Tariff Policy enacted under Section 3 of Electricity Act, 2003, provided for
preferential tariff determination by the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
(SERCs) for different types renewable energy sources, after taking into account the
potential of RE sources, impact on retail tariff etc. In the due course of time, the State
Electricity Regulatory Commissions have determined the generic tariff for wind energy
sources on normative basis. Out of 25 SERCs and Joint Commission around 18 SERCs
have issued generic Tariff for wind energy technology. A compilation of Wind Power
capacity addition across States prior to issuance of Preferential Wind Tariff Order and
Post issuance of Wind Tariff Order showed an increase of 175% at the end of FY 2010-
2011.

Then it is evident that, preferential regulated tariff regime clearly had favourable impact
on the Wind Energy capacity addition in the country during past the five to six years,
since enactment of Electricity Act 2003 and notification of Tariff Policy during 2006.
Overall 7662 MW of Wind Energy Capacity addition has taken place post issuance of
Feed-in Tariff Orders (Table.4) by various SERCs across country.

23
 Table - 4: Wind tariff order determining parameters – A review
Particulars Unit Gujarat Karnataka Rajasthan Maharashtra Tamil Nadu
Tariff Jan 30, Order Regul. Order dtd, Wind Tariff
Order/Regul 2010 Dtd, Dec Dated Jan Nov 24, 2003 order for FY
ations 11, 2009 2009 & &GrIII Cases 2009-10 &
order Jul 17(3), 3,4,5 of FY 2010-11
15, 2009 2002
Capacity Site
Utilisation % 23% 26.5% specific 20% 27.1%
factor CUF 20 to 21%
Plant Life Years 25 - 25 - 20
Capital cost Crores
Rs/MW 4.62 4.70 5.25 4.00 5.35
O&M % 1.25% 1.5% of the O&M
expense Project Rs. 16.5 1.25% base cost cost of project charges for
cost Lakh for power for first 3 machinery
/MW plants 3% years and 2% on 85% of
of cost of of the cost of CAPEX-
transmissi project in the 1.10% O&M
on lines fourth year charges for
for civil works
Transmiss on 15% of
ion lines CAPEX-
0.22%
Depreciation % 6% for 7% on SLM SLM Basis -- 4.5% on
the first Basis SLM Basis
10
years
and 2%
from
11th
year to
25
years
Debt:Equity Ratio : 70:30 70:30 70:30 70:30 70:30
Interest on % 10.75% 11.75% SBI LT- 12.5% 12.0%
term Loan PLR+1%
Interest on % 11.75% 13.25% per SBI PLR --- ---
Working annum
Capital
Return on % 14% 16% 16% (Pre 16% 19.85%(pre
Equity ROI (post Tax) Tax)
tax)
Approved Rs/unit 3.56 3.70 4.28 to 3.5 3.39
tariff Rs/(kwh 4.50 site
) specific
Reference : Ajit Pande’s presentation, Wind power 2011 (reproduced)
24
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission has notified CERC (Terms and Conditions for
Tariff determination from Renewable Energy Sources) Regulation 2009 which
stipulates principles for determination of preferential tariff for renewable energy
technology. Specifying the capital cost norms with indexation mechanism and fixing
levellised tariff upfront for the entire duration of tariff period of 13 years are main
features of the methodology adopted in the regulations by CERC.

Further, CERC has classified wind power projects into four categories of wind zones and
corresponding CUF based on annual mean power density measured at 50 meter hub
height.

2.4 RENEWABLE PURCHASE OBLIGATION (RPO) MECHANISM

While Electricity Act 2003 (Section 61 (h)) is important from the perspective of the
determination of preferential tariffs, probably the most important Section in the Act
from renewable perspective is Section 86 (1) (e). With careful reading, this sub-section
could be easily divided into three parts:

• Suitable measures for Connectivity to the grid

• Sale of electricity to any person
• Specify, for purchase of electricity from such sources, a percentage of the total
consumption of electricity in the area of a distribution licensee;

SERC’s seem to address the issue of RPO more or less holistically. The regulations are
issued after considerable deliberations and public consultations. As of date, some of the
SERCs have put significant emphasis on the last part of this important sub-Section i.e.

25
specify percentage of electricity to be procured by the distribution licensees from the
renewable sources of energy while virtually ignoring the first two parts. However, there
is considerable effort by state electricity regulatory commissions to realistic declaration
of RPO standards as a % of electricity generation through expert and public consultative
mechanism. The requirement of land and third party sale of electricity and assurance of
grid connectivity and power evacuation have not been at the moment in the % RPO
declaration. If all these are considered then it would be better practice to supplement
the usual public opinion n RPO. Key aspects to be addressed as part of RPO regulations
include:

• Premise for specification of Percentage Specification

• Eligible Entities for applicability of Percentage
• Applicable control period
• Enforcement mechanism
Various states have issued RPO Orders or Regulations specifying percentage for
mandatory renewable energy procurement obligation.
Some states maintained same level of RPO without a progressive increase every year
throughout the control period while others varied either gradually or on an incremental
basis from a minimum level of RE penetration. Wind being the most favoured cost
effective technology it had a higher share.

2.5 RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATE (REC) MECHANISM

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Forum of Regulators (FOR)and the
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), taking into consideration the
recommendations of (National Action Plan for Climate Change) NAPCC, have evolved
a framework for implementation of REC Mechanism in India. CERC has notified
Regulation on REC in fulfillment of its mandate to promote renewable sources of energy
and development of a tradable market in electricity. REC is a market based instrument
to promote renewable energy and facilitate RPO/RPS portfolio by inter-state exchange
of REC. The framework of REC is expected to give further push to RE capacity addition.
The REC mechanism seeks to address the mismatch between availability of RE. Sources
and the requirement of the obligated entities to meet their RPO through a national level
market (WE20, 2011).

26
 Non Solar REC Solar REC
Item Description
(Rs/MWh) (Rs/MWh)
Forbearance Price 3,900 17,000
Floor Price 1,500 12,000
At exchange Price ( bid) variable variable

National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) has been nominated as a Central agency for
registration of RE generators participating in the scheme. Under the REC mechanism RE
generator has to sell electricity component to host distribution utility at weighted
average of power purchased and remaining component as environmental attribute as
REC component through power exchange. The Central Agency/NLDC would issue the
REC to RE generators which will be equivalent MWh of electricity injected into the grid
by the RE generators. Central Agency has issued detailed procedure for registration and
also for guidelines for the State Agency for Accreditation of RE project. REC would be
exchanges only in power exchanged approved by the CERC within the band of floor
price and forbearance price to be specified by the CERC. At present, the floor and
forbearance price for FY 2010-11 has been determined as under: appointment of
compliance auditors at national level. Power exchange has also finalized rules and
bylaws required to exchange REC. Along with adopting the CERC regulations, the State
Regulatory Commissions are expected to notify their Regulations for enabling
fulfillment of RPO obligations by purchasing of RECs. As on December 2010, around 12
State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) have amended their Renewable
Purchase Obligation Regulations, recognizing Renewable Energy Certificates as valid
instruments to fulfill the RPO by the Obligated Entities and 15 SERCs have notified State
Agency for accreditation of the RE projects. On November 18, 2010, was launched the
Renewable Energy Certificate Mechanism allowing the entities engaged in renewable
energy generation to participate in the mechanism. In the coming months developers
response to REC mechanism would unfold forward market in renewable energy
specially wind energy. Commencement of REC mechanism may open up new issues in
financing project participating under REC mechanism in near future.

27
SOME ISSUES OF CONCERN IN IMPLEMENTATION OF REC MECHANISM

Tradable RECs have been used extensively as a successful market based policy
instrument to promote renewable power in many countries, such as Australia, Japan,
US, Netherlands, Denmark and UK. However, these schemes vary in detail and hence
existing REC mechanism need to be evolved based on the success of such electronic
certificates experience in other countries. It is interesting to see how the financial
institutions respond to REC mechanism as different market model may evolve with
implementation of REC. Variation under Price discovery mechanism is the major
concern in REC mechanism. Long term certainty in price discovery mechanism with
support of floor price would boost confidence in stakeholders to participate in such a
new mechanism. In coming future price discovery of RECs in the power exchange may
define the certainty of the REC market. The commencement of REC mechanism would
help State to set aggressive target. Under REC mechanism price of REC component is
dynamic and would be decided in the Power exchange within a pre-specified range of
floor and forbearance price. As against this the fixed component, the electricity
component, is an average power purchase cost (APPC) of the host utility. There are
certain attempts to call bidding for the electricity component by assuming APPC as a
ceiling price. Such move would increase the risk level for RE developer and may affect
the financial viability of the project.

If RECs are not linked with mandatory levels of RPO in various states stipulated by
Government of India to the respective state governments or the State Electricity Boards,
the risk-covered REC in a tradable market mode may not happen. The expectation such
mandatory levels of RPO may also need to segregate the combined RPO to WPO, SPO,
BPO and so on, meaning Wind and Solar and Biomass which are different technologies
having varied preferential tariff levels in various states mainly regulated by the
respective SERCs, should be specifically given percentage of (%) penetration levels in
the declared overall RPO of the state.

FUTURE POLICY BEYOND AD, RPOS, AND RECS

It may be expected that when the current key driver the AD (accelerated Depreciation)
is withdrawn, there could be competitive bidding for generated wind power and

28
assurances of minimum generation with effective wind forecasting. The year-on-year
cumulative growth based on the details in the annual reports of MNRE have clear
indication of the conducive policy frame work of Government of India which has made
possible the wind power growth (Fig.12 ) in India. In 2011 it had an all time high of
2350MW installed capacity with cumulative capacity crossing the previous year level
of 12000+ to a high of 14157MW (not shown in the referred Fig. 12).

Source: Ministry of New and renewable Energy

Fig. 12: Wind installed capacity 1994-2003 and 2003 to 2011

With facilitative efforts such as state-wise land allocation / acquisition guidelines,

logistical and grid & road infrastructure building and grid capacity up-scaling, wind
forecasting, smart gird techniques for RE penetration, investment grade wind potential
location identification and effective REC-RPO combinations, the annual growth rate may
go up to 2500 to 5000 MW/year, with conducive policy frame work of MNRE/GOI giving
various alternatives to the attractive AD-scheme. The performance of GBI, REC will
require some more lead time to examine the effect of these in steering faster growth of
the sector. More rigorous promotion through CDM route may also attract foreign Direct
Investments (FDI) in the sector, but they need some observation time prior to disclosing
conclusions. With increase in international/national coal prices, short-supply (mining
related) or timely-supply & transportation issues of coal, wind is certainly in an
advantageous position for sustaining the growth in the renewable energy sector in
spite of recession.

29
 SECTION - 3

ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM

In India, the wind power take off is truly assisted by varying degree of participation of
institutional mechanisms which have been involved in strategic planning, policy
formulations, incentives and tax subsidy implementing modes , electricity generation,
evacuation, transmission and distribution and billing , trading electricity , financial
facilitation, technical facilitation and finally certification, testing and quality assurance.
Where electricity and energy is a concurrent subject of the state and central
governments in India, the role of institutions have been largely responsible for the
orderly growth of the wind power sector maintaining a global growth rate of 20-25%
quite steadily with few exceptions over the last 2 decades. Some such institutional
functions are summarized in this section.

3.1 STATE ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSIONS (SERC)

In India electricity and power is a concurrent subject involving both central and state
governments. However most of the electricity boards in most of the states, the state
Government is normally the executive agency of the largest public regional electricity
utilities involving generation, transmission and distribution and power trading. In the
year 2003 the electricity act enacted provides for mandatory power purchase by
utilities from all generation types including renewable energies such as solar, wind,
biomass, hydro and so on. This has necessitated the formulation of preferential tariff
order (PT) for sources of power generation, taking due consideration of transmission
capacity and evacuation lines are available and guaranteed by the State’s utility. The
lack of later would obviously will not ensure must run of wind turbines when there is
good wind. This has become essential especially for wind power which has free fuel but
with a high cost of capital expenditure and moderate predictability of infirmity. For
effective load dispatching and scheduling, wind forecasting with high degree of
reliability must be in place in wind farm clusters.

Each state a state electricity regulatory commission has been formed headed by a high
level quasi judicial body. It meets periodically and fixes the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) for
different generations including infirm wind power. As illustrated in the earlier section,

30
in Table-4, the major parameters considered being the CAPEX, (capital
investment/MW), ruling or market rate of land costing for different states, and the ROI
(return on investment), capacity factors (CF), plant load factors (PLF) and overall
design life( 20 to 25 years ) of wind electric Generators (WEG). Being infirm power with
zero fuel cost, zero fuel transportation and storage costs , wind has deserved a special
status for fixing FIT. In modern times more realistic cost based on levelised costing of
wind energy generation rather than installed name plate capacities is fixed. In some
states of India the FIT remains constant while others make it variable for different wind
class zones as per CERC.

3.2 CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY (CEA) (WEB RESOURCE:

WWW.CEA.GOV.IN)
Central electricity authority works under the central Ministry of Power and monitors
the electricity scenario from all the states of India. Central Electricity Authority
(CEA) is a Statutory Body constituted under the erstwhile Electricity
(Supply) Act, 1948, hereinafter replaced by the Electricity Act
2003,(E.A.2003) where similar provisions exists, the office of the CEA is an
"Attached Office" of the Ministry of Power. The CEA is responsible for the
technical coordination and supervision of programmes and is also entrusted
with a number of statutory functions.

The functions and duties of the Authority are delineated under section 73 of
the Electricity Act 2003. Besides, CEA has to discharge various other functions
as well under sections 3, 8, 4, 5, 55 and 177 of the Act.

E.A2003 SEC.73 - FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF THE AUTHORITY

1. Advise the Central Government on the matters relating to the national

electricity policy, formulate short-term and perspective plans for
development of the electricity system and coordinate the activities of the
planning agencies for the optimal utilization of resources to sub-serve
the interests of the national economy and to provide reliable and
affordable electricity to all consumers
2. Specify the technical standards for construction of electrical plants,
electric lines and connectivity to the grid
31
3. Specify the safety requirements for construction, operation and
maintenance of electrical plants and electric lines
4. Specify the Grid Standards for operation and maintenance of
transmission lines
5. Specify the conditions for installation of meters for transmissi on and
supply of electricity
6. Promote and assist in the timely completion of schemes and projects for
improving and augmenting the electricity system
7. Promote measures for advancing the skills of persons engaged in
electricity industry
8. Advise Central Government on any matter on which its advice is sought
or make recommendation to that Government on any matter if, in the
opinion of the Authority, the recommendation would help in improving
the generation, transmission, trading, distribution and utilization of
electricity
9. Collect and record the data concerning the generation, transmission,
trading, distribution and utilization of electricity and carry out studies
relating to cost, efficiency, competitiveness and such like matters
10. Make public from time to time the information secured under this Act,
and provide for the publication of reports and investigations
11. Promote research in matters affecting the generation, transmission,
distribution and trading of electricity
12. Carry out, or cause to be carried out, any invest igation for the purpose of
generating or transmitting or distributing electricity
13. Advise any State Government, licensees or the generating companies on
such matters which shall enable them to operate and maintain the
electricity system under their ownership or control in an improved
manner and where necessary, in coordination with any other
Government, licensee or the generating company owning or having the
control of another electricity system
14. Advise the Appropriate Government and the Appropriate Commissio n on
all technical matters relating to generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity
32
15. Discharge such other functions as may be provided under this Act.

In addition to above functions and duties under Section 73, CEA has to
perform the following functions in terms of the under mentioned sections of
the Electricity Act 2003:

E.A.2003 SEC. 3 - NATIONAL ELECTRICITY POLICY AND PLAN

1. The Central Government shall, from time to time, prepare the National
Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy, in consultation with the State
Governments and the Authority for development of the power system
based on optimal utilization of resources such as coal, natural gas,
nuclear substances or materials, hydro and renewable sour ces of energy
2. The Central Government shall publish the National Electricity Policy and
Tariff Policy from time to time
3. The Central Government may, from, time to time, in consultation with the
State Governments and the Authority, review or revise the Nation al
Electricity Policy referred to in sub-section (1)
4. The Authority shall prepare a National Electricity Plan in accordance
with the National Electricity Policy and notify such plan once in five
years. PROVIDED that the Authority while preparing the Nationa l
Electricity Plan shall publish the draft National Electricity Plan and invite
suggestions and objections thereon from licensees, generating companies
and the public within such time as may be prescribed

PROVIDED FURTHER THAT THE AUTHORITY SHALL:

1. Notify the plan after obtaining the approval of the Central Government
2. Revise the plan incorporating therein directions, if any, given by the
Central Government while granting approval under clause (a)
3. The Authority may review or revise the National Electricity Pl an in
accordance with the National Electricity Policy

33
E.A.2003 SEC. 34 - GRID STANDARDS

1. Every transmission licensee shall comply with such technical standards,

of operation and maintenance of transmission line s, in accordance with
the Grid Standards, as may be specified by the Authority.

E.A. 2003 SEC. 53 - PROVISION RELATING TO SAFETY AND ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

The Authority may in consultation with the State Govern ments, specify
suitable measures for:

1. Protecting the public (including the person engaged in the generation,

transmission or distribution or trading) from dangers arising from the
generation, transmission or distribution or trading of electricity, or use
of electricity supplied or installation, maintenance or use of any electric
line of electrical plant
2. Eliminating or reducing the risks of personal injury to any person, or
damage to property of any person or interference with use of such
property
3. Prohibiting the supply or transmission of electricity except by means of a
system which conforms to the specification as may be specified
4. Giving a notice in the specified form to the Appropriate Commission and
the Electrical Inspector, of accidents and failures of s upplies or
transmission of electricity
5. Keeping by a generating company or licensee the maps, plans and
sections relating to supply or transmission of electricity
6. Inspection of maps, plans and sections by any person authorized by it or
by Electrical Inspector or by any person on payment of specified fee
7. Specifying action to be taken in relation to any electric line or electrical
plant, or any electrical appliance under the control of a consumer for the
purpose of eliminating or reducing the risk of personal injury or damage
to property or interference with its use.

34
E.A. 2003 SEC. 55 - USE ETC. OF METERS

1. For proper accounting and audit in the generation, transmission and

distribution or trading of electricity, the Authority may direct the
installation of meters, by a generating company or licensee at such stages
of generation, transmission or distribution or trading of electricity and at
such locations of generation, transmission or distribution or trading, as it
may deem necessary.

E.A.2003 SEC. 177- POWERS OF AUTHORITY TO MAKE REGULATIONS

1. The Authority may, by notification, make regulations consistent with

this Act and the rules generally to carry out the provisions o f this Act.
2. In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the power
conferred in sub-section (1), such regulations may provide for all or any
of the following matters, namely:
(i) The Grid Standards under section 34
(ii) Suitable measures relating to safety and electricity supply under
section 53
(iii) The installation and operation of meters under section 55
(iv) The rules of procedure for transaction of business under sub -section
(9) of section 70
(v) The technical standards for construction of electrical plants and
electric lines and connectivity to the grid under clause (b) of section
73
(vi) The form and manner in which and the time at which the State
Government and licensees shall furnish statistics, returns or other
information under section 74
(vii) Any other matter which is to be, or may be, specified
3. All regulations made by the Authority under this Act shall be subject to
the conditions of previous publication.

3.3 CENTRAL ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION (CERC)

In a country like India, where the electricity and Power is a concurrent subject of the
central and the state Governments, the electricity regulatory commission issues
guidelines for fixing the electricity purchase prices from various state/public/private
35
generation companies as well as grid connectivity and power quality standards. The
regulatory commission also forms part of forum of regulators (FOR) involving the state
regulatory commissions (SERC) and coordinates the procedures for arriving at
preferential tariff (PT) such as Feed In Tariff (FIT) for the electricity generated from
renewable sources, such as wind, solar, and bio-mass and the like. CERC is virtually
driving the development of the field at a policy level. It would have been good if the
intervention of CERC such as getting the grid code address RE specific issues, driving
RPO, getting the tariff related recommendations implemented and setting ground rules.
It would have been good to use CERC as the agency that stitches together a frame work
for grid connected RE resources.

3.4 STATE ELECTRICITY BOARDS (SEB)

The Central government is Government of India and its allied ministries dealing with
power and electricity. Ministry of Power and Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE). However, the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) were responsible for the
generation, transmission and distribution of electricity through their utilities and
institutional mechanism. The billing and collection of electricity charges from the
consumers domestic as well as industrial are carried out by these SEBs which are
usually under the control of the individual state Governments. These SEBs also maintain
the state’s GRID infrastructure involving transformers, substations and other
distribution lines. With regards to electricity generated by central government / public
sector establishment through nuclear / thermal resources is allocated to state
distribution companies of states on a case to case basis. Currently in India, most of the
states have dispensed with electricity boards, and its function being replaced with
individual companies which address the different areas of electricity generation &
distribution , transmission, and general administration. Administration of prices and
PPAs etc, are now essentially responsibilities of these different entities. With
independent power producers and private sector electricity generators, the generation
company will be buying from different generating companies to providing for
competitive offer prices.

3.5 STATE NODAL AGENCIES (SNA)

Another institutional mechanism known as State’s Energy development agency such as
Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA), Gujarat Energy Development Agency
36
(GEDA) and so on, has been quite effective in fostering the centre state relations on
power and energy policy implementation. While most of the electricity generation using
conventional stored fuels like the coal, gas or diesel has been under the preview of SEBs
the non-conventional generation of electricity has been monitored by these SNAs in
various states which enabled the various promotional and regulatory measures of
MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ) for wind energy and other renewables
get implemented in the respective states in an orderly manner, specially in the case of
implementation of discrete off-grid rural electrification schemes, disbursement of
incentives and subsidies for small wind solar or bio mass and such other renewable
sources. As of the moment, the SNAs do a little bit more than this. They also support in wind
measurement program and are a part of the program. In many states they also work
like a single window for starting the process of getting wind farming approvals. In
Karnataka for example, the state nodal agency gives planning permission before a wind
farm project is initiated and in fact gets involved in giving approvals for capacity
allocation.

3.6 MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (MNRE)

India is the only country in the world which has an exclusive, Ministry for the
development of renewable energy technologies, under the Central Government of India
(GOI). Every year a set target for each renewable type of energy is achieved by various
promotional measures. The ministry also supports all the international collaborations
involving research development and deployment of technologies, which also includes
specialized training, conferences, workshops and human resource development (HRD)
with the assistance of Academic / Special institutions / Autonomous bodies. The Table-
5 gives a picture of various areas of focus of MNRE, GOI in India.

37
 Table – 5 : Picture of various areas of focus of MNRE
NEW & RENEWABLE ENERGY
Cumulative deployment of various Renewable Energy Systems/ Devices in the country
as on 31/03/2011
Renewable Energy Target Achievement Total Cumulative
Programme/ Systems for during achievement achievement
2010- March 2011 during up to
11 2010-11 31.03.2011

I. POWER FROM RENEWABLES:

A. GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW)
Wind Power 2000 872.68 2350.35 14157.10
Small Hydro Power 300 56.70 307.22 3042.63
Biomass Power 455 - 143.50 997.10
Bagasse Cogeneration 31.50 321.50 1667.53
Waste to Power - - - 19.00
Urban 17
-Industrial - 7.50 53.46
Solar Power (SPV) 200* 5.29 26.59 37.66
Total 2972 966.17 3156.66 19974.48
B. OFF-GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MWEQ)
Waste to Energy - - - 3.50
Urban 13.00 0.83 23.70 66.92
-Industrial
Biomass(non-bagasse) 75.00 11.69 80.73 301.61
Cogeneration
Biomass Gasifiers - 4.00 0.40 1.37 14.47
Rural 15.00 3.25 9.00 117.34
- Industrial
Aero-Generators/Hybrid 0.50 0.05 0.05 1.12
systems
SPV Systems (>1kW) 32.00 1.25 2.60 5.80
Water mills/micro hydel 2.50 0.17(34nos) 2.2(444nos) 6.98(1397)
Total 142.00

Source: www.mnre.gov.in

38
3.7 CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (C-WET)- TECHNICAL ARM OF
MNRE
C-WET, Centre for Wind Energy Technology is an Autonomous Research and
Development Institution under the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government
of India. In 1998 CWET and its field wind turbine testing station at Kayathar were
established with the support of the then ministry of nonconventional energy sources
(MNES) and DANIDA (RISO, Denmark) collaboration. (MNES is now known as Ministry
of New and renewable Energy (MNRE)). C-WET has neither regulatory nor statutory
role. CWET is knowledge based Institution with high quality and dedication and is a
technical focal point for all the stake holders involved in the wind power development
in India. It has 5 divisions, they are:

 Wind resource assessment (Where the wind blows adequately in India ...) :
WRA
 Wind turbine testing (how the wind turbine works safely? and performance?)
( WTT &WTRS)
 Standards and certification (Design of wind turbine w.r.t international
standards?) (S&C)
 Research and development (What more can be done in India for wind
power?) (R&D)
 Information, training and commercial services (HRD for India and
international?) (ITCS)

One can easily access the official web site at www.cwet.tn.nic.in or www.cwet.res.in for
more info, Photos, and new letter and free downloads.

WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT UNIT – To identify the potential locations all over
India for wind power projects in India. It does various wind resource measurement,
wind data collection and analysis for wind power density, optimal positioning
(micrositing) of wind turbine towers in a given area of wind farm, feasibility/tender
document/ report preparation, detailed project report (DPR) preparation, tender
evaluation and due diligence studies of wind farms and several value added tools
including Wind Atlas, Wind forecasting and off-shore wind.

39
WIND TURBINE TESTING UNIT – involves in full scale testing of wind turbines as per
International Electro technical Commission (IEC) norms 61400 series of wind turbine
standard WT-01 which has been recently superseded by the new wind turbine
standard 61400-22. The testing services are as per IEC61400-12-1 for measurements
and 61400-13 for load measurements. CWET’s testing services are merited by NABL
accreditation (National accreditation board of laboratories (DST’s wing)) and is
recognized in 52 Countries internationally and also recognized by wind turbine
certification bodies in Europe where the technology is dominant. The quality standards
of testing services are in compliance with IEC/ISO 17025 as well ensuring high
reliability of the test results. CWET has a full-fledged International quality Wind turbine
testing station including 2 test beds and all necessary equipment at Kayathar close to
Tirunelveli, in CWET-owned research wind farm which has 10 wind mills with
capacities ranging from 225kW to 2.0 MW for research studies. The Kayathar Wind
turbine test station (WTTS) also serves as Wind Turbine Testing & Research Station
(WTRS). It facilitates small (Aero-generator) wind energy system performance testing.

STANDARDS & CERTIFICATION UNIT –UNDERTAKES COMPLETE DESIGN EVALUATION

OF WIND TURBINES INCLUDING AERONAUTICAL, MECHANICAL, AND ELECTRICAL,
ELECTRONICS AND OTHER CIVIL CONSTRUCTIONAL ASPECTS AS PER IEC NORMS AND
ISSUES PROVISIONAL TYPE CERTIFICATES FOR WIND TURBINES AS PER THE
STANDARDS IN VOGUE. TYPE CERTIFICATION ENVISAGES THREE MANDATORY
MODULES OF QUALITY CHECKS I.E. ON COMPLETE DESIGN EVALUATION, TYPE TESTING
AND REPORT EVALUATION, AND MANUFACTURING SYSTEM/PROCESS EVALUATION
AND OTHER OPTIONAL MODULES SUCH AS FOUNDATION SYSTEM EVALUATION. S&C
UNIT OF CWET ALSO VERIFIES FOREIGN CERTIFIED WIND TURBINES AND RELEASES A
LIST OF MODELS OF DIFFERENT INDIAN MANUFACTURERS OF WIND TURBINES WHICH
ARE DECLARED TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR GRID CONNECTION IN INDIA. THIS UNIT’S
EXPERTISE IS FURTHER USED IN DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN STANDARDS FOR WIND
TURBINES AND ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD’S (IEC)
IMPROVEMENT, BY BEING A P-MEMBER ( PARTICIPATORY MEMBER ) AND GIVING
REPRESENTATIONS THROUGH VOTING AND IEC-TC-88 (TECHNICAL COMMITTEE).

Type certification of wind turbines, is becoming more and more relevant in India, with
the wind turbine industry is reaching new heights with the introduction of more new
wind turbine models and increased unit size. The services offered by the unit are :

40
  To develop and implement certification systems.
 To accord type approval / type certification to wind turbines in accordance with
Type Approval - Provisional Scheme -TAPS-2000 (amended).
 To prepare Indian standards on wind turbines.
 To prepare and issue the Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind
Turbines (RLMM) quarterly.

TYPE APPROVAL - PROVISIONAL SCHEME -TAPS-2000 (AMENDED 2003)

TAPS-2000 (amended), the Indian certification scheme for wind turbines, has been
prepared by the unit in line with International Electro-technical Commission - IEC
Standards, while taking into account of the Indian environmental and Grid conditions.
The scheme was approved and issued by MNRE, GOI.

According to TAPS-2000, the Provisional Type Certification (PTC) of wind turbines can
be carried out according to the following three categories:

CATEGORY-I : PTC for wind turbine already possessing type

certificate or approval.

CATEGORY-II : PTC for wind turbine already possessing type certificate or

approval, with minor modifications/changes, including
provisional type testing/measurements at the test site of
C-WET / Field.

CATEGORY-III : PTC for new or significantly modified wind turbine

including provisional type testing/measurements at the test
site of C-WET / Field.

A DECADE OF S&C SERVICES:

TAPS-2000 (Amended), the Indian certification scheme for wind turbines, which is the
first of its kind, has been prepared by the unit in line with International Electro-
technical Commission – (IEC) Standards while taking into account of the Indian
conditions. Type Certificate has been issued to nine wind turbine models as per TAPS-
2000. C-WET was authorized by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) to prepare Indian
Standards on Wind Turbines. Three Indian Standards have been prepared and

41
submitted to MNRE and BIS. The Quality Management System of S&C Unit has been
certified as per ISO 9001:2008. As per the directives of MNRE, C-WET has been issuing
Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind Turbines (RLMM) from the year
2001 onwards.

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT UNIT – Concentrates on several research topics in

coordination with other research/academic/industrial partners. The R&D unit in
addition to carrying out several technology demonstration projects of wind-solar-diesel
hybrid roof-top/domestic systems. Performance testing of aerogenerators and
empanelment of aero generators and acoustic noise measurement of wind turbines are
undertaken by the division. C-WET also has a long term R&D collaboration MoU with
NREL, (National Renewable Energy Lab, Colorado), USA for possible wind energy
research projects. Under the collaboration so far, some basic training in the use of
NREL-codes for aero-structural design of wind turbine rotor-blade has been completed.

INFORMATION TRAINING & COMMERCIAL SERVICE UNIT – Carries out 2 National

Training programmes annually exposing the various aspects of wind power
development projects. It also has conducted several International training programmes
involving candidates from more than 20 developing Countries in the area of wind
energy technology deployment in their Countries. It also assists the Post Graduate
students to carry out wind energy projects. The unit handles two - Indian Techno
Economic Cooperation (ITEC) training programmes for international participants
funded by Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), GOI.

C-WET INVOLVEMENT IN TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFER TO INDUSTRIES

When there is any joint development efforts with industrial partner there will be
technological transfer. However, the tendency of wind turbine manufacturers in India to
have joint venture or license to manufacture or 100% subsidiary of mostly foreign
partners, C-WET is not directly associated with technology transfer as on now
excepting through the C-WET’s special courses to stake holders involving knowledge
transfer. C-WET is assisting Governments (state and central) with a focus of orderly
development of wind power industry with its technical expertise.

42
Government of India as part of their guidelines-implementation for orderly
development of wind power in the country has constituted a committee to review the
foreign technology transfer/licensing/collaboration in which CWET functions as the
technical secretariat for releasing a list of eligible revised list of models on wind turbine
manufacturers. C-WET while reviewing the documents given by various manufacturers
mostly with foreign tie-ups ensures as one of the conditions that “the technology
transfer agreement provides for retaining minimum documentation”, to continue with
operation and maintenance of the wind turbines installed in India even in the case of
termination of the collaboration.

3.8 INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (IREDA)- FINANCIAL

OF MNRE
IREDA is a Public Limited Government Company established in 1987, under the
administrative control of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to
promote, develop and extend financial assistance for renewable energy and energy
efficiency/conservation projects with the motto: ”ENERGY FOR EVER ", with the
following objectives :

1. To give financial support to specific projects and schemes for generating

electricity and / or energy through new and renewable sources and conserving
energy through energy efficiency.

2. To maintain its position as a leading organization to provide efficient and effective

financing in renewable energy and energy efficiency / conservation projects.

3. To increase IREDA's share in the renewable energy sector by way of innovative

financing.

4. Improvement in the efficiency of services provided to customers through

continual improvement of systems, processes and resources.

5. To strive to be competitive institution through customer satisfaction.

The IREDA finances wind power projects based on a case-by-case basis with from 30%
to 70% of the total cost of the project. IREDA has its own technical wing to evaluate the
feasibility and financial viability of project proposals for funding.

43
In addition it serves as monitoring institutional mechanism for approval of GBI
(generation based Incentive) projects and disperses the incentives to the eligible wind
farm developers.

IREDA also gives unique Identification Number (UID) for wind turbines with new wind
farm developmental projects.

3.9 INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

C-WET’S COURSES / LECTURES CREATES AWARENESS OF WIND ENERGY IN

COMPARISON WITH OTHER NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY SUCH AS :

Two national training courses and two international training courses are organized
with faculty of CWET scientists and experts drawn from academia and industry, high
lighting the key advantages of wind energy developments such as:

(i) In the last 30 years, Wind Energy has become affordable in the sense the cost of per
unit of wind generated electricity has come down by nearly 10 times i.e. from approx.
cents 30 US cents per unit kWh to 3to4 US cents per unit kWh. This cost is comparable
to gas based generation of electricity. Elsewhere in the world, and in India it is cheaper
at little. Coal is much cheaper but is highly polluting as everyone knows. The nuclear
and thermal projects require a very high lead time to become operational when
compared to wind power projects which can be established in a matter of 3 to 6 months.
The two common sources of conventional nuclear and thermal mode of electricity
generation running the steam turbines require continuous feed of water either for
cooling or as a medium of energy transport, whereas wind turbines do not need water
at all except an annual or bi-annual blade washing. Generation of electricity by wind
turbines saves nearly 200-400 times the quantity of scarce drinking water when
compared to conventional sources of generation. Thus using wind for electricity
generation will sustain potable water for human kind all over the world. Wind is infirm
but now it is possible to forecast wind generation and wind availability with modern
software, in advance. Implementation of smart technologies with hybrid RE with
spinning reserves would make wind more reliable and firm for use.

44
(ii) For those who can afford can charge their batteries of domestic inverters with small
roof top aero generators or solar panel which will save power for the needy, also save
your electric bill when you use from the charged batteries through the invertors. That
will be a noble contribution to future green environment for future of mankind and will
be of great concern for contemporary humans, some of those who deserve bare
minimum power in India to light up their homes. Also every unit saved is unit
generated. Live and also let live others too in this world without darkness. Only a few
states of India have implemented net-metering concepts which provide a means of
exporting to GRID from even small wind/solar systems installed on roof-tops of
residences. On every Global Wind Day which is on 15th June, C-WET spreads the slogan
WIND POWER WORKS and REALISABLE TOO.

Technical/financial assistance for Universities for HRD- programs

MNRE/CWET has developed syllabus with the help of a high level academic and
industrial committee, for a master’s degree in wind energy. CWET has technically
assisted an institute (cape Institute of Technology) to run self supported course for
O&M of wind turbines. Technical as well as financial support has been facilitated to two
universities to run specific courses certificate/ post-graduate diploma with the
involvement of Indian Wind turbine manufacturer’s association, which serve as
practice/finishing school for getting employed in the wind energy industry. Some of the
on-going courses are:

A – Certificate courses

1. O&M (for mechanical stream)

2. O&M (for Electrical and Electronic Scheme)
3. Blade manufacturing (Mechanical)
B – Post Graduate Diploma Courses.

1. Project planning, management and implementation

2. Wind resource analysis
3. Wind Power Development

45
 SECTION - 4

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF WTGS

4.1 GENERAL

Owing to the ever increasing population and consequent exponential demand for power
in India with the opening up of Indian economy with several multi-national interests,
the wind power in India had a mushrooming growth of investments from India’s private
sector. In the early 80’s this has caused several quick installation of single wind mills as
well as wind farms with technology mostly from Europe. Power evacuation
infrastructure could not be built by state’s utilities at the same pace of private wind
power development. Hence Quality assurance and safety of WTGs have been prime
concern for the investor as well as utilities.

International Electro-technical Commission’s WT-01 type certification and the GL

(Germaniscer Lloyd) standards of wind turbines was initiated in 2000 effectively in
India. However, since an Indian standard for wind turbine equipment was non-existent
it was decided to announce a scheme called TAPS2000 which is the set criteria for
seeking compliance and has been implemented by C-WET (Centre for Wind energy
Technology) and is an abbreviation for Type Approval Provisional Scheme 2000. In the
scheme it followed the IEC standard of WT-01 defined for wind turbines , however
allowed the schemes by GL ( Germanischer LLyold) of Germany and that of DS 472 of
Denmark, to be recognized.

The implementation of requirement of type certification including type testing of WTGs

and their manufacturing in India for marketing in India was facilitated by Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) by appointing a committee referred as RLMM
(Revised List of Models of Manufacturers) for releasing a eligible list of WEG models
satisfying internationally acceptable quality systems in India. The committee
constituted by MNRE had a chairman, manufacturers’ representative and investors
representative and director from the ministry (MNRE). The list released by C-WET
every quarter was the only reference to enable orderly development of Wind energy
sector in India. This was referred by all stake-holders financiers, bankers, SEBs, SNAs,
46
and regulatory authorities of State and central Governments in India. The latest list
(Appendix-A) can be downloaded from C-WET’s web site:[cwet.tn.nic.in or cwet.res.in].

The essence of RLMM and how it enabled an orderly growth of the wind power sector in
India are given under the section best practices. The RLMM in the 12th Plan period
(April 2012 to March 2017) may be opted out to enable only type certified WTGs to be
installed in India terminating the scheme of self certification which is allowing grid
connection of WTGs which are under the process of certification and testing. The
decision is pending with the Government of India before the planning commission.

4.2 TYPE CERTIFICATION:

As per IEC WT-01, the type certification consists of four mandatory modules: (i) Design
evaluation, (ii) Type testing, (iii) Manufacturing evaluation, (iv) Final Evaluation and the
optional modules (i) Foundation design Evaluation and (ii) Type characteristic
Measurements (Power quality & Acoustic noise). Since 2010, the IEC WT-01 wind
turbine standard is upgraded to IEC61400-22, GL standard has upgraded from
GL2003/04 to GL2010 with some improvements.

4.3 TYPE TESTING:

Type testing is part of type certification which comprises of the following elements: (i)
Safety and function test, (ii) Load measurements, (iii) Power performance
Measurements, (iv) Blade test and other (v) miscellaneous customer needs.

4.4 MANUFACTURING EVALUATION:

The purpose of manufacturing evaluation is to assess if a specific wind turbine type is
manufactured in conformity with design. The manufacturing evaluation module
comprises of the following: (i) Quality System Evaluation (ISO 9001), (ii) Manufacturing
Inspection.

47
 SECTION - 5
HIGHLIGHTS OF BEST PRACTICES IN INDIA

5.1 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF INDIAN WIND POWER GROWTH

 Electricity Act 2003 and its implications:

 Growth rate boosters by Renewable policy improvements:

 Allowing Self Certification scheme for bringing in technology under trials

 Encouraging private sector investments in a big way through policies

 Design evaluation and certification standards :

 Developments of IEC (International Electro-technical Commission)

 International Cooperation and Development of Institutional Mechanisms

 DANIDA Assistance ( RISO association and establishment of C-WET)

 National Wind Resource Assessment schemes (WRA). Wind measurements are

made by C-WET for making available wind data for planning and execution of
wind power Projects by any one.

 Even the privately measured wind data in India, is verified by C-WET without
disclosure of the findings to third parties.

 Establishment of International quality performance / quality and safety testing of

wind turbines in Wind Turbine Testing Station commissioned at Kayathar.

 Opening up of testing /Certification of wind turbines by any accredited

international bodies, around the world.

 A self certification scheme was announced by Government of India which enabled

WTGs which were under certification either by C-WET or by other internationally
accredited bodies to be marketed in India for a limited period of time with cap-
limited capacity of installation.

 The self certification scheme was later declared as a new guideline in 2009 to
encourage entry of New models of mega watt class wind turbines by existing
manufacturers and new manufacturers with varying technologies for wind

48
 turbine Generators WTGs , even when the models are under certification and
testing were able to have access to Indian market.

 Wind Power enabled without compromising quality of WTGs and their O&M needs
post installation for 20 years design life of these WTGs. This was facilitated by
stringent implementation by GOI’s requirement of (i) certification, (ii) testing and
(iii) presence of manufacturing facility in India and (iv) its ISO quality system
requirements.

5.2 BOOT STRAPPING WIND POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA

Bootstrapping wind power developments in India, would mean a self sustained
development without government’s push, i.e., development linked to society’s green
awareness, and long term sustainability of energy and environment which are currently
part of the secondary drivers partly attributed to attaining indirect financial gains. In
general major promotional measures which accelerated the wind power growth are:

PRIMARY DRIVERS
• Concessions of 80 – 90 % Accelerated depreciation
• Concessional customs duty on components
• excise duty exemptions
• Sales tax wavier
• Income tax waiver on profit (Tax holiday)
• Preferential tariff by state electricity boards/DISCOMs
• Foreign Direct Investment through IPP mode
• IREDA RE loans
•

SECONDARY DRIVERS

• CDM benefits and CER under National action plan for climate Change (NAPCC)
• Renewable Purchase Obligation (lacks enforcement mechanisms)
• Renewable energy certificates
• Generation based Incentive (GBI)

i. In the year 2009, certain new initiatives have been spelt out by Ministry of New
& Renewable Energy, Govt. of India, of which the notable ones are Generation
Based Incentive (G.B.I) for those non-tax liable investors and Renewable Energy
Certificates (RECs). Renewable energy certificates will enable meeting RPO
49
 (Renewable Portfolio and Obligation) levels in electricity generation of certain
States of India which do not have wind or renewable resources.

ii. To make available to the Indian investors new models from existing
manufacturers as well as to bring in new manufacturers with latest technologies
in India, a completely revised self certification guidelines as a policy has been
introduced.

This has certainly facilitated new models as well as new manufactures having WEGs
with latest techniques to come into India even when their models are in design
stage/certification and testing stage. To give further impetus to wind power growth in
India, there is a need to have drastic cost reduction on various WEG components
starting from the blade and to the overall project developments. This cost reduction can
be achieved only by serious interaction of the industry and to carry out indigenous R&D
to contain the foreign exchange outflow in the sustaining supply chain of WEG
components. Another important area which needs focus is Human Resource
Development since Wind energy exploitation involves multi disciplinary engineering
approach.

5.3 DEMONSTRATION WIND FARMS

A case study of Tamil Nadu state can be illustrated how these initial demonstration
wind farms developed by State and Central governments attracted the investors into the
wind energy sector in India.

Demonstration wind farm (1992) A modern Gearless WTG near farm land

50
Mountain passes adjoining semi-arid terrain High way-side farms amidst green trees

Fig. 13: One of the Asia’s large wind farms near the Aralvaimozhi Pass

Fig.14 : Highest Wind penetration region (55% base power level in installed
capacity) 6 GW wind and 10.2GW conventional ( www.tnebnet.nic.in)

Figure 13 portrays the historical demonstration wind farm in a semi arid land along
with taller and with more higher capacity WTGs in the same mountain pass region

51
where forest trees, banana plantation and coconut farms co-exist with wind farms. This
region has more than 3000 wind mills of different makes, hub-heights, rotor diameters
and of various name plate capacities.

In this high wind penetration region, annual capacity, cumulative installed capacity and
year-wise (FY) generation from wind are depicted in Figure-14. Even though the demo
projects had some impact on growth rate it is seemingly low. Most recent
demonstration projects in Tamil Nadu dates back to 1991-92. Growth stagnated till
2001-02. Further, there was a peak in 2005-06 and it fell steadily till 2007-08 and rose
again by 2010-11. This illustrates the positive impact of demonstration wind farms in
India, however there has been ups and downs in the development cycle which is
primarily due to policy shifts during the period such as Establishment of National
Electricity Act, 2003, national tariff policies, and generation based incentives apart from
opening up of self certification scheme.

5.4 MULTI OWNER PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTS AND UTILITY’S SPEED

The success of the demonstration wind farms in the early 80s fueled by the tax
incentives / subsidies of Government of India had been one of the best practices which
accelerated the planned growth of wind farms with most projects getting commissioned
during the end of financial year March of each year. A serious impediment at that time
was the lack of preparedness of the state’s utilities for evacuating the power generated
from wind by so many investors (indirectly it was distributed generation in grid
connected usage). Other issues were of hurrying up to obtain the accelerated
depreciation benefits some with second hand wind turbines the others with non-
rotating wind rotors.

5.5 LAND ACQUISITION AND USAGE

The arid dry lands mainly in rural India had sudden value addition due to wind farming.
About 10 to 12 acres of land was utilized at that time per mega watt (MW) installed
capacity of Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs). The higher price for windy land got
further appreciated in time. The long term consequence had been higher % share of
land cost in the development of overall wind farm. Initial investors were over contented
with the land appreciation and accelerated depreciation with small capacity (50 to
100kW ) WTGs operating/non-operating at 30 to 40m hub heights in India’s one of the

52
best windy sites. As technology matured, larger rotor diameters operating at taller hub-
heights were becoming available, the land in the best windy sites became hard to get.

The industry got over this land crisis by opting for “tower-foot-print” based land leasing
or acquisition. In India at some places this model too had issues such as permission
from neighboring land owners where due to spacing constraints one Wind turbine
Generator can not be installed. The micro-sitting of wind mills having a rotor diameter
of “D” needed 5D distance between adjacent wind turbines and 7D distance between
two rows of wind turbines to avoid blockage or interference of wake flow behind one
wind turbine on the wind power generated by another wind turbine downwind . The
spacing of 5D x 7D was only followed by a few states others has closer spacing as well,
apart from layouts done more scientifically through site-specific micrositing of a
specific chosen model of wind turbines. An annexure is enclosed, for specific guidelines
on micrositing with different spacing.

Some states have started special economic zone (SEZ) like bid based or preferential
allotment of land for wind farm development in windy areas including in some cases of
farm land as well on the basis of “tower foot print”. Mostly forest areas in India in
several states are always allocated on a foot print basis.

5.6 ESTABLISHMENT OF SPECIAL INSTITUTION LIKE CWET

Centre for Wind Energy Technology was established with international collaboration
from Denmark through DANIDA (Danish International Development Aid) with partial
funding from the Government of India. The pioneering experience in wind turbine
design evaluation, certification and testing was very useful to ensure machine quality,
safety and performance reliability. The software being sourced from RISO, Denmark
some specialized certification short term training was imparted to few scientists of
CWET by experts at RISO national laboratory of Denmark in wind resource assessment
involving data collection, analysis, Wind power density estimation was highly beneficial
to provide the much needed enabling environment for wind power take off in India.

53
5.7 ESTABLISHMENT OF RLMM COMMITTEE BY MNRE/GOI
The MNRE constituted RLMM committee examined the international quality assurance
of wind turbine models having certification by accredited bodies, which included
examination of the model’s performance test reports, manufacturing facility in India,
with ISO quality systems in place not only for manufacturing but also for installation
and Commissioning including long term Operation and Maintenance of wind turbine
models connected to state’s utility grids. Some of the best features of RLMM process for
just over a decade starting from 2001 are given below:

MNRE GUIDELINES
• MNRE has been issuing the revised guidelines from time to time, since the year
1995.

• Requirements of Type testing and Type certification were re-introduced vide

MNRE guidelines dated 23.10.2000. Also included the directive to C-WET to issue
of the list.

• The Terms of Reference and Composition of RLMM committee members were

issued by MNRE.

• RLMM committee has the representatives from the Indian WT Manufacturers

Association (IWTMA) and Indian Wind Power Producers Association (IWPA)
apart from MNRE and C-WET.

• Lists, finalized by the committee, being issued by C-WET from the year 2001 -
Completed 10 years.

• Wind Turbine certification can be obtained either from C-WET or from any other
accredited International Type Certification body

54
 WIND TURBINE TYPE CERTIFICATION / RLMM

Earlier Scenario (2000) Present Status ( 2011)

• Rated capacity of WTs in the range • Rated capacity of WTs mostly in the
of around 500 kW range of 1.5 MW or above
• Most of the WTs are with simple • New and Advanced Technology
technology (Ex: Permanent Magnet Generator/
• Mainly induction generators were Doubly fed, induction generator ...)
used • Mostly Variable Speed wind
• Simple Control & Safety system turbines (Power quality issues are
• Smaller rotor diameter / Hub high)
height relatively • Advanced Control & Safety
• Individual wind farm size is small philosophy
relatively • Higher rotor diameter / Hub height
• Lack of knowledge on aspects (Much Increased Loads)
related to Design of wind turbine • Wind Turbines are installed even in
and Type Certificate (including the vicinity of places with human
extreme wind speed which can be movement
withstood by WT) lead to • Need for verification of Wind
catastrophic WT failures during Turbine Safety aspects
Gujarat cyclone (Lamba).
• Issues related to occupation of • Type Certificate contains major
wind turbines, which are not technical specifications including
operation extreme wind speed details. In the
RLMM, all the stakeholders are
- Installed in wind potential area requested to verify the Type
- Neither WTs could be repaired Certificate / specifications.
and nor removed • Quality / Design aspects of wind
- Wind potential cannot be not turbines verified, lead to higher
harnessed machine availability / performance
for effective utilization of wind
energy
• Orderly Growth of Wind Farms in
India.
• Common Reference for Grid
connection to SEBs.
• Increases the confidence of
Investors, SEBs / SNAs, Financial
Institutions, Insurance Agencies.
• Most of the leading WT
manufacturers are having presence
in India.

55
 WIND TURBINE TYPE CERTIFICATION / RLMM

ISSUES FACED PRIOR TO RLMM Present Status

• All WT models have valid Type
• WT models without having any Certificate / under Certification.
Type certificate • Series of failures due to design not
• High wind turbine component occurred.
failures due to design related issues
(Kenetech, AWS, Canon etc.). • Since type certified, technological
• Obsolete Technology / Import of aspects are verified
second hand WTs. • Certified power curve available.
• Certified power curve not available • Much improved machine
for accurate estimation of availability
generation. • All WT manufacturers have a
• Under performance related issues / manufacturing / assembly facility
disputes due to low machine in India with a necessary
availability infrastructure and man power
• Increased Non Performing Assets required for a specific WT model
• Many WT manufacturers did not
have manufacturing / assembly • Support is being provided for the
facility and inadequate WTs sold, since WT manufacturers
infrastructure and manpower. have a necessary infrastructure
• No support for the installed wind • ISO Certificate covering the whole
turbines (Nedwind, Lagerwey) scope viz. Design (if applicable),
• ISO certificate not insisted Manufacturing, Erection &
Commissioning and Service

56
 Growth of Wind turbine Models
45

42
40

Total Number of Wind turbine models in the RLMM list

35

31 31
30

27
26
25
25 24
23
20
20
19
18

15

10

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Years

Growth of Wind turbine

Manufacturers
20

18
18 18
Total Number of Wind turbine Manufacturers in the RLMM list

16 16

14

12 12
12
11
10
9
10
9
9
8 8

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Years

Fig. 15: Growth of Wind Turbine Models and Manufacturers

57
 Highest Rated Capacity

3000 Year Rated Power

Highest Wind Turbine capacity
2500 2001 900 kW
2500
2100
2002 950 kW
2100
2100
Rated Power in kW

2000 2003 1500 kW

2100

1650 2004 1650 kW

1500 1650
1500 Series1 2005 1650 kW
1000 2006 2100 kW
950
900
2007 2100 kW
500
2008 2100 kW
0 2009 2100 kW
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2010 2500 kW
Year

Fig. 16: Highest rated capacity of wind turbines

The meticulous scrutiny of models brought into India for (i) valid certification,
testing, (ii) manufacturing capability in India with (iii) ISO quality systems in place
has certainly avoided in the long decade, dumping of obsolete or second hand
retrofitted WEGs and ensured existence of minimum assembly capacity building in
India, complying to the international standards of practice.

5.8 Higher Feed In Tariff (FIT) in low windy states/sites

Even though central Electricity regulatory commission (CERC) specified wind zone
(WPD based) FIT for entire India, power being concurrent subject of state and centre,
different SERCs have fixed or varying FIT based on regional land cost and wind zones,
and also based on per MW capital investment. Regional land cost from government or
private owners can have a moderate impact on the affordable feed in tariff. Some states
where extensive land was available with only moderate winds attracted investors with
higher tariff structure. For example, in Rajasthan INR 4.5/ kWh is offered. In addition
there could be other hidden cost overheads in some states such as infra-structure
development charges (IDC) collected by some states for power evacuation lines and
transformer upgrades and some states these are indirectly collected under different
heads or waived to promote wind power take off.
58
5.9 POWER TRADING WITH TIME OF THE DAY (TOD) COST OPTIONS FOR WIND

Electricity from large scale wind farms with good generation has been traded with
competitive tariff based on peak and non-peak rates while the fuel which is wind, is free
where there has been significant demand for electricity in some of the load centres in
the neighboring states. Wherever wind generation can replace natural gas based
generation in India it has been economical and environmentally benign. Even though
there is an exclusive institutional mechanism such as Power Trading Corporation of
India (PTC), a few private players have also successfully attempted trading wind power
from IPPs. There is a possibility of excess power from wind being traded through time
of the day costing. PTC presently has two major products for surplus power, namely
Round The Clock power and Time of Day power for specific hours each day. PTC has
adopted five broad price bands for power viz for evening peak hours, morning peak
hours, Round The Clock, day off-peak and night off-peak periods.

5.10 CAPTIVE USE OF POWER BY INDUSTRY WITH/WITHOUT BANKING

The residential power tariff is much lower from the industrial rates. When an industry
invests in wind power for captive use ( i.e. to adjust units generated, against their
captive consumption at industrial rates). There is significant gain for them since
banking of wind energy become feasible. Captive Power refers to generation from a unit
set up by industry for its exclusive consumption. Industrial sector is one of the largest
consumers of electrical energy in India. It consumes about 45.92% of total electricity
consumption in the country. To sustain and excel in the dynamic global environment, it
became imperative for the industries to ensure uninterrupted power supply for
performance optimization which subsequently led to the growth in captive power
plants. A number of industries are now increasingly relying on their own generation
(captive and cogeneration) rather than on grid supply, primarily for the following
reasons:

 Non-availability of adequate grid supply

 Poor quality and reliability of grid supply
 High tariff as a result of heavy cross subsidization
59
The State Governments and SEBs have been concerned about the growing
importance of Captive Power Plants on account of the following reasons. Captive
plants may have adverse impacts on the finances of the utility, such as:

Industrial load is the main source for cross-subsidizing revenue flows; Billing and
collection is much more efficient for HT consumers; SEBs ability to service escrow
accounts for security packages is also reduced; Non-optimal growth of the sector;
Problems in grid management especially in case of states with surplus power;
Adverse environmental impacts arising from types of fuels used and from higher
emissions per unit of production, as compared to large power plants ; Reliability of
power supply from captive and cogen plants as a source of firm power . While on the
other hand the concern of the owners of captive and cogen plants stems from factors
such as:
Non-remunerative tariff structure for surplus power produced by them ; No risk
sharing in case of non availability of fuel, change in variable cost due to switching of
fuel after entering into power purchase agreement (PPA), etc ; Inadequacies in
wheeling and banking facilities ; High contract demand charges.; High level of duties
and taxes on sale of power ; High wheeling losses assumed for power to be sold to
grid by captive or cogen plant ; Need to devote time and energy to an activity, which
is not their core business ; Restrictions on the minimum amount of power to be
wheeled ; If the captive power plant (CPP) fails, charges for back-up or standby
power from the grid are twice the normal rate for captive plants ; No formal policy
for purchase of cogenerated power (in most of the states). It is estimated that about
30% of the total energy requirement of the Indian industry is currently met through
in house power plants.

60
 SECTION – 6

GRID CONNECTIVITY AND COMPATIBILITY

Indian Wind Grid code is released in 2010 and interfaced with Indian Grid code of
Central Electricity Authority under the renewable grid connection/penetration needs.
The work was funded by C-WET and collaboratively developed by PRDC, (Power
Research and development corporation) Bangalore after a thorough review of the
international practice. The Salient features of the draft are reproduced (in italics):

6.1 INTRODUCTION
India today stands fifth in the world with an installed capacity of 14157 MW of wind
power (as on March 2011) which constitutes 8%% of the total 174,000 MW connected
to the grid. This has grown from 3.5% in 2004 to the present capacity as it is today.

Wind turbines are installed in areas with sufficient wind power density (WPD > 200 W/
sq.m at 50 m hub height level) with provision to connect to the grid. Areas with good
wind power density are not necessarily places with a strong grid, as they are mainly
concentrated in rural areas away from locations with major generating stations.
However, in the initial days due to the low penetration of wind energy in the grid,
impacts on the overall power system were limited to local effects. Local impacts like
voltage fluctuations, flicker, reactive power absorption were observed at the point of
connection to the grid (UI=Utility Interface). With the exception of penalties by state
electricity boards for VAR drawl from the grid, there were no technical regulations to
govern the connection of the wind turbines to the grid. However, with the increasing
penetration of wind turbines, as high as 42 % in terms of installed capacity in states like
Tamil Nadu, the need was felt to establish a standard operating practice for the wind
turbines . This has lead to the draft Grid code for wind turbines to establish the
guidelines specific to wind turbines.

6.2 GRID BEHAVIOUR OF WIND TURBINES

Important aspects which determine the grid behaviour of wind turbines are that
majority of these are fixed speed turbines consisting of induction generators. This is
unlike the conventional generators which are synchronous generators / alternators and

61
have characteristics different from the induction generators. Machines with induction
generators need capacitor banks for VAR support, otherwise reactive power will be
drawn from the grid. The drawl of reactive power affects the voltage profile at the point
of connection to the grid. However, wind turbines of variable type, which use wound
rotor or permanent magnet synchronous generators, do not need a reactive power
support. They may have to deal with issues like harmonics generated by the power
electronic converters, which has to be kept under control.

Another major characteristic is the behaviour of the wind turbine during system faults/
disturbances. The wind turbines are designed to disconnect from the grid during system
faults, when the voltage at the point of connection drops beyond a certain percentage of
the nominal value If wind turbines are to remain connected to the grid during system
fault, a source of reactive power must be able to sustain the wind turbine in the
generation mode during such fault conditions.

The variable nature of wind, which is talked of as one of the drawbacks of wind energy
is also an important grid aspect. Wind generation cannot be scheduled due to its
unpredictability. Simultaneous “out-in” or “out-out” a large number of WTGs in a region
will also have a significant impact on the Grid infrastructure and its behavior.

Moreover, different manufacturers follow different operating standards and the system
behaviour in the absence of any grid code will be unpredictable.

6.3 WORLD SCENARIO

Internationally the countries who are leaders in terms of installations have framed grid
codes for wind. USA, Germany, Spain, Denmark, China, Nordic Countries, Canada,
Ireland have enforced their grid codes. Each of these grid codes have a common
framework dealing with issues specific to wind, however the regulations take into the
nature of the grid, installed capacity, penetration of wind, high wind potential zones etc.
For instance, the Danish grid code has been formulated keeping in mind the high
penetration of wind power in the country.

The grid codes for wind, in general deal with the following issues:

 Active power control

62
  Frequency
 Voltage and reactive power issues
 Fault ride through capability
 Protection
 Power quality issues like flicker, harmonics etc.

6.4 GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS

ACTIVE POWER CONTROL

This is the ability of the wind turbine generators to regulate the active power output of
the wind turbine according to system requirements. Active power control of wind
turbines is to ensure a stable frequency in the system, to prevent overloading of
transmission lines, to avoid large voltage steps and in-rush currents during start up and
shut down of wind turbines. In a wind turbine, the power output is a function of the
wind speed and the power fed into the grid by the turbine is irrespective of the
frequency of the grid. However, with this feature the active power controller will take
into account not only the wind speed, but also the requirements of the grid. The wind
turbines will also have to regulate the in rush currents during start up.

During a fault, if the turbine were to stay on line, the active power output has to be
reduced in a controlled manner to prevent tripping of the generator. All the same, the
active power output should be brought back to the pre fault value after the fault is
cleared.

The rate at which the power is ramped up after a system fault or during start up should
not cause significant power surges.

FREQUENCY REQUIREMENTS
System frequency is a major indicator of the power balance in the system. A decrease in
generation vis-a-vis the demand causes the frequency to drop below the nominal
frequency and vice versa. In India, the frequency varies from 48.5- 51.5 Hz due to the
power imbalance. This imbalance can be mitigated by primary control and secondary
control of conventional synchronous generators. During an increase of load, the energy
stored in these synchronous generators can balance the power for 1- 30 s, this is the
primary control. The secondary control, employed with in a time span of 10 – 15 min. is

63
by governor action which increases the input to the generator and stabilizes the system
frequency.

Low penetration of wind turbines does not affect the system frequency. High
penetration of wind turbines can have a significant impact on the grid. Even so, the wind
turbines may not be able to contribute to primary control. The power output of the
wind turbine can be regulated during high frequency, if need be. However, during low
frequencies the output of the wind turbine cannot be controlled to contribute more
power to the grid.

VOLTAGE AND REACTIVE POWER ISSUES

Wind turbines with induction generators need reactive power support. Capacitor banks
are the preferred method of reactive power compensation in wind farms, though
dynamic VAR support devices like the STATCOM are available. If not properly
compensated reactive power drawl from the system can cause increased losses,
overheating and de- rating of the lines. Doubly fed induction generators and
synchronous generator based wind turbines do not have any constraints with respect to
reactive power. Thus, the behavior of different types of wind turbines can be
standardized by means of the grid code.

FAULT / LOW VOLTAGE RIDE THROUGH

This refers to the ability of the wind turbine to remain connected to the grid without
tripping from the grid for a specified period of time during a voltage drop at the point of
connection. The period of fault ride through depends on the magnitude of voltage drop
at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) during the fault and the time taken by the grid
system to recover to the normal state.

During system disturbances, if generators of large generating capacity connected to the

grid continue their operation, this aids the system in returning to normal operation. On
the other hand, disconnection of such a generator would further aggravate the
disturbance and may lead to a system collapse. If the fault causes loss of a conventional
generating unit, the system would need sufficient spinning reserve to cover the loss of
the generator. Hence the need for fault rides through capability.
64
During a fault that causes a voltage drop at the wind turbine terminals, the reactive
power demand of induction generators increases. Unless a reactive power support is
available at the generator terminals, the reactive power will be drawn from the grid.
This will reduce the thermal capacity of the conductors connecting the turbine to the
grid, to transfer active power and cause further drop in voltage at the point of common
coupling.

WIND FARM PROTECTION

In case of large wind farms connected to the grid, wind turbines are required to remain
connected to the grid within specified voltage and frequency limits. High short circuit
currents, under voltages and over voltages during and after the fault can damage the
wind turbine. The relay protection system of the wind turbine should take in to account:

 Normal operation of the system and support to network during and after the
fault.
 Secure wind farms from damage originating from faults in the network.
Wind turbines are required to be equipped with under frequency and over frequency
protection, differential protection of the generator transformer, and back up protection.
The protection system requirements have been mentioned in some of the grid codes,
while others have not exclusively mentioned about wind farm and system protection.

Grid codes require that wherever low voltage ride through schemes and frequency
protection schemes are applied on the wind turbines, the settings should be done in
proper coordination with the transmission system protection relaying.

DATA REQUIREMENTS
Monitoring of large wind farms to obtain up-to-date information on the real time status
of the wind farm is essential. This will help in tracking the dynamic changes that the
wind farms will undergo. The system operator can change the set point according to the
operating conditions.

65
POWER QUALITY ISSUES LIKE FLICKER, HARMONICS ETC

Flicker is defined as the visual fluctuations in the light intensity as a result of voltage
fluctuations and is caused by wind turbines, both during continuous operations and
switching operations. Human eye is most sensitive to frequencies in the range 1- 10 Hz.
The flicker from wind turbines is mainly caused by the effect of tower shadow, which
lies in the range of 1-2 Hz. Power fluctuations due to wind speed fluctuations lie in the
frequency range of < 0.1 Hz and hence are less critical to flicker. Flicker in variable
speed turbines is found to be lower than that of fixed speed wind turbines due to
smoothening of the power fluctuations.

During switching operation, the generator cuts in and the large in-rush current of the
generator is limited by the soft starter. A few seconds after the generator is connected,
capacitors are switched in for reactive power compensation. These power fluctuations,
both active and reactive power, during switching operation cause flicker. However, for
variable speed turbines such in rush currents do not arise.

Harmonics are generated by variable speed turbines with power electronic converters,
like doubly fed generator and full variable speed wind turbine. Induction generator
based wind turbines which are directly connected to the grid, do not have harmonic
issues.

The grid codes specify limits for flicker and harmonics due to their impact on the grid.
Flicker is a main concern for fixed speed wind turbines connected to weak grids. As
regards, harmonics, many grid codes do not speak of limits for harmonics in their grid
codes. IEC 61400-21 recommends measurement of harmonic emissions only for
variable speed turbines. IEEE STD-519-1992 is followed by many countries for grid
integration of turbines.

Voltage imbalance is another power quality issue which can affect the performance of
induction generators. The effect is severe during fault conditions. Most of the grid codes
impose the same voltage requirements for unbalance as for conventional generators.

66
6.5 INDIAN WIND GRID CODE

The draft Indian Wind grid code addresses issues related to the wind energy plant in a
generic scheme at the appropriate sub clauses in the existing Indian Electricity Grid
Code (IEGC).

The IEGC lays down the rules, guidelines and the standards to be followed by the
various agencies and participants in the system to plan, develop and operate the power
system in an efficient, reliable, economic and secure manner. The IEGC broadly covers
the planning code for interstate transmission, the connection conditions (minimum
technical and design criteria which are complied with by the transmission utility),
operating code for the regional grid and scheduling and dispatch code for conventional
generators. The IEGC would be suitably amended to incorporate the criteria to be
complied with for wind turbine generators and any additional features would be a part
of a supplement to the IEGC.

The following are proposed in the draft Indian Wind Grid Code:

PLANNING CODE FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS EVACUATING WIND POWER

Wind power evacuation shall feature as a part and parcel of the overall grid planning.
The transmission utility / transmission system operator shall consider both short term
and long term expected wind generation in the region. The planning criterion should
consider the following scenarios:

i. System peak load with high wind generation

ii. System light load with high wind generation
iii. Local light load with high wind generation

The high wind generation shall be classified as a percentage of the overall wind farm
capacity, based on the voltage level to which it is connected. For instance, wind farms
connected below 66 kV levels may reach their peak capacity during the windy months
as wind turbines see the same wind over a smaller geographical spread; this must be
taken care of during the transmission planning.

The N-1 contingency criteria may be adapted for planning of transmission lines wind
farms connected above 220 kV or of capacity 100 MW and above at 220 kV levels. The

67
underlying idea is that N-1 contingency planning does not make economic sense for
smaller wind farms and loss of generation of small wind farms does not have a
significant impact on the grid.

The Wind power addition plan for every five years issued by the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy shall be considered for planning of transmission lines. Wind farm
owner shall also give the requisite planning data to the transmission utility.

CONNECTION CODE FOR WIND FARMS

Wind farms shall maintain certain minimum technical standards for grid connection
with respect to the following:

TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE RANGE

The wind farms must be capable of normal operation for the following voltage ranges.
The limits are taken from the standards set for conventional generators in the IEGC /
state grid codes:

Table - 6: Voltage withstand limits for wind farms

Voltage (kV)
% Limit of
Nominal Maximum Minimum
variation
400 +5% to -10% 420 360
220 +11% to -9% 245 200
132 +10% to -9% 145 120
110 +10% to -12.5% 121 96.25
66 +10% to -9% 72.5 60
33 +5% to -10% 34.65 29.7

68
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
Voltage unbalance, defined as the ratio of the deviation between the highest and lowest
line voltage to the average of the three line voltages, can cause negative sequence
current to flow in the rotor of the wind turbine. As per the Grid Standard (CEA)
followed, the following limits have been specified:

Table - 7: Voltage unbalance limits for wind farms

Voltage level (kV) Unbalance (%)
400 1.5
220 2
<220 3

REACTIVE POWER CAPABILITY

The wind farms shall be able to maintain a power factor of 0.95 lagging to 0.95 leading
at the grid connection point. Wind farms at higher voltage levels (66 kV) shall maintain
the following characteristics (refer figure 17 ):

Fig.17: Voltage vs. power factor characteristics of wind farms

connected above 66 kV

69
At system voltages higher than nominal, the requirement is a lagging power factor,
whereas at lower voltages, the wind farm can operate at leading power factor injecting
reactive power to the grid.

FREQUENCY TOLERANCE RANGE

The frequency tolerance range for wind farms is 47.5 – 51.5 Hz. Beyond this, the
frequency tolerance shall be manufacturer specific. Wind farms shall be able to
withstand change in frequency up to 0.5 Hz/sec.

ACTIVE POWER CONTROL

For wind farms at high voltage levels (66 kV), active power control of the wind farm
output shall be possible on system operator’s request.

The active power response of wind farms to frequency should be such that the power
injection into the grid is limited at frequencies above nominal.

Fig. 18 : Variation of active power output of wind farms with respect to frequency

LOW VOLTAGE RIDE THROUGH

Wind farms connected at 66 kV and above shall have low voltage ride through
capabilities. The operating characteristics are depicted below (refer figure ):

70
Vf : 15% of nominal system voltage Vpf : Minimum Voltage for normal operation of the
wind turbine
Fig. 19: Fault ride through characteristics

Table - 8: Fault clearing time and voltage limits

Nominal system Fault clearing Vpf (kV) Vf (kV)
voltage (kV) time, T(ms)

400 100 360 60.0

220 160 200 33.0

132 160 120 19.8

110 160 96.25 16.5

66 300 60 9.9

The fault ride through requirement brings the wind farms at par with the conventional
generators, which have this feature. The fault clearing times are as specified in the IEGC
/ state grid codes. However, the timeline for implementing the same shall be based on
the penetration levels of wind farms, the additional cost involved and usefulness in
terms of grid management strategies.

Protection schemes for wind farm protection:

The minimum requirements with respect to wind farm protection are:

71
i) under/over voltage protection
ii) under/over frequency protection
iii) over current and earth fault protection
iv) load unbalance (negative sequence) protection
v) differential protection for the grid connecting transformer
vi) capacity or bank protection
vii) Tele-protection channels (for use with distance protection) between the grid
connection point circuit breaker and user connection point circuit breaker.

OPERATING CODE FOR WIND FARMS

The wind farm shall adhere to the operating code for safety and reliable operation of the
grid.

VOLTAGE AT THE GRID CONNECTION POINT

Table - 9: Operating voltage limits for wind farms

Voltage (kV)
% Limit of
Nominal Maximum Minimum
variation
400 +5% to -10% 420 360
220 +11% to -9% 245 200
132 +10% to -9% 145 120
110 +10% to -12.5% 121 96.25
66 +10% to -9% 72.5 60
33 +5% to -10% 34.65 29.7

FREQUENCY OF OPERATION FOR WIND FARMS

The operation of the wind turbine shall be as shown in figure. Wind turbine shall not be
started above 51.5 Hz.

REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL

The requirement with respect to reactive power and voltage control will be as
mentioned in the IEGC.

72
i) VAR drawl from the grid at voltages below 97 % of nominal will be penalized.
ii) VAR injection into the grid at voltages below 97 % of nominal will be given
incentive.
iii) VAR drawl from the grid at voltages above 103 % of nominal will be given
incentives.
iv) VAR injection into the grid at voltages above 103 % of nominal will be penalized.
As such VAR drawal from the grid when voltage is below 95 % of nominal and injection
into the grid when voltage is 105 % above nominal shall be minimized by the wind farm
operator. The charges for VAR exchange shall be specified by the Central / State
Electricity regulatory Commissions.

RAMP RATE LIMITS

Ramp rate limits aims at regulating the active power generated from the WTG and
minimizing the sudden variations in generated power due to variations in the wind.

The ramp rate limits specified for wind farms of 50 MW and above are:

Table - 10: Ramp rate limits for wind farms

Wind Farm Installed 10 min Maximum 1 min Maximum

Capacity (MW) Ramp(MW) Ramp(MW)

50-150 Installed Capacity/1.5 Installed

Capacity/5

>150 100 30

The ramping down of wind generators would be as per the request of the system
operator.

POWER QUALITY
The assessment of power quality of wind farms is done as per the requirement of IEC
61400-21: Wind Turbine Generator Systems, Part 21: Measurement and Assessment of
Power Quality Characteristics of Grid Connected Wind Turbines”

73
As regards voltage flicker limits, the IEC 61000-3-7 shall be followed. IEC 61000-4-15
gives the guidelines on measurement of flicker.

The harmonic content will be governed by total harmonic distortion of

voltage, VTHD

Where Vn: nth harmonic of voltage

V1: fundamental frequency (50 Hz) voltage

The harmonic content of the supply current is given by:

Where In: nth harmonic of current

I1: fundamental frequency (50 Hz) current

The limits for the harmonic contents are as follows:

Table - 11: Voltage harmonic limits

System Total Individual Harmonic of
Voltage (kV) Harmonic any Particular frequency
Distortion (%)
(%)

765 1.5 1.0

400 2.0 1.5

220 2.5 2.0

132 3.0 2.0

74
 Table - 12: Current harmonic limits
Voltage <69 kV >69 kV
level

ITHD 5.0 2.5

OPERATION DURING TRANSMISSION CONGESTION

During network congestion, wind farms shall operate as per instructions of system
operator. Wind shall be backed down as a last resort and shall be considered like
overflowing reservoir in Merit Order Dispatch

The demand estimation for operational purposes and demand management shall be as
described in the IEGC / state grid codes. Wind energy forecasting shall be considered for
demand estimation. The demand side management shall take into account variable
nature of wind.

FORECASTING
Wind energy forecasting will become a necessity with increase in penetration of wind
power. Scheduling of other generating plants can be carried out based on the forecast
data for wind.

Centralized forecasting facility will be a requisite in an area with aggregated capacity of

200 MW and above. The forecast will be for the following time intervals:

i) Day ahead forecast: Wind power forecast with an interval of one hour for the next
24 hours for the aggregate wind farms. This will help in assessing the probable
wind energy that can be scheduled for the next day.

ii) Hourly forecast: Wind power forecast with a frequency of one hour and interval of
30 minutes for the next 3 hours for the aggregate wind farms. This helps in
minimizing the forecasting error that can occur in the day ahead forecasting.

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Scheduling of other generators shall consider available wind generation for the
duration. The spinning reserve shall be necessary to account for sudden loss of wind
generation, based on the wind power forecast information.

As mentioned earlier, the forecasting will be implemented after considering factors like
the penetration level of wind farms, cost and tariff.

6.6 SUMMARY

The Indian Wind Grid Code has been designed keeping in mind the growth of wind
energy in the power sector scenario over the past years. Today, wind constitutes the
largest share of the 17 to 20 % capacity of renewable energy sources as on date, in the
country. As such, the framing of the grid code has been timely, as it will bring ‘Wind’ at
par with the conventional generators. The technical requirements for small wind farms
have been kept minimal and have been limited to operating voltage limits, frequency
tolerance limits, reactive power drawls and protection schemes. Conditions like fault
ride through capability and forecasting that are stringent in the present context have
been specified for larger wind farms and will be implemented in due course of time
taking into account the penetration levels of wind energy, cost of implementation, tariff
structure and usefulness in terms of grid management strategies.

Grid compliance / Power quality certification is not included in the existing WTG –
Certification schemes of IEC (International Electro-technical Commission) as well as GL
(Germanischer Lloyd). However, “GL” handles it in Germany as a separate certification
for power quality.

As of now in India Grid code / power quality certification for WTGs are not mandatory.

6.7 INTEGRATION OF WIND POWER IN INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE

(IEGC)
The Central electricity authority (CEA) and the implementing body for grid operations
the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has implemented in lesser detail
than the proposed draft Wind grid code some of the specific clauses are reproduced for
completion of discussion:

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The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) is a regulation made by the Central Commission
in exercise of powers under clause (h) of subsection (1) of Section 79 read with clause
(g) of sub-section (2) of Section 178 of the Act. The IEGC also lays down the rules,
guidelines and standards to be followed by various persons and participants in the
system to plan, develop, maintain and operate the power system, in the most secure,
reliable, economic and efficient manner, while facilitating healthy competition in the
generation and supply of electricity. The “pdf” file of grid code is given in Appendix-B.
In section (V) Part 6 Scheduling and dispatching
“Most of the wind and solar energy sources are presently connected and in future are
likely to be connected to the STU or the State’s distribution utility. However, keeping in
view the variable nature of generation from such sources and the effect such variability
has on the inter- state grid, and in view of the large-scale integration of such sources
into the grid envisaged in view of the Government of India’s thrust on renewable
sources of energy, scheduling of wind and solar energy sources has been incorporated
in this Code”.

5.2 (u) Special requirements for Solar/ wind generators

Operator (SLDC/ RLDC) shall make all efforts to evacuate the available solar and wind
power and treat as a must-run station. However, System operator may instruct the solar
/wind generator to back down generation on consideration of grid security or safety of
any equipment or personnel is endangered and Solar/ wind generator shall comply
with the same. For this, Data Acquisition System facility shall be provided for transfer of
information to concerned SLDC and RLDC (i) SLDC/RLDC may direct a wind farm to
curtail its VAr drawl/injection in case the security of grid or safety of any equipment or
personnel is endangered. (ii) During the wind generator start-up, the wind generator
shall ensure that the reactive power drawl (inrush currents incase of induction
generators) shall not affect the grid performance.
5.3 (g) The SLDC shall take into account the Wind Energy forecasting to meet the active
and reactive power requirement.

5.5.1 (b) A daily report covering the performance of the regional grid shall be prepared
by each RLDC based on the inputs received from SLDCs/Users and shall be put on its
website. This report shall also cover the wind power generation and injection in to grid.

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5.7.1 (c) ……. The outage planning of run-of-the-river hydro plant, wind and solar power
plant and its associated evacuation network shall be planned to extract maximum
power from these renewable sources of energy. Outage of wind generator should be
planned during lean wind season, outage of solar, if required during the rainy season
and outage of run-of-the river hydro power plant in the lean water season.

6.5 sub 23. Special dispensation for scheduling of wind and solar generation

(i) With effect from 1.1.2011 Scheduling of wind power generation plants would have to
be done for the purpose of UI where the sum of generation capacity of such plants
connected at the connection point to the transmission or distribution system is 10 MW
and above and connection point is 33 KV and above, and where PPA has not yet been
signed. For capacity and voltage level below this, as well as for old wind farms (A wind
farm is collection of wind turbine generators that are connected to a common
connection point) it could be mutually decided between the Wind Generator and the
transmission or distribution utility, as the case may be, if there is no existing contractual
agreement to the contrary. The schedule by wind power generating stations may be
revised by giving advance notice to SLDC/RLDC, as the case may be. Such revisions by
wind power generating stations shall be effective from 6th time-block, the first being the
time –block in which notice was given. There may be maximum of 8 revisions for each 3
hour time slot starting from 00:00 hours during the day.
(iii) Concerned RLDC and SLDC shall maintain the record of schedule from renewable
power generating stations based on type of renewable energy sources i.e wind or solar
from the point of view of grid security. While scheduling generating stations in a region,
system operator shall aim at utilizing available wind and solar energy fully.
Special annexure 1
Sub 3. Wind energy being of variable nature, needs to be predicted with reasonable
accuracy for proper scheduling and dispatching of power from these sources in the
interconnected system. Hence wind generation forecasting is necessary for increased
penetration. Wind generation forecasting can be done on an individual developer basis
or joint basis for an aggregated generation capacity of 10 MW and above connected at a
connection point of 33 kV and above. If done jointly, the wind forecasting facility shall
be built and operated by wind developers in the area and sharing of the cost shall be
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mutually discussed and agreed. 4. The wind energy forecasting system shall forecast
power based on wind flow data at the following time intervals:
i) Day ahead forecast: Wind/ power forecast with an interval of 15 minutes for the next
24 hours for the aggregate Generation capacity of 10 MW and above.
ii) The schedule by such wind power generating stations supplying interstate power
under long–term access and medium-term and short-term open access may be revised
by giving advance notice to RLDC. Such revisions by wind power generating stations
shall be effective from 6th time-block, the first being the time –block in which notice was
given. There may be maximum of 8 revisions for each 3 hour time slot starting from
00:00 hours during the day.
Annexure 1/ sub clause 5. The wind generators shall be responsible for forecasting their
generation up to accuracy of 70%. Therefore, if the actual generation is beyond +/- 30%
of the schedule, wind generator would have to bear the UI charges. For actual
generation within +/- 30% of the schedule, no UI would be payable/receivable by
Generator, The host state, shall bear the UI charges for this variation, i.e. within +/-
30%. However, the UI charges borne by the host State due to the wind generation, shall
be shared among all the States of the country in the ratio of their peak demands in the
previous month based on the data published by CEA, in the form of a regulatory charge
known as the Renewable Regulatory Charge operated through the Renewable
Regulatory Fund (RRF). This provision shall be applicable with effect from 1.1.2011, for
new wind farms with collective
Capacity of 10 MW and above connected at connection point of 33 KV level and above,
and who have not signed any PPA with states or others as on the date of coming into
force of this IEGC. Illustrative calculations in respect of above mechanism are given in
Appendix.
6. A maximum generation of 150% of the schedule only, would be allowed in a time
block, for injection by wind, from the grid security point of view. For any generation
above 150% of schedule, if grid security is not affected by the generation above 150%,,
the only charge payable to the wind energy generator would be the UI charge applicable
corresponding to 50- 50.02 HZ .

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 SECTION - 7

LESSONS LEARNED FROM INDIAN WIND POWER PROGRAMME

In this section discussions are provided under initial impediments and remedial actions
taken by state as well as Central governments in India.

7.1 INITIAL IMPEDIMENTS TO ORDERLY DEVELOPMENT

It is well understandable in a democratic set-up private sector project activities are

mostly executed at a much faster rate than the state owned utilities. The technology
introduced in India being mainly for grid-connected wind power, the state electricity
boards could not obviously keep pace with their private developers in evacuating the
generated wind power in remote areas where the distribution net-work had not been
established.

The best windy sites being located around the mountain passes in the south-western tip
of India, the industries to make use of the generated electricity from the wind had not
developed in the region. This resulted in very poor evacuation infrastructure and many
times resulted in grid being denied during the windy summer months.

Later, in the south west monsoon that followed the hot summer, when there was moist
monsoon air and at higher wind velocities, the agricultural pumping load which is one
of the major demand came to a halt due to the associated rain. That is causing the
supply being more than the demand in the available electricity network. At times the
Electricity boards forced wind mills to shut down their operation when there is good
wind due to lack of inadequate demand and capacity of infrastructure of grid systems
such as transformers, transmission lines and sub-stations and distribution lines.

Another important but missing infrastructure was the approach roads and logistical
support systems which was wholly dependent on governmental systems, involving
lengthy process of tendering and execution.

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The wind farm owners concentrated in availing the accelerated depreciation benefits on
GRID connection within the income assessment year, rather than maintaining the wind
farm operations with qualified and trained man power. This resulted in non-operating
or damaged wind mills being an eye-sore and public criticism of wind power.

Till year 2000, there was no certification and performance testing of WTG, imposed for
GRID connection, and hence some of the vendors managed to install second–hand or
obsolete technology WEGs which only facilitated depreciation benefits, but did not
contribute to real electricity generation.

In some states wind power development was politicized by spreading rumours such as
safety, noise pollution and monsoon clouds/rain being swept away by wind turbines.

7.2 INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE FROM WORLD LEADERS (DENMARK)

While the Government of India formed an independent ministry as Ministry of Non-

conventional Energy Sources (MNES), in 1998 a technical institution along with
international quality training on wind resource assessment, design evaluation and
certification and full scale type testing of WTGs was established which is the Centre for
Wind Energy Technology (C-WET).

DANIDA with partial financial assistance collaborated with MNES and was instrumental
in bringing the expertise of RISO to incorporate CWET at Chennai and Wind Turbine
Testing station at Kayathar located at 570 km south of Chennai, in a windy region.

RISO helped India to draft the currently practiced TAPS2000 (Type approval
Provisional scheme) for quality certification of wind turbines brought into India.

7.3 LESSONS FROM INDIAN BEST PRACTICES AND SOME ISSUES OF WIND
POWER
The then MNES or MNRE as is currently known, released guidelines for implementation
of RLMM process for implementation of minimum requirements for marketing wind
turbine (WTG) models in India for grid-connected generation of electricity.

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Several institutional mechanisms, regulatory and statutory guidelines were formed and
practiced by MNRE, GOI through state nodal agencies and SEBs, in spite of power being
concurrent subject in India. The complexities of socio-political diversity and the centre-
state relations are implicit in implementing policies which are concurrent in state and
centre. The multi-institutional mechanisms made the system to orderly development.

Many promotional measures, explained earlier came into existence and the sector had
an impressive growth rate of 20 to 25% which has been same as that of the rest of the
western world where wind power spread rapidly.

Wind resource assessment which is the key starting point of wind power development
was steered by MNRE/GOI through C-WET and SNAs. The data so collected has been
used as a public domain resource for their wind project development by buying the
data from C-WET.

Winds have been monitored by private sector for much longer period. The data
collection procedure was checked by CWET and a report was issued giving the WPD
calculations. The private sector measured winds in uncharted areas; the
company/entity had a preferred status for revenue land allotment. To speed up wind
power development, in 2008 MNRE/GOI allowed private developers (mostly
manufacturers of wind turbines until IPPs started entering the industry) to measure
wind with a condition that such wind resource assessment must be vetted by C-WET.
This certainly facilitated more new found locations but is not made public as the data
being owned by private developers. The negative consequence of this being some
developers knowing wind potential sites blocked the land with power of attorney
agreements, restricting others’ access to wind farm development till they got their
business marketed.

Most of the wind turbines available in the Indian Market are designed for European
wind regime of IEC class I and II. But what would be more appropriate for India and
SAARC regime will be WEGs suitable for IEC wind class III and IV regime. For clarity it
may be re-stated as the WTGs which are designed for European region had their rated

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wind speeds in the range of 9 to 12 m/s while the SAARC region needed WTGs which
will have rated annual wind speeds in the range of 5 to 7 m/s .

Without re-inventing the wheel GOI adopted to latest wind turbine technologies and
models by adopting the same through an orderly development such as WTGs certified,
tested and made (assembled) in India with ISO quality systems.

Even though some observers in the 12th plan preliminary sub group meetings in the
ministry MNRE, felt cost reduction should happen with the present trends of 70 to 80
% indigenous production and sourcing of WTG components within India mostly in the
sub-mega watt class of WTGs, with mainly foreign supply chain maintained in the case
of mega-watt category WTGs has been the industry’s practice as of now.

Some of the research areas are listed below which deserve more focus on indigenous
development but, needs strong industry support willing to share the developmental
cost,

(i) Aero-elastic and structural design of rotor blades for efficiently capturing wind
energy for low wind regime.

(ii) Seamlessly interfacing of small wind turbine, wind-solar hybrid systems with
and without batteries into the utility grid, cost effectively maintaining the
grid frequencies and voltage in stable condition.

(iii) To exploit the off-shore wind power economically with proven technologies
including high reliability of operations and performance of wind turbines. To
develop methodologies of installation and commissioning of offshore wind
turbines cost effectively by carrying out manufacturing of even offshore
foundations in the on shore yards and developing methodologies for
transport for installation and commissioning of massive components which
have to resist loads due to water, waves, current and winds at a offshore
power plant.

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(iv) To overcome the intermittency of wind power which is affecting the
scheduling of wind power and penetration of wind generated electricity into
operational utility grids by effectively forecasting wind and wind power for
efficient load dispatching ensuring reliability of wind power as good as
convectional electric power.

(v) To carryout distributed generation and distributed usage of generated power

without much of transmission of electricity. Avoiding long transmission lines
and hence the losses the localized generation and usage is going to be the
future order in the World, while more and more renewable energy from
different sources start penetrating in the electric grid. This is equivalent to
demand side management of the ever increasing power demand or energy
demand all over the World by the mankind, generating electricity from the
appropriate source whenever needed in the local region.

(vi) Wind flow simulation in complex terrain and micrositing of wind turbines in
a wind farm, using technologies such as computational fluid dynamics(CFD)
and meso/micro scale wind atlas, and (Synthetic Aperture Radar)-SAR-image
processing.

(vii) High resolution satellite imagery and remote sensing data products validated
with appropriate ground measurements, for wind power mapping.

(viii) Studies on repowering and inter-cropping in wind farms when 30m hub
height old WTGs can co-exist together with modern 80 to 90m tall mega watt
class WTGs, including Wind turbine wake studies for policy framework.

(ix) Grid interfacing investigations and power quality issues in a weak grid.

(x) Energy transfer/storage technologies such as Compressed air / pumped hydel

reservoir or Sodium sulphide (Na2S) battery storage of surplus electricity
generated by wind for restoration during lull (no Wind ) conditions. Wind to
water techniques for sustainability (web site: www.ttu.edu) .
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But due to the manufacturer’s tied up joint ventures, license to manufacture and 100%
subsidiary mode of collaboration most of the R&D happened in closed doors with
foreign IPRs and patented detail engineering drawings, which are directly adopted in
India by the WTG manufacturing Industry, developing only capability of engineering the
product development rather than India specific R&D and design of WTGs.

To absorb higher penetration of wind energy, (or other forms of solar, geo thermal, and
small wind energy systems) in the overall energy mix, smart metering, net-metering,
smart demand side management, electricity generation, distribution and smart grid
technology adoption would be key drivers in future.

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 SECTION - 8

SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAARC MEMBER STATES

SAARC energy centre has already identified the strength and weaknesses of the member
countries in terms of energy scenario, along with availability or the lack of wind power
potential in the neighborhood countries. The energy ring (Fig.20) proposed in the SEC
formation report indicates the status of energy flow possibilities in all the member-
countries. It focuses three major hubs involving existing hydropower, natural gas
resources and energy technology access. The ring also describes the existing linkages
(geographical as well as energy) which are quite active.

Fig. 20: Energy Ring envisages in SEC formation

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Being developing economies, just like the rest of the world, all member countries have
increasing power demand. Some may generate more since they have lesser connectivity
of grid tied electricity and also have lesser industrial load demand.

The contemporary linkage of India in sharing of grid connected electric power has been
quite good with Bhutan, Nepal. With regards to wind power Sri Lanka, Afghanistan,
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Maldives seem to have low to medium wind mega watt
class utility scale generation capability. India though geographically well spread having
good to moderate windy sites, is still deficient both in electrical connectivity as well as
peak demand meeting at the distribution points. Except Nepal where a comprehensive
Wind Atlas is not yet available due to lack of measured data/mapping over the complex
terrain, all the other regions NREL, USA or RISO, Denmark assisted Wind Atlas is
available which are discussed in the country wise paras.

SARI / energy study has analyzed the possibility of a South-East Asian regional GRID
with energy sharing for sustainability. Energy Technology Partnership (ETP) in
Scotland has synergized several European countries, a dozen universities and several
(over 40) industrial partners to carry out pioneering research in the renewable and
alternate forms of energy in place of fossil fuels. One of their focused study is a project
called SUPERGEN project which has the primary goal of Energy networking to enhance
sustainability. It intends to enable high penetration of renewable mix in the electricity
Power using the significant tapping offshore wind. Wind power Take-off in SAARC
countries, has been affected by first hand wind resource assessment, logistics and road
infrastructure, grid-infrastructure with capacity upgradability as the wind power grows
in the present rate of 25% in the world. The best spinning reserve for infirm natural
green power like wind can be facilitated with hydel or natural gas based sources, apart
from effective forecasting of wind power region wise ( Figure 21. ).

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 Fig. 21: Energy supply corridor in SAARC Countries

Such a strategic combination of possibility of mutually supplementing energy is possible

with a strong will to wheel the wind power along with the other appropriate sources
including Solar, with good spinning reserve to meet the base power demand when the
wind solar stops contributing in any part of the SAARC region. This would be a possible
only if we have an operational GRID which will be able to take the wind like variable
energy with import and export opportunities for power trading among the member
countries. Even though this larger perspective has been conceived long time before
(about a decade), there have been internal and economical disturbances which had an
impact on the realization SARI/energy initiative’s goals. This report reviewed and
concentrated on probing what each of our member countries have to offer in Wind
power sector. This also indicated, what other energy source which is abundant in
member country capable of offering the necessary spinning reserve to enable the
infirm wind to be reckoned as grid-parity (cost comparable or affordable as
conventional power) firm power.

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 Table 13 : Wind Potential and Installed Potential

Table 13 gives the relative wind potential available and installed potential as in 2009
and the situation is only indicative of the trends even though as on date India has gone
up to and over 15000MW , in the other SAARC countries the wind power developments
are marginal from 2009.

AFGHANISTAN
With all its internal issues, with a slower but steadier growth rate, has the good
combination of wind and natural gas available. Even though there is no significant wind
programme in the country, they have good potential in the areas close to the southern
regions.

Fig. 22: Wind power Density and country road map of Afghanistan

A study by Tetra Tech Inc, reported and communicated country wise in the SARI /
Energy September Meet at Colombo, in 2010 states an estimate of Wind potential
15800 MW based on class 7 (>8.5 m/s) sites alone and the country is yet to be above the
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single digit mark in MW of installed capacity. The road map arrived at for Wind Power
take-off is finalized with priorities during the meeting as reported by SARI/Energy. It
has a long way to go in harnessing wind power. Several Indian companies and public
sector utilities are engaged in their re-building of road and other infrastructures
including power transmission system even in complex terrain and high attitude cold
regions such as Himalayas.

PAKISTAN
Frequent issues of internal disturbances have not hampered the intensions of the
country to go greener. Wind and hydel potential hold promise. Availability of natural
gas adds to the management of peak power demand in the base power generation
capabilities. Its strategic positioning gives an edge to contribute the SAARC energy
exchange for sustainable development of the region.

Fig. 23: Wind power Density and country road map of Pakistan

Having a good potential in wind class 7 sites alone to an extent of 15200MW, and having
clear land connectivity for power sharing with a good installed hydel base power as
spinning reserve, it is only appropriate for this nation should just speed up
development. According to latest reports several IPP mode project developers are
already operational in Pakistan’s aggressive targets for renewable energy. A recent
study by AF- Mercados – EMI states, the key strength of shaping up of independent
regulation and also highlights country’s looming shortages. Such as 600 kWh/annum as
per capita electricity generation, 35% of villages not having access to electricity and

90
25% in peak demand deficits as demand - supply gap. The SEC’s (SAARC Energy Center-
SEC ) effort is sure to guide the wind power take-off in a fast track mode.

BHUTAN
Bhutan projected by AF-Mercados EMI as one of the regional energy stars has
significant surplus with highest per capita electricity generation of 764 kWh/ annum
mostly from its hydel sources. Bhutan has been already pumping in good amount of
electrical energy in the Indian utility grid using their hydel excess generation. Bhutan
along with Nepal has very good potential for large as well as small hydro schemes and
since situated in complex and hilly terrain even though localised winds are existing it is
difficult to logistically move large wind turbine components and erection equipment
like the cranes. The strategy for Bhutan should be to trade hydro-electricity as a good
spinning reserve for wind power in SAARC countries using smart or HVDC or low line
loss transmission grid network. Even though HVDC lines for such low power operations
may not be cost effective, if such low loss transmission network is established for
important routes of gird the excess transmission line capacity can be very well utilized
for transmitting the excess wind power when ever it becomes available.

Fig. 24: Wind power Density and country road map of Bhutan

Bhutan’s moderate scenario of 542 MW wind power potential can be very well bundled
with their rich hydro power ( ≈ 3000 MW) to make infirm wind power as dispatch able
grid friendly firm power with hydel spinning reserve, supporting the development of
wind farm in India and Bhutan. Small wind energy systems with or without wind-solar

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hybrids can be suggested considering the complexity of mountainous region. However
specific wind resource assessment, analysis, microsurvey and micrositing of wind
potential sites is a pre-requisite. There is a clearly defined focused RE program with
Bhutan which can be realized with concerted efforts by SEC.

NEPAL
Even though historically Nepal found wind energy applications over hundreds of years
ago with locally made wind machines for water pumping and other applications, it is yet
to exploit few MWs of wind potential in the country for any kind of commercial
applications. In 2010 there is a good move to cash on the wind, solar energy and other
renewable energy potential through a exclusive centre of renewable energy. The
excellent hydel potential available in this region can similar to Bhutan serve as a viable
spinning reserve for renewables such as wind, solar, which are naturally infirm. Roof
top wind electric Generators are becoming quite popular in Nepal many of them using
an off grid application, since as on date grid connected electricity is not available in
most of these place.

Fig. 25: Wind power Density and country road map of Nepal

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Energy mix from wind with an estimated level of 448 MW seems uncertain with the
kind of moderate to low wind speeds in Nepal. Other major hurdles are the complex
hilly terrain, lack of wind resource assessment and lack of leading engineering
industries for local supply chains. Among SAARC nations NEPAL with the promise of
plenty ( 43000 MW potential), still lacks both in peak and base power deficits and yet,
has the least per capita electricity generation of 100 kWh/annum, according to the
recent study of AF-Mercados-EMI. The power exchange of Nepal with India needs to be
a highlight.

NEPAL-INDIA POWER EXCHANGE

As mandated by the NEA Act 2041, NEA undertakes cross border power exchange with
India under the Power Exchange Agreement with the Government of India. An Indo-
Nepal Power Exchange Committee undertakes implementation of the Agreement.
Though Nepal and India have been exchanging power for mutual benefits for more than
three decades, the progress has been quite slow and unsatisfactory and because of
inadequate generation facilities to cope with the demand, it has been experienced that
‘exchange’ is highly of mutual benefit for Nepal and India. Moreover, India has a massive
demand of more than 100,000 MW (about 25000 MW in northern region alone) and
hence hundreds of MW can be exported to India. The National Water Plan prepared by
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) has estimated short term (by 2012)
and long term (by 2027) export potentialities of Nepal as 116.5 MW and 683.6 MW,
respectively (the export potential could be expected to increase in the context of
recently introduced ‘10,000 MW in 10 yrs’ plan). On the other hand, there is a lack of
cross border power transmission lines for considerable levels of exchange which had
constrained the Nepal-India power exchange. This is why exchange level of 5 MW set
out in 1972 has just reached to mere 50 MW in a span of 35 years.

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SRI LANKA
AF-Mercados-EMI highlights this country as the one with untapped huge renewable
potential, while having 100% access to electricity with per capita electricity of 500 kWh
/ annum. A naturally hilly and green island nation has very little power cuts with most
of their energy is coming from hydel and fossil fuels. Wind powering Srilanka would
save them huge foreign exchange outflow towards oil imports. The island nation has
logistically located in an advantageous geographic site with abundant (24000 MW on-
shore) wind energy potential, being close to India, one of the world’s fast growing wind
turbine industry.

Manufacturing hub i.e India, couple of Indian project developers already have
established in the coastal regions MW-class wind farms. More wind power from Sri
Lanka can be exported to India if an effective grid can be implemented with sub-sea
cabling (HVDC : High Voltage Direct Current ), since the
cost of transmission of electricity across the gulf through conventional overhead lines is
likely to be quite high and its maintenance too is difficult in such environment Sri Lanka
has one of the best Grid code with all the features of requirements for seamless
penetration of renewable in their energy mix.

Fig. 26: Wind power Density and country road map of Sri Lanka

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Next to India, Sri Lanka has the highest installed capacity (33MW) of wind power
development which is quite small when compared to the estimated onshore-only wind
potential of 24000MW. Even though demand-supply gap is quite low ( with only
occasional some deficits), it’s hydel facilities can become an excellent spinning reserve
to trade wind power as firm conventional power, since excess wind power if any, can
also be used in pumped hydel storage.

MALDIVES
Another island nation member of the SAARC has several small and a medium sized
cluster of Islands mostly powered (100% import of oil) by Diesel Generator sets and has
a huge foreign exchange outflow towards power generation. It can think of using
technologies available for exploiting renewable energies including wind, solar and bio-
mass to reduce the carbon emission apart from saving significant import of oil or gas.

Fig. 27: Wind power Density and country road map of Maldives

Economic viability of available wind power for Maldives needs to be studied with
possible offshore deployment for captive use in the country to avoid paying up for
importing of fossil fuels. While sharing of electricity to other member countries by

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Maldives may be limited, the SAARC countries’ experience in technology development
and deployment can be very well be adopted for wind power development in both for
grid-tied as well as off-gird roof top-stand alone applications, shedding a good amount
of fossil fuel import bill. The occasional extreme wind events like frequency of cyclones
may require special consideration during design stage of wind turbines.

BANGLADESH

Fig. 28: Wind power Density and country road map of Bangladesh

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Bangladesh is state to be endowed with resources (of gas and coal) but still facing
constraints with over 60% of population having no access to electricity with 25% deficit
in demand-supply gap. Commercial capacity wind farms have fewer feasible sites even
though it has a target of 1000MW by 2020. Standalone and roof-top hybrid wind-solar
applications may have to be encouraged.

INDIA
Next to Europe, USA, China, and Spain, India has largest manufacturing capability for
Wind Electric Generators (WEGs). Even though due to its ever increasing demand for
power due to escalating population it is still power hungry and having power cuts,
India can be a cost effective wind energy technology and supply chain provider for all
SAARC members on a priority basis. India’s regional leadership in wind power in terms
of policy, Grid connection, manufacturing capability, human resource development,
wind resource assessment, feasibility studies, due-diligence of wind power project
planning and development.

Fig. 29: Wind power Density and country road map of India

According to Indian wind Turbine Manufacturers’ association (IWTMA), and Ministry of

New and Renewable Energy, (MNRE/GOI), India had a record year for new wind
energy installations in 2011, with 2,300 MW of new capacity added to reach a total

97
of 14157 MW at the end of the year. Renewable energy is now 11 % of installed
capacity, contributing about 4.% to the electricity generation mix, and wind power
accounts for 70% of this installed capacity. Currently the wind power potential
estimated by the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) is 49.1 GW, but the
estimations of various industry associations and the World Institute for
Sustainable Energy (WISE) and wind power producers are more optimistic, citing
a potential in the range of 65- 100 GW. CWET’s Wind Atlas study also indicates
about 100GW at 80m level which needs validation of the meso scale atlas
predictions through mast based measurements as it has been validated sufficiently
for the 50m level. For effective investment grade wind resource India plans to
superimpose the land-use and land cover map on the Wind Atlas using modern GIS
(Geological Information Systems).

Historically, actual power generation capacity additions in the conventional

power sector in India has been fallen significantly short of government targets.
Even the recent analysis of AF-Mecados-EMI gives out the pointers on per capita
electricity generation as 630-700 kWh/annum with only 50% having access to
electricity and highlights the severely constrained emerging market by significant
deficit (12-15% in energy) in the demand-supply gap. For the renewable energy
sector, the opposite has been true, and it has shown a tendency towards exceeding
the targets set in the five-year plans. This is largely due to the booming wind
power sector. Given that renewable energy was about 2% of the energy mix in
1995, the current growth is a significant achievement even in comparison with
most developed countries. This was mainly spurred by a range of regulatory and
policy support measures for renewable energy development that were introduced
through legislation and market based instruments over the past decade.

The states with highest wind power concentration are Tamil Nadu, M aharashtra,
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.

Currently 18 of the 25 State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) have

issued feed-in tariffs for wind power. Around 17 SERCs have also specified state -
wide Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs). Both of these measures have helped

98
to create long-term policy certainty and investor confidence, which have had a
positive impact on the wind energy capacity additions in those states.

RECAP OF SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR WIND ENERGY

There has been a noticeable shift in Indian scenario since the adoption of the
Electricity Act in 2003 towards supporting research, development and innovation
in the country’s renewable energy sector. In 2010, the Indian government clearly
recognized the role that renewable energy can play in reducing dependence on
fossil fuels and combating climate change, and introduced a tax (“cess”) of Rs.50
(~USD1.0) on every metric ton of coal produced or imported into India. This
money will be used to contribute to a new Clean Energy Fund. In addition, the
MNRE announced its intention to establish a Green Bank by leveraging the Rs 25
billion (EUR 400 million / USD 500 million) expected to be raised through the
national Clean Energy Fund annually. The new entity is likely to work in tandem
with the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), a government -
owned non-banking financial company.

In keeping with the recommendations of the National Action Plan on Climate

Change (NAPCC) the MNRE and the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
(CERC) have evolved a framework for implementation of the Renewable Energy
Certificate (REC) Mechanism for India. This is likely to give renewable energy
development a further push in the coming years, as it will enable those stat es that
do not meet their RPOs through renewable energy installations to fill the gap
through purchasing RECs. However, mandatory specification of RPOs exclusively
for each type of renewable energy such as WPO, SPO, BPO for wind, Solar and
Biomass respectively would boost the effectiveness of REC-trading.

REVISIT OF POSSIBLE OBSTACLES FOR WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

With the possible introduction of the Direct Tax Code (DTC), the government aims
to modernize existing income tax laws. Starting from the fiscal year 2011-12,
accelerated depreciation, the key instrument for boosting wind power
development in India, may no longer be available.

99
Another limitation to wind power growth in India is inadequate grid
infrastructure, especially in those states with significant wind potential, which are
already struggling to integrate the large amounts of wind electricity produced. As
a result, the distribution utilities are hesitant to accept more wind power. This
makes it imperative for CERC and SERCs to take immediate steps toward improved
power evacuation system planning and providing better interface between
regional grids. The announcement of India’s Smart Grid Task Force by the Ministry
of Power is a welcome first step in this direction. SAARC energy center (SEC)can
forge effective coordination of “ haves and have-nots” among the member
countries to smartly exchange the green power with super-fast “SAARC GRID”,
spinning the firm reserve with hydel and natural gas mix into infirm Wind power,
to enable scheduled dispatch of wind farm outputs to utility Grid.

100
 SECTION – 9

SUMMARY AND WAY FORWARD

While it is important to summarize what has been attempted as Indian case study in the
drafted report , rather a compilation of several published/presented contributions
most of which are easily accessible with little effort in this e-world, one should not
undermine the price India has paid /has been paying to capital equipment which has
mostly been foreign since WTG’s first entry in India. To cite a simple example the cost
per MW of installed capacity in India varies now from Rs. 5.5 to 6.75 crores (INR). If one
looks at the distribution as given in Fig. 30 which is outcome of a joint EU-India study, it
is obvious India needs to attempt the cost reduction of WTGs even with the present
competitive edge of over 21 Indian manufacturers/assemblers giving a range of models
of capacities 250 kW to 2500 kW.

Fig.30 Cost of typical Wind Power Plant (farm)

101
Based on the various historical milestones crossed by India, for the wind power to be
truly adopted with grid parity (capital cost and technological affordability) with
comparable cost as conventional power and to make use of measured and hidden
(unexplored) potential of wind in the onshore as well as in the continental shelf offshore
as in U.K, the following are the essential steps for way forward in SAARC region:

- Detailed Investment-grade wind resource assessment (land use pattern included

apriori)
- Micro-surveying and effective micrositing of wind farms
- Ensuring Grid infrastructure with modular grid capacity up scalability as the
WTG hub-heights /rotor-sizes and capacities.
- Enabling local manufacturing some percentage of components for cost reduction
- Insisting certification and quality standards (IEC/GL) international for WTGs
with performance of AEP (annual energy production)
- Speeding up logistical and road/grid infrastructure development.
- Planning cross-border spinning reserve apart from localized base power ; For
example a member country having excess hydel energy can cooperate with a
country having good wind power providing one of the best spinning
reserve(from hydel, button start in the event of no-wind conditions) for the
infirm wind power.
- Focusing on excess wind energy storage (pumped hydel storage (PHS) ,
compressed air energy storage(CAES) ,flow batteries/Na2S (Battery) to avoid
backing up must-run wind generation. Even though extensive research has been
ongoing on storage techniques there are a few known operational systems for
storing electrical energy generation in the world, viz. India (PHS), USA (CAES),
and Japan (Na2S Battery).
- More realistic wind forecasting for scheduling wind power as firm power.
- Dynamic policy updates keeping Climate change and carbon reduction as the
motivating factors for projects
- Promoting small wind energy systems (SWES) with solar hybrids with net-
metering (import or export to grid)
- Smart metering, data driven smart grid technologies with demand side
management for distributed generation and usage.

102
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Toufiq.A. Siddiqi, “SAARC Energy Center: Strategic and Operational Plans”,

Islamabad, 2006
2. Joshua Earnest and Tore Wizelius, “Wind Power Plants and Project
Development”, Eastern economic edition, PHI Learning Private Limited, New
Delhi, 2011
3. Siraj Ahmed, “Wind energy theory and practice”, Eastern economic edition, PHI
Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2010.
4. Pramod Jain, “Wind Energy Engineering” , Mc Graw Hill and Tata McGraw Hill
Company, NewDelhi, 2011
5. CECL,“Directory of Indian Wind Power 2010”, 10th Edition, Consolidated Energy
Consultants Limited, Bhopal-462 023, 2010
6. Draft Indian Wind Grid Code
7. Thomas Ackermamann, “Wind power in power systems”
8. IEC 61400-Wind Turbine Generator Systems – Part 21 - Measurement and
assessment of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind turbines.
9. Siegfried Heier, Grid integration of wind energy conversion system Second
Edition
10. Elliott, D., Schwartz, M., Scott, G., Haymes, S., Heimiller, D., George, R. (July
2003). “Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Pakistan”. NREL
11. Elliott, D., Schwartz, M., Scott, G., Haymes, S., Heimiller, D., George, R.
(August 2003). “Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Sri Lanka and the Maldives”.
NREL/TP-500-34518.
12. WE20, Kasthoori Rangaian.K, Rishi Muni Dwevedi. Dr., Rajsekhar Budhavarapu “
WE20 by 2020”, 2nd International Conference Souvenir, Feb 15-17, 2011, New
Delhi, India.
13. SARI/E, Southeast Asian Regional Initiative for Energy cooperation and
Development , Mid term evaluation Report , April, 2008
14. SARI/E, Supporting wind power Take-off in the SARI/Energy region: energy
security Report by Tetra Tech, April 7 , 2010

103
 WEB RESOURCES

www.gwec.net ( IWTMA – India Region report)

www.cea.nic.in
www.mnre.gov.in
www.cwet.tn.nic.in
cwet.res.in
www.ireda.nic.in
www.nrel.gov
www.nrel.gov/wind/international_wind_resources.html
http://www.mnre.gov.in/adm-approvals/wpp-gbi-gcwp.pdf
http://www.mnre.gov.in/adm-approvals/wind-hybrid-system.pdf
www.indianwindpower.com (Indian manufacturers’ association)
www.windpowerindia.com (Directory of Indian Wind power 2010/2011 publisher:CECL)
http://windpro.org (World’s largest Indian Wind power Association investors’ )
www.InWea.com (Indian Wind energy association)
www.tnebltd.gov.in (TNEB Ltd)
http://www.tantransco.gov.in (Tamilnadu Transmission Corporation Ltd)
http://www.tangedco.gov.in (Tamilnadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Ltd)

PRESENTATIONS

AF-Mercados EMI, “Integration of South Asian Regional Power Markets”, Feb 14-15, 2011

104
 ACRONYMS / ABBREVIATIONS

AC Alternating Current
AD Accelerated Depreciation
AEP Annual Energy Production
APPC Average Power Purchase Cost
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
CAGR Compounded Annual Growth Rate
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CERC Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
CF Capacity Factors
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
CWET Centre for Wind Energy Technology
DANIDA Danish International Development Aid
DC Direct Current
DFIG Doubly Fed Induction Generator
DPR Detailed Project Report
DTC Direct Tax Code
EESG Electrically Exited Synchronous Generator
ETP Energy Technology Partnership
FIT Feed in Tariff
FOR Forum of Regulators
FY Financial Year
GBI Generation Based Incentive
GEDA Gujarat Energy Development Agency
GIS Geological Information Systems

GL Germanischer LLyold
GOI Government of India
GWEC Global Wind Energy Council
HRD Human Resource Development
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
IEC International Electro-technical Commission
IEGC Indian Electricity Grid Code
IPP Independent Power Producers
IREDA Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency

105
ITCS Information, Training and Commercial Services (ITCS)
ITEC Indian Techno Economic Cooperation
IWPA Indian Windpower Producers Association
IWTMA Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers’ Association
KW Kilo Watt
KWh Kilo Watt hour
LA Land Availability
MAT Minimum Alternate Tax
MEA Ministry of External Affairs
MNES Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources
MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MW Mega Watt
NABL National Accreditation Board of Laboratories
NAPCC National Action Plan for Climate Change
NEP National Energy Policy
NLDC National Load Dispatch Centre
NREL National Renewable Energy Lab
NTP National Tariff Policy
PCC Point of Common Coupling
PLF Plant Load Factors
PMSG Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
PRDC Power Research and Development Corporation
PT Preferential tariff
PTC Provisional Type Certification
R&D Research and Development
REC Renewable Energy Certificate
RETs Renewable Energy Technologies
RISO Name of research Laboratory in Denmark
RLDC Regional Load Dispatch Centre
RLMM Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind Turbines
ROI Return on Investment
RPC Regional Power committee

RPM Revolution Per Minute

RPO Renewable Purchase Obligation
RPO Renewable Portfolio and Obligation
S&C Standards and Certification
106
SAARC Southeast Asian Association for Regional Co-operation
SEB State Electricity Boards
SEC SAARC Energy Centre
SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
SEZ Special Economic Zone
SIG Squirrel cage Induction Generator
SLDC State Load Dispatch centre
SNA State Nodal Agencies
SPV Solar Power
TAPS Type Approval Provisional Scheme
TAS Type Approval System
TEDA Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency
TOD Time of the Day
TWh Tera Watt hour
UI Utility Interface
UID Unique Identification Number
USAID United States Assistance/Agency for International Development
WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
WEG Wind Electric Generators
WISE World Institute of Sustainable Energy
WPD Wind power density (watts/sq.m)
WRA Wind Resource Assessment
WTGs Wind Turbine Generators
WTRS Wind Turbine Testing & Research Station
WTT Wind Turbine Testing
WUI Wind Utilization Index

107
 APPENDICES AND ANNEXURES
DOCUMENTS RELATED TO INDIAN WIND POWER PROGRAMME

- DNV Management System Certificate for Testing and Wind Resource Assessment
Service ISO 9001:2008
- NABL Certificate of Accreditation Electrical Testing for C – WET
- Sample Energy Purchase Agreement
- Sample Invitation for Expression of Interest (EOI)/ Proposals for Conducting
Evaluation of Scheme on Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems
- C – WET Evaluation of Test Site for Type Testing as per the Recommendations of
Relevant Standards
- C – WET Fifth List of Empanelment of Small Wind Turbines
- Geographical Information System for Indentifying Wind Potential Sites
- C – WET Guidelines for Scheduling Activities for Type Testing
- MNRE Guidelines for Wind Measurement by Private Sector and Subsequent
Development
- Guidelines on the Technical Requirement to be fulfilled by a Small Wind Turbine
Manufacturer for Empanelment with MNRE/C – WET
- MNRE Revised Guidelines for Wind Power Projects – Self Certification
- NABL Certificate of Accreditation Mechanical Testing for C – WET
- C – WET Technical Note on Micro – Siting of Wind Turbines
- MNRE Sample Request Proposals for Turnkey Consultancy Services for Wind
Resource Assessment and Installation of Small Wind – Solar Hybrid Systems (SWES)
- C – WET Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind Turbines – “ADDENDUM
– I List” to Main List Dated 22.06.2011”
- C – WET Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind Turbines – “Main List”
- C – WET Appendix to the Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind
Turbines – (RLMM) “ADDENDUM – I List Dated 26.09.2011” to “Main List Dated
22.06.2011”
- Guidelines on the Technical Requirements to be fulfilled by a Wind Turbine
Manufacturer, Prior to Signing the Agreement for Provisional Type Certification with
C – WET

108
- Sample Power Purchase Agreement of WINDMILL Karnataka Power Transmission
Corporation Limited
- MNRE TAPS – 2000 Type Approval – Provisional Scheme
- C – WET Empanelment of Manufacturers
- MNRE Modified Scheme for the Programme on “Small Wind Energy and Hybrid
Systems (SWES)
- Sample Pattern of Central Financial Assistance (CFA)
- MNRE Revised Guidelines for Wind Power Projects – Self Certification
- MNRE Guidelines for Wind Resource Assessment in Uncovered/New Areas (For
State Nodal Agency)

109
Energy Purchase Agreement executed between M/s._________________
and TNEB for purchase of power from the Group I / Group II Wind Energy
Generator which was /is commissioned before 15.05.06 / 15.05.06.

This agreement made at _______________on this_____________day

of______________________two thousand ______________________
between M/s.____________________ (Wind Energy Generator name and
address) (hereinafter called the Wind Energy Generator) (which expression
shall wherever the context so permits means and includes the successors in
interests, executors, administrators and assigns) represented by Thiru
_________________________ as party of the first part and the Tamil Nadu
Electricity Board, a body corporate constituted under the Electricity (Supply)
Act 1948. (Central Act 54 of 1948) before commencement of the Electricity
Act 2003 (Central Act 36 of 2003) and authorized to function as the State
Transmission Utility (STU) and a licensee as notified by the Government of
Tamil Nadu under the provision to section 172 of the Electricity Act 2003 and
having its office at _____________________ (hereinafter called the Board),
(which expression shall wherever the context so permits means and includes
the successors in interest, and assigns) represented by the Superintending
Engineer/_________________________ EDC as party of the Second part.

The Board and the Wind Energy Generator, unless repugnant to the context,
shall be individually referred to as the Party and collectively as the Parties.

WHEREAS the Wind Energy Generator has send to the Board, his proposal to
sell wind energy generated from his Wind Energy Generator No.________No.
of Generators of _______________ make having capacity of ______ KW each
installed at SF No.__________ of ________________ village, ____________
taluk in ___________ district / commissioned on ______________ to the
Board.

AND WHEREAS the Board has accepted the said proposal and agreed to buy
the energy from the party of the part from their _________No. of Generators of
__________ KW capacity vide Lr.
No.___________________________________________ on the terms and
conditions hereinafter agreed to.

NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESSETH AND THE PARTIES HEREBY

RESPECTIVELY AGREE AS FOLLOWS:
 DEFINITIONS

For all purposes of this Agreement, the following words and expressions shall have the respective
meanings set forth below:

"Agreement" shall mean this Power Purchase Agreement executed hereof, including the schedules
hereto, amendments, modifications and supplements made in writing by the Parties from time to time.

“Approvals” means the permits, clearances, licenses and consents to be obtained by the Generator,
as are listed in Schedule ___ hereto and any other statutory approvals.

"Billing Period" means the calendar month ending with the Metering Date. The first
Billing Period shall commence with the Commercial Operation Date and end with the
Metering Date corresponding to the month in which the Commercial Operation Date
occurs.

“Billing Date” shall be the first Business Day after the Metering Date of each Billing
Period.

Board” means Tamil Nadu Electricity Board or its successor entity or entities.

"Commercial Operation Date" shall mean the date on which the Project is certified to be
commissioned by the Board.

“Commission” means the Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission.

"Delivery Point" shall be the outgoing HT feeder gantry of the WEG.

“Delivered Energy” means the kilowatt hours of Electricity actually fed and measured by the energy
meters at the Interconnection Point in a Billing Period. The imported energy supplied by the Board to
the Project shall be similarly measured during such Billing Period and that such Energy imported
from the Board shall be deducted from the Energy Exported by the Project in order to calculate the
Net Energy delivered by the Wind Power Project.

“Due Date of Payment” means the date on which the amount payable by the Board
to the Company hereunder for Delivered Energy, if any, supplied during a Billing
Month becomes due for payment, which date shall be thirty (30) days from the
Metering Date provided the bill is received by Board within 10 days from metering
date, and in the case of any supplemental or other bill or claim, if any, the due date of
payment shall be thirty (30) days from the date of the presentation of such bill or
claim to the designated officer of the Board.

"Electricity" shall mean the electrical energy in kilowatt-hours.

“HT Feeder Gantry” shall mean the feeder gantry with brakers of 33 kV or 22 kV or 11 kV
whichever is applicable.

“EHT Feeder Gantry” shall mean the feeder gantry with brakers of 110 kV or 230 kV and above
whichever is applicable.
"Electricity Laws" shall mean Electricity Act, 2003 and the relevant rules, notifications, and
amendments issued there under and all other Laws in effect from time to time and applicable to the
development, financing, construction, ownership, operation or maintenance or regulation of electricity
generating companies in India..

"Force Majeure Event" shall have the meaning set forth in Article 14.

"GoI" means the Government of the Republic of India and any agency, legislative body, department,
political subdivision, authority or instrumentality thereof.

"GoTN" means the Government of the State of Tamil Nadu an entity existing under the laws of the
Republic of India or any agency, legislative body, department, political subdivision, authority or
instrumentality thereof.

“Grid System” means Board‟s power transmission/ distribution system through

which Delivered Energy is evacuated and distributed.

“Installed Capacity” means the capacity of the Project at the generating terminal(s)
and shall be equal to … MW.

“Interconnection Facilities” in respect of the Company shall mean all the facilities
installed by the Company to enable Board to receive the Delivered Energy from the
Project at the Interconnection Point, including transformers, and associated
equipment, relay and switching equipment, protective devices and safety equipment
and transmission lines from the Project to Board‟s nearest sub-station.

“Interconnection Point” means the point or points where the Project and the Board‟s
grid system are interconnected at receiving sub-station and is at the high voltage side
of step up transformer installed at the receiving sub-station. The metering for the
Project will be provided at the interconnection point as per Article 3.

“kV” means Kilovolts.

“KW” means Kilowatt

“KWH” means Kilowatt-hour.

"Law" means any valid legislation, statute, rule, regulation, notification, directive or
order, issued or promulgated by any Governmental Instrumentality.

"Metering Date" for a Billing Period, means the date on which the monthly joint
meter readings are required to be recorded as per the Board‟s standard procedure.

“Metering Point” means location of the meter placed at the outgoing feeder gantry of the
WEG.

“Monthly Charge” shall have the meaning as set forth in Article 4.

“Must Run Status” shall mean that project shall not be directed by the Board and/or the State Load
Dispatch Centre, as the case may be, to shut down or backed down due to variations in the
generation/consumption patterns or any commercial parameters, merit order dispatches or
existence/apprehension of any other charges or levies related to dispatch or incidental thereto.

“MW” means Megawatts.

“Project” means a WEG based power station proposed to be established by the Generator at
……………….Village, ……………….District, in Tamil Nadu State comprising of (……..) Units
with an individual installed capacity of …………….. kilowatts and a total installed capacity of
……………..MW and shall include land, buildings, plant, machinery, ancillary equipment, material,
switch-gear, transformers, protection equipment and the like necessary to deliver the Electricity
generated by the Project to the Board at the Delivery Point.

"Project Site" means any and all parcels of real property, rights-of-way, easements
and access roads located at…….. Village, ………District, Tamil Nadu State, upon
which the Project and its related infrastructure will be located, as described in
Schedule 1 hereto.

Prudent Utility Practices “Those practices, methods, techniques and standards, as

changed from time to time that are generally accepted for use in the international
electric utility industry, taking into account conditions in India / Tamil Nadu, and
commonly used in prudent electric utility engineering and operations to design,
engineer, construct, test, operate and maintain equipment lawfully, safely, efficiently
and economically as applicable to equipment of a certain size, service and type and
which practices, methods, standards and acts shall be adjusted to the extent necessary,
in order:

(a) to conform to operation and maintenance guidelines recommended by the

equipment manufacturers and suppliers and according to the guidelines given in the
Indian / International Standards code of practice for such equipments.

(b) to ensure compliance with the Electricity Act 2003, rules and other related laws.

(c) to take into account the site location, including without limitation, the climatic,
hydrological and other environmental or general conditions thereof.

(d) to conform to energy conservation and

(e) to conform to the general safety standards

Receiving Sub-Station: mean the …/…KV pooling station constructed, owned and
maintained by the Company at …….. Village for the sole purpose of evacuating the
Electricity generated by the Project to the Grid System and for facilitating
interconnection between the transmission lines emanating from the Project and the
Grid System

“State Load Despatch Center” means the State Load Dispatch Centre located in
Chennai.
“Tariff” shall have the meaning set forth in Article 4.

“Tariff Invoices” shall have the meaning set forth in Article 5.

“Technical Limits” means the limits and constraints described in Schedule …, relating to the
operations, maintenance and despatch of the Project.

“Term” means the term of the Agreement as defined in Article 8.

“Unit” means one set of wind turbine-generator and auxiliary equipment and facilities forming part
of the Project.

“Voltage of Delivery” means the voltage at which the Electricity generated by the Project is required
to be delivered to the Board and shall be …… kV.

“WEG” :means the Wind Energy Generator

Interpretation:

(a) Unless otherwise stated, all references made in this Agreement to "Articles" and
"Schedules" shall refer, respectively, to Articles of, and Schedules to, this Agreement.
The Schedules to this Agreement form part of this Agreement and will be in full force
and effect as though they were expressly set out in the body of this Agreement.

(b) In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires (i) the singular shall
include plural and vice versa; (ii) words denoting persons shall include partnerships,
firms, companies and Boards, (iii) the words "include" and "including" are to be
construed without limitation and (iv) a reference to any Party includes that Party's
successors and permitted assigns.

1. Interfacing and evacuation facilities:

a. The Wind Energy Generator agrees to interface his Generators with the
Board‟s grid through -------------- lines and shall bear the entire cost of
interfacing including the cost of lines, switch gear, metering, protection and
other arrangements from the point of generation to the Board‟s nearest
technically feasible interconnecting point.
b. It is further agreed that the works of interconnecting the Generators upto the
point of interconnection shall be executed under DCW (Deposit Contribution
Work) by the Board.
c. The Wind Energy Generator and the STU/Licensee shall comply with the
provisions contained in Central Electricity Authority (CEA) (Technical
Standards for connectivity to the Grid) Regulations, 2007 which includes
the following namely;
I. Connection Agreement
II. Site responsibility schedule
III. Access at Connection site
IV. Site Common Drawings
V. Safety
VI. Protection System and Co-ordination
VII. Inspection, Test, Calibration and Maintenance prior to Connection.

d. The Wind Energy Generator agrees to comply with the safety measures
contained in Indian Electricity Rules 1956 till such time Central Electricity
Authority (Safety and Electric Supply) Regulations come into force.

e. Both the parties shall comply with the provisions contained in the Indian
Electricity Grid Code, Tamil Nadu Electricity Grid Code, the Electricity
Act, 2003, other Codes and Regulations issued by the Commission / CEA
and amendments issued thereon from time to time

2. Operation and Maintenance:

a. The Wind Energy Generator agrees that the starting current of the
Generators shall not exceed the full load current of the machine and to
provide the necessary current limiting devices like thyristor during starting.
b. The Wind Energy Generator agrees to minimize drawl of reactive power
from the Board‟s grid so that the power factor shall be maintained between
0.85 lag and 0.95 lead subject to payment of required charges for drawal of
reactive power as per the Commission‟s order in force and to control the
voltage regulation within 5% of the rated voltage at the point of supply.
c. The Wind Energy Generator agrees to provide suitable automatic safety
devices so that the Generators shall isolate automatically when the grid
supply fails.
d. The Wind Energy Generator agrees to maintain the Generators and the
equipments including the transformer, switch gear and protection
equipments and other allied equipments at his cost to the satisfaction of the
authorized officer of the Board.
e. The changing of the rupturing capacity of the switch gear and settings of
the relays, if any, shall be subject to the approval of the authorized officer
of the Board.
f. The interconnecting lines shall be maintained by the Board at Board‟s
cost.
g. There shall be no fluctuations or disturbances to the grid or other
consumers supplied by the grid due to paralleling of the Generators. The
Wind Electric Generator shall provide at his cost adequate protection as
 required by the Board to facilitate safe parallel operation of the Generators
with grid and to prevent disturbances to the grid.
h. The Wind Energy Generator agrees that the Board shall not be responsible
for any damage to his Generators resulting from parallel operation with the
grid and that the Board shall not be liable to pay any compensation for any
such damage.
i. The generators shall be maintained effectively and operated by competent
and qualified personnel.
j. In case of unsymmetrical fault on HV Bus, the wind energy generators
shall share the fault current according to impedance of the circuit. To meet
such contingency and for safe operation of the Generator, the Wind
Energy Generator shall provide the following scheme of protection
namely;
(i) Separate overload relays on each phase and earth fault relays
shall be installed by the Wind Energy Generator. Under no
circumstances, these relays shall be by passed.
(ii) With suitable current transformer and relay
connections, the load sharing by the Wind Energy
Generator and Board shall nbe limited to their rated
capacity.
(iii) Adequate indication and control metering for proper
paralleling of
the generators on the HV Bus shall be made available.
(iv) Protection co-ordination shall be done by the Licensee / STU in
consultation with Regional Power Committee and relays and the
protection system shall be maintained as per site responsibility
schedule.
(v) Grid availability shall be subject to the restriction and control as
per the orders of the SLDC and as per Tamil Nadu Electricity Grid
Code.
3. Metering Arrangements:
k. The Wind Electric Generator shall provide special energy meters
with facilities to record export and import of energy and as per the
standards / procedures stipulated in the Central Electricity
Authority’s ( Installation and Operation of Meters) Regulations
2006 and regulations/directions issued by the Commission there
on, in respect of type, ownership, location, accuracy class,
installation, operation, testing and maintenance, access, sealing
safety, meter reading and recording, meter failure or discrepancies,
anti tampering features, quality assurance, calibration and periodical
testing of meters, additional meters and adoption of new
technologies.
l. The Wind Energy Generator shall also adopt the standards and
procedures as stipulated in the Tamil Nadu Electricity Grid Code and
Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission – Intra State Open
Access Regulations 2005 in respect of metering.
 m. The Wind Energy Generator may request STU/Distribution Licensee
to provide Main Meters. In that case he shall provide security to
distribution Licensee and shall pay for its rent and Main Meter shall
be maintained by STU/Distribution Licensee.
n. The STU/Distribution Licensee may provide Check Meters of the
same specification as Main Meters at their own cost..
o. The Wind Energy Generator can have a stand by meter of the same
specification tested and sealed by the STU/Licensee.
p. The Main and Check Meters shall be test checked for accuracy once
in six months or on request of Wind Energy Generator, and shall
also be calibrated once in a year. The meters may be tested using
NABL accredited mobile laboratory or at any accredited laboratory
in the presence of parties involved. Both parties shall seal Main and
Check meters. Defective meter shall be replaced immediately.
q. Reading of Main and Check meters shall be taken periodically at
appointed day and hour by authorized officer of distribution
Licensee/STU and generator or his representative, if present.
r. Check meter readings shall be considered when Main Meters are
found to be defective or stopped. Provided that, if difference
between the readings of main and check meter vis-avis main meter
reading exceeds twice the percentage error applicable to relevant
class, both meters shall be tested and the one found defective shall be
immediately replaced and reading of other will be considered.
s. If during the half yearly test check or annual calibration, both the
main meter and the check meter are found to have errors beyond
permissible limits, the bill shall be revised for the previous 3 (Three)
months or for the exact period if known and agreed upon by both the
parties, by applying correction as determined by the meter testing
Wing of the STU/Licensee to the consumption registered by the
meter with lesser error.
t. The Wind Energy Generator shall check the healthiness of meters
(due to blowing of the P.T fuses or due to any other causes) by
superficially checking indicator lamps or by taking readings as
frequently as possible. If both the main meter and the check meter
fail to record energy either due to the blowing of the P.T. fuses or
due to any other causes, the energy imported/exported may be
arrived at based on the standby meter, if available, or by mutual
agreement of the parties involved.
u. The term „Meter‟ shall mean a „Meter‟ as defined regulation 2 (p) of
the Central Electricity Authority ( Installation and operation of
meters) Regulations 2006.

4. Rate of Energy and other Charges:

 a. Energy Charges: The Board agreed to pay energy charges at rate of Rs.
2.75/- per Kwhr / Rs.2.90/- per Kwhr respectively to WEG group I
generators / group II generators.
b. Reactive Power Charges:
(i) for drawing reactive power up to 10% of the net energy generated –
25 paise per kvah.
(ii) for drawing reactive power more than 10% of the net energy
generated –
50 paise per kvarh for the entire reactive power drawl.
c. The Wind Energy Generator agrees that if the consumption of the wind
mill is more that the generation during a particular month, such excess
consumption shall not be allowed to be carried forward to next month and
the billing shall be done on the same month at the per unit realization rate
of HT Industrial service as per tariff order in force.
5. Billing and Payment:
a. The Wind Energy Generator agrees to raise bill on the distribution license
for the energy generated and fed into the grid after deducting the energy
imported from the grid.

b. The payments to Wind Energy Generator in respect of the energy

supplied shall be made by the Board within the same period as provided
by the Board to recover payments form its HT Industrial consumers,
which is presently fifteen (15) days as per Order No.3 of 2006 dated 15th
May, 2006.

TNERC
The Parties shall discuss within a week from the date on which the Board
notifies the Wind Energy Generator of the amount in dispute and try and
settle the dispute amicably. If the dispute is not settled during such
discussion then the payment made by the Board shall be considered as a
payment under protest. Upon resolution of the dispute, in case the Wind
Energy Generator is subsequently found to have overcharged, then it shall
return the overcharged amount with an interest of SBAR per annum plus
2% for the period it retained the additional amount. The Board/Wind
Energy Generator shall not have the right to challenge any Tariff Invoice, or
to bring any court or administrative action of any kind
questioning/modifying a Tariff Invoice after a period of three year from the
date of the Tariff Invoice is due and payable.

Where any Dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement is

not resolved mutually then such Dispute shall be submitted to adjudication
by the Appropriate Commission as provided under section 79 or 86 of the
Electricity Act, 2003 and the Appropriate Commission may refer the matter
to Arbitration as provided in the said provision read with section 158 of the
said Act. For disputes beyond the power conferred upon the Appropriate
 Commission, such disputes shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Madras
High Court.

6. Payment Security:
The Board shall open,establish and maintain transferable, assignable,
irrevocable and unconditional non-revolving Letter of Credit in favour of, and for
the sole benefit of, the Wind Energy Generator for an amount equivalent to an
average monthly bill at the option of the Wind Energy Generator.

The Letter of Credit shall be established in favour of, and issued to, the Wind
Energy Generator on the date hereof and made operational thirty (30) days prior
to the Commercial Operation Date of the Project and shall be maintained
consistent herewith by the Board at any and all times during the term of the
Agreement.

Such Letter of Credit shall be in form and substance acceptable to both the
Parties and shall be issued by any Scheduled Bank and be provided on the
basis that in the event a Tariff Invoice or any other amount due and payable by
the Board pursuant to the terms of this Agreement is not paid in full by the
Board as and when due, the Letter of Credit may be called by the Wind Energy
Generator for payment in full of the unpaid Tariff Invoice or any such other
unpaid amount.

The foregoing as determined pursuant hereto, upon representation of such Tariff

Invoice or other invoice or claim for such other amount by the Wind Energy
Generator on the due date there for or at any time thereafter, without any
notification, certification or further action being required.

The Board shall replenish the Letter of Credit to bring it to the original amount
within 30 days in case of any valid drawdown.
The Wind Energy Generator shall allow a rebate of 1% of the Tariff Invoice or
actual expenditure/charges for the LC account incurred, whichever is lower and
the same shall be deducted from the monthly Tariff Invoice payable to the the
Wind Energy Generator.

The Letter of Credit shall be renewed and/or replaced by the Board not less than
60 days prior to its expiration.

7. Applicability of the Acts and Regulations:

Both the parties shall be bound by the provisions contained in the Electricity
Act., 2003, Regulations, notifications, orders and subsequent amendments, if
any, made from time to time.
8. Agreement Period:
a. This agreement shall come into force from the date of execution and
shall remain in full force for a period of twenty (20) years.
b. In case of any breach or violation of any of the clauses in this
agreement,by any party, the other party shall be at liberty to terminate this
agreement by giving three months notice.

9. Default

Notwithstanding anything contained, that upon the occurrence of an event of

default by the Parties, the Parties may deliver a Default Notice to the Board in
writing which shall specify in reasonable detail the event of default giving rise
to the default notice, and calling upon Board to remedy the same.

At the expiry of 30 (thirty) days from the delivery of the default notice and
unless the Parties have agreed otherwise, or the Event of Default giving rise to
the Default Notice has been remedied, the Wind Energy Generator may serve a
“Suspension Notice” to the Board for a duration not exceeding one year
(“Suspension Period”).

During the suspension period mentioned herein above, the Wind Energy
Generator being a „must run‟ power plant, the Wind Energy Generator will
inject in the grid and get paid by the Board at the PPA rate. The Board, in turn
will be compensated by SLDC at UI Rate.
On expiry of the Suspension Period, the Board will be entitled to cure its
default and buy power from the Wind Energy Generator. In the event the Board
fails to cure the default, the Wind Energy Generator may terminate this
Agreement by delivering a termination notice to the Board and its successor
entity and the Board and in such an event Board shall enter into wheeling and
banking agreement with the Wind Energy Generator, the third party consumer
and/or Central/State Power trading utilities, to wheel the power under within or
outside the State of Tami Nadu, without charging any wheeling charge, Net
work charge, cross subsidy charge etc., for the remaining term of the
Agreement. Banking of energy wheeled shall be allowed according to the
provisions of the of the prevailing TNERC order as regards the Wheeling and
Banking.

For the purposes of this clause the Event of Default and Must Run Status shall
have the following meanings:

Wind Energy Generator‟s Default shall mean the O&M Default on part of
Wind Energy Generator, which shall mean any default on the part of the Wind
Energy Generator for a continuous period of ninety (90) days to (i) operate
and/or (ii) maintain the project at all times.
Wind Energy Generator’s default: Upon the occurrence of an event of default as
set out above, the Board may deliver a Default Notice to the Wind Energy
Generator in writing which shall specify in reasonable detail the event of default
giving rise to the default notice, and calling upon the Wind Energy Generator to
remedy the same.

At the expiry of 30 (thirty) days from the delivery of this default notice and unless
the Parties have agreed otherwise, or the event of default giving rise to the default
notice has been remedied, the Board may deliver a termination notice to the
Wind Energy Generator.

The Board may terminate this Agreement by delivering such a termination

notice to the Wind Energy Generator; the Board shall refer the matter to TNERC
within seven days from the date of the termination notice seeking permission for
the termination.

Not withstanding the reference above, all payment obligations as per the
Agreement prior to the date of termination of the Agreement shall be met by the
Parties.

Where a Default Notice has been issued with respect to an event of default,
which requires the co-operation of the Parties to remedy, the Board shall render
all reasonable cooperation to enable the event of default to be remedied.

Board‟s Default: The occurrence of any of the following at any time during the
term of this Agreement shall constitute an Event of Default by the Board:

a. Failure or refusal by the Board to perform its financial and other

material obligations under this Agreement.

b. Any payment default by the Board for a continuous period of forty five
(45) days.

c. It is agreed that the change of utilization of wind energy, from sale to

captive consumption may be done after giving three months notice by the
Wind Energy Generator to the Board and after executing energy wheeling
agreement on the terms applicable as per order Nos.2 and 3, dated
15.05.06 issued by the Commission.
10. Settlement of disputes – Arbitration:
If any dispute or difference of any kind whatsoever arises between the
parties relating to this agreement, it shall, in the first instance, be settled
amicably, by the parties failing which either party may approach the
Commission for the adjudication of such disputes under section 86 (1) (f) of the
Electricity Act, 2003.
11 Assignments:

Neither Party shall assign this Agreement or any portion hereof without the prior
written consent of the other Party, provided further that any assignee shall
expressly assume the assignor's obligations thereafter arising under this
Agreement pursuant to documentation satisfactory to such other Party.

Provided however, no approval is required from Board for the assignment by the
Wind Energy Generator of its rights herein to the banks, financial institutions or
any institution financing the project ( collectively known as the ‘financing
parties’) and their successors and assigns in connection with any financing or
refinancing related to the construction, operation and maintenance of the
Project.

In furtherance of the foregoing, the Board acknowledges that the financing

documents may provide that upon an event of default by the Wind Energy
Generator under the financing documents, the financing parties may cause the
Wind Energy Generator to assign to a third party the interests, rights and
obligations of the Wind Energy Generator thereafter arising under this
Agreement.

The Board further acknowledges that the financing parties, may, in addition to
the exercise of their rights as set forth in this section, cause the Wind Energy
Generator to sell or lease the Project and cause any new lessee or purchaser of
the Project to assume all of the interests, rights and obligations of the Wind
Energy Generator thereafter arising under this Agreement.

12. Dispute Resolution

All disputes or differences between the Parties arising out of or in connection

with this Agreement shall be first tried to be settled through mutual negotiation.
The Parties hereto agree to attempt to resolve all disputes arising hereunder
promptly, equitably and in good faith.
Each Party shall designate in writing and communicate to the other Party its
own representative who shall be authorised to resolve any dispute arising under
this Agreement in an equitable manner and, unless otherwise expressly
provided herein, to exercise the authority of the Parties hereto to make decisions
by mutual agreement.
In the event that such differences or disputes between the Parties are not settled
through mutual negotiations within sixty (60) days, after such dispute arises,
then it shall be got adjudicated by the Commission in accordance with law.

13. Notices: Any notice, communication, demand, or request required or

authorized by this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed properly
given upon date of receipt if delivered by hand or sent by courier, if mailed by
registered or certified mail at the time of posting, if sent by fax when dispatched
(provided if the sender’s transmission report shows the entire fax to have been
received by the recipient and only if the transmission was received in legible
form), to:

In case of the Wind Energy Generator: ______

Name : _____________
Designation : _________
Address : ____________
Ph. Nos.: _______ Fax No.: ________

In case of the Board:

Name : _____________
Designation : _________
Address : ____________

Ph. Nos.: _______ Fax No.: ________

13. Severability: Any provision of this Agreement, which is prohibited or

unenforceable in any jurisdiction, shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to
the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating the
remaining provisions hereof and without affecting the validity, enforceability or
legality of such provision in any other jurisdiction.

14. FORCE MAJEURE

14.1Force Majeure Events: Neither Party shall be responsible or liable

for or deemed in breach hereof because of any delay or failure in
the performance of its obligations hereunder (except for
obligations to pay money due prior to occurrence of Force
Majeure events under this Agreement) or failure to meet
milestone dates due to any event or circumstance (a "Force
Majeure Event") beyond the reasonable control of the Party
 experiencing such delay or failure, including the occurrence of
any of the following:
(i) acts of God;
(ii) typhoons, floods, lightning, cyclone, hurricane,
drought, famine, epidemic, plague or other natural
calamities;
(iii) strikes, work stoppages, work slowdowns or other
labour dispute which affects a Party’s ability to
perform under this Agreement;
(iv) acts of war (whether declared or undeclared), invasion
or civil unrest;
(v) any requirement, action or omission to act pursuant
to any judgment or order of any court or judicial
authority in India (provided such requirement, action
or omission to act is not due to the breach by the
Company or Board of any Law or any of their
respective obligations under this Agreement);
(vi) inability despite complying with all legal requirements
to obtain, renew or maintain required licenses or Legal
Approvals;
(vii) earthquakes, explosions, accidents, landslides;fire;
(viii) expropriation and/or compulsory acquisition of the
Project in whole or in part;
(ix) chemical or radioactive contamination or ionising
radiation; or
(x) damage to or breakdown of transmission facilities of
either Party;
(xi) breakdown of generating equipment of the Company;
(xii) breakdown of the Project equipment;

The availability of Article 14.1 to excuse a Party’s obligations under this

Agreement due to a Force Majeure Event shall be subject to the following
limitations and restrictions:

(i) the non-performing Party gives the other Party written

notice describing the particulars of the Force Majeure
Event as soon as practicable after its occurrence;

(ii) the suspension of performance is of no greater scope

and of no longer duration than is required by the
Force Majeure Event;
 (iii) the non-performing Party is able to resume
performance of its obligations under this Agreement, it
shall give the other Party written notice to that effect;

(iv) the Force Majeure Event was not caused by the non-
performing Party’s negligent or intentional acts, errors
or omissions, or by its negligence/failure to comply
with any material Law, or by any material breach or
default under this Agreement;

In no event shall a Force Majeure Event excuse the obligations of a Party that
are required to be completely performed prior to the occurrence of a Force
Majeure Event.

14.2 Payment Obligations in Force Majeure : For avoidance of doubt, neither

Party's obligation to make payments of money due and payable prior to
occurrence of Force Majeure events under this Agreement shall be suspended or
excused due to the occurrence of a Force Majeure Event in respect of such
Party.
In witness where of Thiru.________________________ acting for and on
behalf of _________________________ (Wind Energy Generator name)
________________________ authorized officer of the Board acting for and on
behalf of the Board have here unto set their hands on the day, month and year
herein above first mentioned.

In the presence of witnesses:

1)
Signature
Wind Energy Generator
Common Seal
2)

In the presence of witnesses:

1)
Signature
Authorised officer of the
Board
2)
 No. 23/32/2011-WE
Government of India
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
( Wind Power Division)

14, CGO Complex, Lodi Road,

New Delh-110003.

Dated : 29.04.2011

Subject: Invitation for Expression of Interest (EOI)/ proposals for conducting

evaluation of Scheme on Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems.

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) intends to engage

national/ international level reputed consultants to undertake evaluation of Scheme
on Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems as per Terms of Reference (TORs)/
Scope of Work given in the Annexure.

(a) Background of Evaluation

The Ministry has been implementing a scheme on Small Wind Energy and
Hybrid Systems since 9th plan. Under the programme, financial support is provided
for installation of wind mills for pumping water or battery charging and wind–solar
hybrid systems for off-grid applications. The programme, upto the year 2009-10 was
implemented through state nodal agencies (SNAs). The then system of sanctioning
and implementation of the systems was very time consuming. It was also felt that the
systems being installed under the scheme were not standardized and therefore
there was also a need to modify the procedure of empanelment of manufacturers of
SWES giving more emphasis to the quality of the product.

The scheme was modified in 2010-11 by rationalizing the financial support

and by making it in market mode with more active involvement of manufacturers and
beneficiaries. The empanelment procedure for manufacturers was also modified by
making it mandatory to have a test report by Centre for Wind Energy Technology(C-
WET) as per IEC standards. The financial support is made on kW basis (not
percentage of the cost as was in previous scheme) on reimbursement basis (no
advance release as was in earlier scheme). The scheme also has a provision to
support Demonstration projects in N-E , J&K states including Leh Ladakh area with
higher financial support. The scheme also has provision to support small wind –solar
hybrid systems in grid interactive mode, if the state utilities allow them.

The scheme has responded well. In earlier years systems of around 100-110
kW were installed every year. During 2010-11, after introduction of the modified
scheme, systems of capacity of around 650 kW have been sanctioned and another
proposals of around 400 kW are in process.
 (b) Purpose of the Evaluation Study

The modified scheme has been welcomed by all the stake-holders in the
sector. It has created more interest and acceptability in the beneficiaries. The
purpose of the study is to evaluate the performance of the systems installed under
the scheme and assess the suitability of various provisions in the existing scheme
and to suggest the changes required, if any.

2. Eligibility

Reputed consultants or consulting organizations having an experience of at least

5 years in conducting such assignments and an annual turnover of at least Rs.
5 0 . 0 0 l a k h s per year during the last three years will be eligible/ preferable. Having
sector specific experience and in- house capability to manage the assignment, will be
an added advantage.

3. Criteria for evaluation of firms

The consultants shall be short listed inter-alia based on their past experience of
handling similar type of studies, strength of their manpower and financial strength of
the consultancy firms. The firms will be evaluated/ assessed broadly on the
following criteria:

i. General Criteria
ii. Organsiational structure and constitution;
iii. Core business and duration of business;
iv. Technical and managerial capability of the firm;
v. Performance record of the last five years;
vi. Methodology and work programme for the proposed assignment;
vii. Experience in the field of assignment and qualification of key team
members to be deployed in the work (full time & part time separately);
viii. Likely time period indicated to complete and submit the report.

4. Preliminary Examination

After receipt of the bids, MNRE at its discretion may invite any or all the
applicants for discussions with a view to sort out any minor inconsistencies and seek
clarification on the bids received.

5. Presentation

All incoming expressions of interest will be examined thoroughly. Eligible

applicants would be required to personally discuss and make a presentation on their
credentials and the proposal before a Committee of Officers constituted by the Ministry.
The exact date, time and venue for the discussion and presentation would be
communicated separately. The Technical and Financial bids of only those firms would
be accepted which are found suitable to conduct the evaluation/ study and short listed
by the Committee on the basis of the discussions and presentations.

6. Submission of Expression of Interest

Nationally and internationally reputed consultants/ consulting firms with

adequate and specific expertise in conducting such assignments are invited to submit
Expression of Interest for selection to Shri Shobhit Srivastava, Scientist “B”, Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy, Block No. 14, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003 by 1700
hours on 25th May, 2010, in a sealed cover superscripting “Expression of Interest for
Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems Scheme”.

Together with the Expression of Interest, the following details are to be sent:
i. Full particulars of the Constitution, ownership, organizational structure and main
activities of the prospective consultant, including details of full time professionals.
ii. Unabridged annual reports or audited financial accounts for the last three years.
iii. Names and short CVs of the full time & part time researchers proposed to be
involved in the work (the CVs would need to be backed by written commitment of
the person of availability of his service)
iv. Details of major assignments undertaken of a similar nature, during the last five
years.
v. Methodology – A detailed plan indicating how it proposes to carry out each study
in the specific sector/ subject/area. The Plan shall include the rationale behind
the intended methodology.

Important: No price bid, rates or cost estimate should be indicated in the EOI
document. Consultancy firms doing so will invite instant disqualification.

7. Submission of bids

As second step to bidding for the consultancy, Technical bid document that
includes detailing the following information may be sent in a separate sealed cover
addressed to Shri Shobhit Srivastava, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy:

 Understanding of the TOR (from the perspective of the bidder)

 Plan Approach & Methodology: A detailed plan indicating how it proposes to
carry out evaluation/ study should be indicated. The Plan shall include the
rationale behind the intended methodology. The Consultancy Agency also shall
be required to provide details in respect of: (a) Documentation review (desk
study); (b) Interviews and/or consultations; (c) Field visits, if any; (d)
 Questionnaires, if any proposed to be used; and (e) Participation of stakeholders.
The questionnaire shall be got vetted by MNRE.
 Implementation Schedule
 Technical Proposal and Proposed price for the consultancy (Separately in two
envelopes). The bids (EOI)/ proposals are to be submitted in two parts as under:

i. Technical bid consisting of all the technical details along with

commercial terms and conditions covering the following specifications:

(A). The technical bid should be submitted with the details of the approach and
methodology for undertaking the study and the task-wise activities to be involved as per
the terms of reference (TOR) for the study as given in the Annexure.

(B). Evaluation of Technical Proposal: The consultancy firm’s technical proposal

(TP) will be evaluated (by the Consultancy Evaluation Committee (CEC) to be set up in
MNRE for the purpose. While evaluating the proposal the CEC will take into account (i)
the consultant’s relevant experience for the assignment, (ii) the quality of the
methodology proposed, (iii) the qualifications of the key staff proposed; and (iv)
capability for transfer of knowledge with the firm on the subject. The TP will be
evaluated for the above criteria by awarding marks as per the requirement of the study.

Important: The Ministry would not reimburse any of the expenses incurred by the
Consultant/Agency towards preparation of the EOI document, travelling cost, boarding
and lodging incurred by it for attending any pre-bid discussion or bid meeting or visiting
the Ministry for making the presentation. The Ministry shall in no case be responsible for
any such costs whatsoever, regardless of the outcome of the EOI / bidding process.

(C) Names and short CVs of the full time & part time researchers, including field of
specialization of each of the proposed key personal to be deployed on the assignment
(the CVs would need to be backed by written commitment of the person of availability
of his/ her service). The CVs must be accurate, complete and signed by an authorized
official of the consultant/consulting firm and the individual proposed.

ii. Financial bid indicating task-wise price for the tasks mentioned in the
technical bid with full details/instructions.

1) The technical bid and the financial bid should be sealed by the bidder in
separate covers duly super scribed and both these sealed covers to be put in a bigger
cover which should also be sealed and duly super scribed.

2) The financial bids of only those firms will be opened who have scored a certain
level of marks in the evaluation/presentation of the respective technical bids are found
as per specifications stipulated by the technical evaluation committee(TEC).
8. Time Schedule

The final report of the study is to be completed within four months time from the
award of work (extendable by the MNRE at its discretion depending upon the
requirements/ justification). The following schedule needs to be adhered:

i) By the end of one month the consultancy firm shall make a presentation of the
inception report of the study to the MNRE.

ii) The first draft report of the study shall be submitted to the MNRE within two
months from the date of award of the study after taking note of the points raised
during the presentation.
iii) The final report shall be submitted within one month after receiving the comments
from the MNRE on the Draft Report.

9. Period of validity of Bids

Bid shall remain valid for a period of not less than three months after the
deadline date for bid submission. A bid valid for a shorter period shall be rejected by
the Ministry as non-responsive. The MNRE may request the bidder to extend the
period of validity for a specified additional period in exceptional circumstances. During
this time/period the Bidders will maintain without change, the personnel proposed for
the assignment and the proposed price.

10. Earnest Money Deposit

The Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) of Rs. 10,000/- should accompany the
technical bid by Demand Draft drawn in favour of DDO, MNRE, New Delhi and payable
at New Delhi. The EMD would be forfeited if the bidder withdraws his/ her bid during
the validity period. EOI/ Bid received without EMD shall not be considered.

11. Payment terms and conditions

The normal payment terms for the consultancy are scheduled as follows, unless
agreed otherwise:

 20% of the total consultancy to be paid upon submission / presentation of an

inception report ( To be released against the Bank Guarantee for equal
amount valid up to 02 months beyond the contracted time for the submission of
final report);
 30% of the total consultancy to be paid on submission of the first draft of the
evaluation report; and
  50% to be paid on the finalization and submission of the report draft based on
feedback from the MNRE.

12. Data, services and facilities to be provided by the MNRE

Data and services available with MNRE will be provided to the consultant by MNRE.
Any facilities like office space, rest house, transport, computer, photocopying facilities and
typing/ stenographic assistance etc. would not be provided by the Ministry to the
consultancy firm. .

13. Final outputs (i.e. Reports etc.) required of the Consultant

 Inception report;
 Soft Copy of the data and information;
 20 copies of final report in coloured printing.
 Coloured photographs of the Programme visited/evaluated.
 Presentation to MNRE upon preparation of final report.

14. For any clarification, pl. contact Shri Dilip Nigam, Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy, Block 14, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi ( Tele: 011- 24368911, E- mail:
[email protected] )
 Annexure

Terms of Reference for the Evaluation of scheme on

Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems

The Evaluation Study will cover the followings :

(i) To assess the impact of these systems in view of the progress of

the scheme and the performance of the projects under the scheme.

(ii) To assess the barriers, constraints, if any and possible remedial

measures in the scheme. Also to assess the impact of the scheme
in the sector.

(iii) To indicate the cost-benefit analysis of these systems and indicate

whether intended objective is accomplished.

(iv) The study will be done on sample basis. It will include interaction
with State Nodal Agencies, manufacturers of small wind aero-
generators and their association, beneficiaries, MNRE officials,
any other organization in consultation with MNRE. The consulting
firm will visit the projects on random basis (at least 20 nos) in the
states of Maharashtra, Goa, Tamilnadu, and Manipur etc. to
assess the performance of these projects.

(v) To assess whether amount and pattern of financial support being

provided needs to be revised.

(vi) To assess the implementing procedure of the scheme and indicate

if there is a need for modification.

(vii) To suggest the feasibility of having SWES systems in grid

interactive mode. Various issues in making these systems in grid
connected mode needs to be addressed. The issues like what will
be tariff paid to such projects by utilities alonwith capital support
from MNRE.

(viii) To suggest any other modification in the scheme.

 ¯Ö¾Ö−Ö ‰ú•ÖÖÔ ¯ÖÏÖîªÖê×÷֍úß êú−¦ü
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
¯Ö¸ü߁ÖÖ µÖæ×−Ö™ü Testing Unit
“Öê®Ö‡Ô- 601 100/Chennai-601 100
Technical Note: CWET/TEST/TN/1/2009 Date: 21.12.2009

Evaluation of test site for Type testing as per the recommendations of relevant
standards

1. Introduction

The Type Testing of wind turbines is being conducted at WTTS as well as field sites as
per the recommendations of relevant IEC standards. The following tests are being
conducted as per the Type Approval Provisional Scheme (TAPS-2000) or any other
scheme in vogue.

1.1 Power Performance measurements

1.2 Safety and Function testing
1.3 Yaw Efficiency
1.4 Load measurements

At this point in time the Type testing of wind turbines is being conducted at WTTS
(Wind Turbine Test Station, Kayathar) under Category II/III and at field sites under
Category II/III of the Certification Scheme after the evaluation of the site as per the
recommendations of relevant IEC standards.

2. Assessment of the site

The site conditions of terrain, environmental and electrical grid should be favorable in
order to carry out the above mentioned tests as per the recommendations of the
International Standards. The sites proposed by the customer shall be assessed based on
the following information provided by the customer and the methodology recommended
in the relevant standard.

3. Information to be provided by the customer

3.1. Customer shall make available a 1:50000 contour map (20 m contour interval-Survey
of India Map) with the proposed test site and the meteorological mast clearly marked on
it. The 20 m contour should be provided separately in *.dwg/ *.dxf format.

CWET/TEST/TN/1/2009 Page 1 of 4 Date of Issue: 21.12.2009

Version: 1.10
Type tests shall be conducted in complex terrains if the requirements of relevant
standards regarding site calibration are met. The terrain shall be treated as complex if the
slopes are above the limits mentioned in table 4.1.3.

3.2. Customer shall make available 1 m contour map of the area around the proposed
location of the test turbine up to a distance of 8L where L=2.25D±0.25 and D is the rotor
diameter of the test turbine.
The contour map should have a scale of 1:1 and in *.dwg/ *.dxf format

3.2.1. The contour map shall clearly indicate any significant objects in the area such as
other wind turbines, proposed wind turbines, belonging to any developer including those
of the customer, transmission towers, vegetation, hutments, plantations etc. These objects
shall be drawn to scale and should be recent in time. A table providing details including
height and width of objects shall be provided in the format as required by WAsP (Wind
Atlas Analysis and Application Program). Photographs for eight azimuth directions
should also be included.

8L
WTG
location
(center of
the circle)

Figure 3.2.1 Area to be covered for contour map (highlighted in figure)

L=2.25D±0.25 where D is the rotor diameter of test turbine

3.3. Time series wind data from the proposed site, which is continuous at least for one
year, should be made available as 10-minute averages. If the measurement site is
different, a contour map (Survey of India map of 1:50000) with 20 m contour interval
should be supplied with the exact location of the wind mast and the proposed test turbine
site clearly marked. In no case data from more than 10 km in level terrain and 3 km in
case of complex terrain shall be acceptable.

3.4. Extreme climatology at the proposed locations as per IS 875 part III.

3.5. The power curve of the proposed test turbine in table format wherein the wind speed
corresponding to rated power is also shown.

3.6. The power law index at the proposed site.

CWET/TEST/TN/1/2009 Page 2 of 4 Date of Issue: 21.12.2009

Version: 1.10
4. Evaluation methodology

C-WET on receipt of the proposal will carry out the following

4.1. Evaluation of the information provided by the customer

4.1.1. Wind conditions

The wind data of the site shall be evaluated as per the recommendations of IEC standards
for 1.5*Vref where Vref corresponds to the wind speeds at 85% of rated power. The wind
speed measured at a particular height shall be extrapolated to the height of the hub of the
proposed test turbine based on the power law index. The annual variation of 5% lower
wind speeds shall be considered for a site which shall be incorporated in the measured
data (10min -5%*10min).
where 10min is the 10 minute measured average wind speed

4.1.2. Measurement Sector

The measurement sector shall exclude directions having significant obstacles, significant
variations in topography or other wind turbines, as seen from both the test turbine and the
meteorological mast. The elimination methodology shall be as per the recommendations
of IEC 61400-12-1. However the recommendation does not indicate any absolute sector
and this has to be determined from the data of the wind direction and the proposed period
of measurements.

4.1.3. Terrain Slopes

The slopes of the terrain shall be evaluated and compared at L,2L,4L and 8L from the 1
m contour map with the recommended slopes in the standard given in the following table

Table: 4.1.3. Slopes specified in the IEC recommendations.

Distance Sector Maximum Slope Maximum terrain
% variation from plane
< 2L 360° <3* <0.04 (H+D)
≥ 2 L and < 4 L Measurement sector <5* <0.08 (H+D)
≥ 2 L and < 4 L Outside <10** Not applicable
measurement sector
≥ 4 L and < 8 L Measurement sector <10* <0.13 (H+D)
* The maximum slope of the plane, which provides the best fit to the
sectoral terrain and passes through the tower base.

** The line of steepest slope that connects the tower base to individual terrain
points within the sector.

CWET/TEST/TN/1/2009 Page 3 of 4 Date of Issue: 21.12.2009

Version: 1.10
The slopes of the terrain determined in a complex terrain will give an indication for the
position of the mast. However further analysis may be required during the site visit for
positioning the meteorological mast.

4.2. Site visit of the proposed locations

During the site visit by the testing unit of C-WET the following activities shall be carried
out.

4.2.1 Verification of the obstacles and terrain conditions as per the map.
4.2.2 Finalization of the position of the meteorological mast
4.2.3 Finalization of the sector for measurements considering the final
position of the mast.
4.2.4 Information from the customer regarding the following critical local issues,
which shall be verified at the site.
4.2.4.1 Land availability for met mast
4.2.4.2 Grid availability
4.2.4.3 Security issues for the data acquisition equipment

4.3. Selection of most feasible location for testing

The proposed site shall be selected provided it conforms to the IEC recommendations
regarding measurement sector, terrain and wind conditions. The viability of
measurements at the location in respect to the above mentioned critical local conditions
shall be studied and finalized

The feasibility of measurements at the proposed site shall be reported to the customer.

CWET/TEST/TN/1/2009 Page 4 of 4 Date of Issue: 21.12.2009

Version: 1.10
 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
FOR
IDENTIFYING WIND POTENTIAL SITES

Joint Pilot Study

by

Wind Resource Assessment Unit

Centre for Wind Energy Technology RS & GIS Application Area
Autonomous Institution of & National Remote Sensing Agency
Min. of NES, Govt. of India Dept. of Space, Govt. of India
Chennai – 601 302 Hyderabad - 500 037
The study is aimed at carrying out a pilot study for identifying wind potential
locations to establish wind farms using the space technology and advanced
computerised systems such as Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical
Information System (GIS). An area of about 450 sq. kms around Muppandal
wind monitoring station covering Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari Districts in
Tamilnadu is selected to carry out the pilot study. It is situated on the western
side of the western ghat mountain. The wind monitoring station is located on
the exit of Aralvaimozhi gap in the mountain. This area is chosen for the
reasons that C-WET has already conducted a micro-survey study of wind
resources in Muppandal area using the wind data collected by the Wind
Monitoring Station installed over there and the complex nature of the terrain.
The terrain conditions in terms of natural settings such as current land
use/cover, geology/geomorphology, soils, slope, drainage etc are mapped
using the Indian Remote Sensing satellite multispectral false colour
composites and also consulting Survey of India topomaps.

The five major Land Use/Land Cover categories present are Agriculture
(64%), Forest (18%), Wastelands (11%), Built-up land (5%) and Water bodies
(2%). These categories are grouped in to different roughness lengths classes
which have bearing on the wind speeds/power.

Geomorphologically most of the wind gaps / pediment gaps are in the central
part of the study area especially in the denudational hill zones. These gaps are
formed due to severe denudation along the major regional structural trends
and highly jointed charnockite rocks. As the gaps are oriented perpendicular
to the wind direction, they form potential zones for harnessing the wind
energy.

The properties of soils with reference to their type, nature and distribution in
terms of their physico-chemical, morphological and engineering aspects such
as liquid limit and plastic limit are studied. The entire area is divided into
zones of high, medium and low suitability classes with respect to establishing
wind mills.

The slope map shows that nearly 70 percent of the study area is relatively flat
and suitable for locating wind mills. Nearly 24 percent of the study area is
not suitable for locating wind mills from the point of view of slope which is
more than 15 percent.

The drainage and surface water bodies are the other spatial elements mapped.
They have to be avoided while carrying out the site suitability analysis for
locating the wind potential areas.
A mathematical function named Weibull density function is widely accepted
for the prediction of wind characteristics since it is a good match with the
experimental data. Weibull distribution shows its usefulness when the wind
data of one reference station (along with terrain data) are being used to
predict the wind regime in the surroundings of that station. The WAsP model
and wind atlas methodology are used for analyzing and assessing wind
resource in Muppandal area. The assessed wind resource is then plotted as the
isopleths of wind power densities at an interval of 50 W/m2.

Digital databases are created and organized for all the terrain parameters and
wind power density information as per the requirement for analysis. The
multi-source data thus created is analysed using advanced data integration
techniques available in ArcGIS software package.

The digital databases so generated are analysed to derive the spatial

distribution of potential wind farmable sites in the study area. This task is
accomplished using a set of decision rules (reasoning) which are formulated
taking the knowledge of experts in relevant fields, ground observations and
terrain conditions into consideration.

The results of the analysis show that nearly 40 percent of the study area is
good for establishing wind mills. Rest of the 60 percent area is mainly
covered with features such as structural hills, good forest and intense
cultivation. The intensely cultivated area in the intermountain valley which is
in the western part of he study area is not favorable for establishing wind
mills. Area in the east of the Mahendragiri hills is very good for establishing
the wind mills and almost all the potential sites lie east of Mahendragiri hills.

The potential wind farmable areas map generated from the analysis of
information on natural resources and wind power density in the study area is
validated in the field jointly by the scientists from C-WET and NRSA.

The results of study have amply proved that the GIS technology in
combination with remote sensing can play a major role in identifying areas
suitable for establishing the wind farms.
This pilot study demonstrates the importance of terrain parameters and the
need for their integration with wind derived information for scientifically
locating the suitable sites for wind farms development.
SOME IMPORTANT MAPS
AUGUST 2006
 ¯Ö¾Ö−Ö ‰ú•ÖÖÔ ¯ÖÏÖîªÖê×÷֍úß êú−¦ü
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
¯Ö¸ü߁ÖÖ µÖæ×−Ö™ü Testing Unit
“Öê®Ö‡Ô- 601 100/Chennai-601 100
Technical Note: CWET/TEST/TN/2/2009 Date: 21.12.2009

Sub: Guidelines for scheduling activities for Type Testing

The testing unit experiences over runs to the planned schedule of starting and completing
assignments in a windy season for which the agreement has been signed mainly due to
the following reasons.

1. Delay in site feasibility studies.

2. Delay in the installation of the test turbine.
3. Delay in finalizing the test plan.
Since measurements for all the assignments in different parts of the country are to be
started and completed within the windy period from April to September, the time
schedule of related activities needs to be adhered strictly.

In order to aid the customer and C-WET in carrying out the above mentioned aspects as
a pre-requisite for the successful completion of testing, the following schedule shall be
adhered.

Sl.No Site feasibility – Activities Time frame

1. Input to C-WET for the site feasibility Latest by first week of January.
studies(Please refer Technical Note-
CWET/TEST/TN/1/2009)
2. Site feasibility report issued by Latest by first week of February.
Testing Unit.
3. Comments on site report by Certifying Latest by third week of February.
body.
4. Incase site does not meet the Latest by first week of March.
requirements, and if an alternate site is
proposed then alternate site report
shall be released.
5. Certifying body comments on Latest by third week of March.
alternate site report.
6. Agreement signing. Latest by third week of March.

CWET/TEST/TN/2/2009 Page 1 of 2 Date of Issue: 21.12.2009

Version: 1.10
Sl.No Test Plan finalisation – Activities Time frame

1. Submission of input documents as Latest by first week of January.

*
listed below to Testing unit.
2. Completion of review of MLCs by Latest by first week of February.
Certifying body.
3. Final conclusion on MLCs. Latest by first week of March.
4. In case of any delay in finalising of Latest by second week of March.
MLCs/other tests.
5. Agreement signing. Latest by third week of March.
6. Release of draft test plan by Testing Latest by third week of March.
Unit.
7. Comments on draft test plan by Latest by first week of April.
Certifying body and issue of final test
plan.
8. Signing of the test plan. Latest by second week of April.

Sl.No Test turbine – Activities Time frame

1. Availability of Test turbine at factory. Latest by first week of March

2. Instrumentation of the Test turbine at Latest by third week of March
factory.
3. Dispatch of the wind turbine by the Latest by fourth week of March
manufacturer/customer.
4. Erection and commissioning of the Latest by second week of April
wind turbine by
manufacturer/customer to the test site.
5. Instrumentation of erected turbine at Latest by second week of April
site.
6. Start of measurements. Latest by fourth week of April

MLC- Measurement Load Case

*Input documents to be submitted by the customer
a. Control and safety philosophy including braking programs with their
timings.
b. Load and load cases document including the details of DLCs.
c. List of MLCs.
d. Documentation for evaluating the taking up of Type testing.
e. Letter of acceptance of the Certifying body to engage C-WET for Type
testing.

Note 1. The requests for Type testing received after the above mentioned schedule/non
adherence of the above mentioned schedule for requests received shall be taken
up in the next windy season.
CWET/TEST/TN/2/2009 Page 2 of 2 Date of Issue: 21.12.2009
Version: 1.10
 No.51/9/2007-WE
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy
(Wind & Biomass Division)
….

Block No.14, CGO Complex,

Lodhi Road, New Delhi
Dated: 20.06.2008

Sub: Guidelines for Wind Measurement by Private Sector and

subsequent development.

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has been carrying
out a Wind Resource Assessment (WRA) Programme in the country through the
Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai to identify the potential
sites for setting up grid connected wind power projects. List of such potential
sites is issued by C-WET from time to time. As of now, WRA programme is
implemented in association with Nodal agencies for New & Renewable Energy
programmes in concerned States. A number of State Nodal Agencies have come
forward to supplement the WRA involving private sector. In view of this and to
broad-base the WRA through independent private participation, the following
guidelines are issued to ensure uniform wind measurements and subsequent
development.

(i) Procedure methodology, equipment, height of the mast

(measurements at a minimum of 50 m level is compulsory), etc. to
be followed should be standards adopted and accepted universally
for all private developers, for carrying out wind resource
assessment study on their own. The period of measurement
should be adequate with minimum wind data for complete one
year. Such standards shall be announced by C-WET and displayed
on their web site.

(ii) The extended area would be normally 10 km from the mast point
to all directions for uniform terrain and limited to appropriate
distance in complex terrain (mountainous and hilly) with regard to
the complexity of the site.

(iii) Private developers, who are desirous for collecting wind data at
specific locations should inform the details of the site to C-WET,
Chennai (Unit Chief, WRA Unit) through the concerned State Nodal

1
 Agency. Such information will be registered by C-WET on a
nomincal payment of Rs.5000/- per site. In case, the companies
want to outsource the activity through any other agency/body, they
have to furnish necessary documents to establish the credentials of
such agency/body, experience, expertise etc. C-WET’s team may
visit this site for verification during the period of measurement..

(iv) The raw data as collected, in binary formats shall be submitted by

the owner of the wind data and the same will be examined and
certified by C-WET with reference to the details submitted by the
owner of the wind monitoring station (Ref: Annexure) for its
feasibility as per norms of MNRE under appropriate agreement
between the private developers and C-WET.

(v) Based on C-WET’s recommendations concerned SNA will accord

necessary clearances and NOC for setting up wind farm. It is also
recommended that proper micro-siting should be carried out by
private developers/investors while planning the wind power
projects.

(vi) The site would be listed by C-WET in a separate category on the

basis of wind farmable site qualifying that the assessment is based
on the data collected by private farms/developers with the
following information: Site name, Village, District, and State &
Name of the Owner/Company of wind monitoring station.

(vii) A period of three years is considered sufficient for the

manufacture/developer to establish a wind farm, once the NOC is
issued for the site and it should be done within the period unless
there are extenuating circumstances like non-availability of
evacuation arrangements, forest clearances, that are beyond the
control of the developer, in which case this could be extended but
in any case for not more than 5 years in total, subject to the
certification of such circumstances by the State Nodal Agencies .
Thereafter, if there is no development at the site, even after 3/5
years, the site would be offered to any other developer by the
concerned State Nodal Agency. The SNA would be at liberty to
invite bids for setting up wind power projects in the such sites,
where no development is taken up within prescribed period(s).

(viii) It may so happen that the developers could get Government lands
allotted or private lands purchased but do not take up the setting
up of the farm at the site where the wind potential is established.
In such cases, the State Governments would resume the lands so

2
 allotted or acquire the land purchased by the developers at the
same price at which the sale deeds were registered and offer the
lands to other developers by inviting bids.
(ix) After 3/5 years, when the site is declared open for others, all data
of the site will be treated as part of C-WET knowledge bank and
will be given in the normal list of potential stations by C-WET.

2. C-WET will charge a fee of Rs.2.0 lakh for each assignment. The amount
will be deposited in full with C-WET along with submission of data for analysis
by C-WET only after C-WET will take up validation of data (Ref. para (iv)
above).

3. The same procedure would be adopted mutatis-mutandis for measuring off-

shore wind data by private sector, subject to necessary clearances by relevant
authorities. The fee to be charged by C-WET would be Rs.3 lakhs per site.

(J.R.Meshram)
Director

To

All State Nodal Agencies

Copy to:

1) President, IWTMA, Chennai

2) Vice-President, IWPA, Chennai

3
 Annexure

Verification of Procedure of Wind Monitoring

The following details may be furnished to Centre for Wind Energy Technology, Chennai.
1. SITE PLAN.

a. Photographs of the monitoring station from eight azimuth directions.

b. Survey of India map on which the exact location of the station is clearly marked (mention
latitude & longitude).
c. Scaled site plan with immediate obstacles (<100m) clearly marked.
d. Give the location of nearest IITM or C-WET monitoring station vis-à-vis the station under
consideration.

2. STATION INSTALLATION REPORT (Should be submitted within one month after

installation of wind mast)

a. The report shall contain detailed description of the site.

b. Height of the mast, Height of sensors ( anemometer, wind vane, temperature sensor).
c. Anemometer & Direction sensor mounting arrangements.
d. Model and Serial number of sensors and data-loggers.
e. Method ensured to set up direction sensor.
f. Date of installation and dismantling.

3. DETAILS OF INSTRUMENTATION

a. Manual readings are not acceptable

b. Fully automatic data loggers shall be used. The data loggers must collect time correlated
time series data for wind speed and direction, extreme winds etc. Details of the
instrumentation employed should be furnished.
c. All sensors used shall possess valid calibration certificates.
d. The calibration certificates shall be produced for verification within one month after the
installation of the mast..

4. DATA COLLECTION, STORAGE AND PROCESSING

a. Data retrieval periodicity.

b. Methods used for data management and security.
c. Raw data files (Binary & ASCII) for verification. This shall be kept confidential.
d. Details of software used for storage and management of data
e. Details of software used for analysis.
f. Monthly report and yearly report of wind data with joint frequency distribution.
 ¯Ö¾Ö­Ö ‰ú•ÖÖÔ ¯ÖÏÖîªÖêא֍úß êú­¦
(­Ö¾Öß­Ö †Öî¸ü ­Ö¾Öߍú¸üÖßµÖ ‰ú•ÖÖÔ ´ÖÓ¡ÖÖ»ÖµÖ êú †¬Öß­Ö Ã¾ÖÖµÖ¢Ö †­ÖãÃÖÓ¬ÖüÖ­Ö ‹¾ÖÓ ×¾ÖúÖÃÖ ÃÖÓãÖÖ, ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ ÃÖ¸üúÖ¸ü)
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous R&D Institution under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India)
An ISO 9001:2008 Organisation

†Ö¸ü ‹Ó›ü ›üß µÖæ×­Ö™ü / R&D UNIT

C-WET/R&D/EMPL/2010 Date: 12.07.2010
×™ü¯¯ÖÖß / Note:
Sub: Guidelines on the technical requirement to be fulfilled by a small wind
turbine manufacturer for empanelment with MNRE/C-WET

The small wind turbine manufacturers who wish to be empanelled with MNRE/C-WET
must submit the following documents to C-WET:
I. In the case of 'Provisional empanelment' for manufacturers without a
valid type test report from accredited laboratory*:
• Registration certificate showing legal identity of the company;
• Adequate manufacturing facility and quality system adhering to ISO 9001
requirements / proof of having applied for ISO
• Detailed technical specification of the turbine.
• Product manual covering details of installation, maintenance, routine
inspection and personnel safety.
• Minimum simplified design document as per the format provided by R&D unit.
• Electrical circuit diagrams.
• Number of installations and its performance, as per the format provided by
R&D unit.
• Name plate prominently indicting wind turbine manufacturer and country,
model and serial no., revision no., production date, maximum voltage and
current at turbine terminals, frequency for turbine connected to the grid.
• Enter into an agreement for type testing with C-WET as per the IEC
stipulations with the above details.

II. In the case of 'Empanelment' for manufacturers with a valid type test
report from accredited laboratory*

• Registration certificate showing legal identity of the company;

• Adequate manufacturing facility and quality system adhering to ISO 9001
requirements.
• Detailed technical specification of the turbine.
• Product manual covering details of installation, maintenance, routine
inspection and personnel safety.
• Type test reports for power performance measurement, safety & function
tests and duration test.

* Any laboratory with accreditation as per ISO/IEC 17025 requirements or any other
laboratory on merit recommended by the Committee for empanelment of small wind
turbines and issuing type test reports as per the requirements of IEC standards .Such
laboratories should also be in a state to support C-WET by providing the detailed reports
as and when required.
 No.66/53/2006-WE
Government of India
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(Wind Power Division)

Block No.14, CGO Complex,

Lodhi Road, New Delhi-11003

Date: 08.01.2010

Sub: Revised Guidelines for Wind Power Projects – Self Certification regarding.

In partial modifications to the Ministry’s Circular of even number dated

08.12.2009 regarding the above mentioned subject, the following modifications /
changes have been incorporated:

(i) The Page no. 2, Para 2 (i) (a) – shall now be read as under:

a. Qualifying criteria*

 Having own manufacturing facility in India and is in operation for

past five years.
or

Has a track record of installation of atleast 100 MW wind power

projects in India.

 Has obtained ISO-9001 certificate and has capacity to provide full

fledged after sales service.

 Atleast one model has been tested and certified by C-WET or any
recognized international agency.

*The decision of C-WET/ Revised List of Models and Manufacturers (RLMM)

committee shall be final on the matter.

(ii) The Page no. 2, Para 2 (i) (b) – shall now be read as under:

b. Number of machines allowed to be installed

The existing manufacturers shall be permitted to install and commission.

50 no. of machines on commercial basis from the date of signing of agreement
for type testing and certification with C-WET / internationally accredited type
testing and certifying agency after completing the requirements as given in the
Technical note to be prepared by C-WET – Refer Para 1 (i) above.

1
(iii) The Page no. 3, Para 2 (ii) (b) – shall now be read as under:

b. Number of machines allowed to be installed

The new manufacturer shall be permitted to install and commission. 20 no.

of machines on commercial basis from the date of signing of agreement for type
testing and certification with C-WET / internationally accredited certifying agency
after completing the requirements as given in the Technical note to be
prepared by C-WET – Refer Para 1 (i) above.

(iv) The Page no. 3, Para 3 – a additional point has been included which is as under:

(iii) “Wind turbine models for which type testing and

certification agreements signed with C-WET based on
the earlier MNRE guidelines no.66/53/2006-WE dated
24.07.2008, the conditions stipulated therein shall be
followed.”
(v) The Page no. 4 (Annexure), Para 1 – shall now be read as under:

This guideline document is applicable for the Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers
those who sign the projects for the Type Testing and Certification either by
themselves or by their collaborators under the recognized Type Certification
schemes (in vogue) as per TAPS-2000 (amended) with any International Accredited
Type Testing and Certification Body other than C-WET and seeking inclusion in RLMM
list under Self Certification as per the MNRE guidelines.

(vi) The Page no. 4 (Annexure), Para 2 – shall now be read as under:

2. After signing the agreement, the wind turbine manufacturer shall submit all the
required documentation for Type Certification within the time schedule or extension, if
any as per the MNRE guidelines. However, atleast all the documents shall be
submitted within six months period, except type test reports. The wind turbine
manufacturer shall submit a letter issued by the Type Certification Body regarding the
status of submission of the all the required documentation for Type Certification within
the time schedule or extension, if any. Similarly, a letter issued by the type testing body
regarding the status of type testing shall be submitted.

2. The other provisions / terms and conditions mentioned in the Guidelines no.
66/53/2006-WE dated 08.12.2009 on the subject shall remain unchanged. This issues
with the approval of the competent authority.

(G. UPADHYAY)
Director
To
All concerned.

2
Centre for Wind Energy Technology

A Technical Note on Micro-siting of Wind Turbines

1.0 Introduction
Wind turbines are often deployed in large numbers in a given windy area.
They offer a unique opportunity to increase the total installed capacity to the required
level in a modular fashion. While doing so, it becomes necessary to arrange the
machines in such a manner that at each location, the operation of the machine has the
least interference from other machines and by itself will not cause strong interference
to other machines in the vicinity. When a turbine is deployed in a given small area,
there will be a change in the wind environment in the immediate surroundings. Two
major effects are found to occur. The first one is that the wind speeds behind the rotor
will show a drop. The other is that the rotor action introduces an extra turbulence in
the wind field. Both these effects will result in reduction of wind power produced by
the machines in the “wake” of machines in the front.

FREE STREAM

WAKE REGION

WINDS
Characterized by Lower velocites
and higher turbulence.

Figure 1. Wake behind a wind turbine rotor

Increased turbulence will also modify the fatigue spectrum that the wind turbine will
be subjected to. This effect will be particularly serious on the rotor blades. This
factor should also be taken into account while carrying out micro-siting exercises.
The point to note is that no immediate effects would be observed in terms of energy
generation except that there will be slight drop in generation due to increased
turbulence. Increased turbulence has an effect on the service life of a given turbine.
The fatigue life of critical components such as blades is determined by the cumulative
damage that occurs on the various components due to stress cycling. The fatigue
damage due to this effect should be properly estimated and taken into account.

In a given array, the drop in generation for a particular machine due to other
machines interference in the flow field will vary depending upon its location vis a vis
other machines and the flow field. It will be reasonable to take park efficiency as one
figure providing that all machines are under one ownership. But, if different people
or companies’ own individual machines, the net generation a given machine
eventually gives has the potential to become a contentious issue. There fore, it may
be essential to keep the array losses in a given wind farming area minimum. In
complex terrain, this factor becomes even more critical as the land availability
becomes a major limitation.

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The other aspect is to consider the optimization of land use. Analyses have
shown that array losses are higher with close packed wind farms particularly in low to
moderate wind regimes.

The science of limiting array effects by a suitable geometric arrangement of

machine layout is generally known as micro siting of wind turbines. There are no
straightforward formulae to do this in practice. The term array efficiency is defined
as follows:

Epark
Array Efficiency = * 100
Efree
Where Epark = Output from the machine in the park
E free = Machine output without influence of other machines.

It should be noted that this number would be different for different machines
in a given array. The normal practice is to assume an overall percentage for all
machines. This is not an acceptable method because it would distort the way results
are presented.

The factors affecting the array efficiency are:

1. Mean Wind speeds and pre-dominant wind directions vis a vis available
land area.
2. Mean turbulence intensity (TI) and the machine design with regard to TI.
3. Shape, orographic, roughness features and orientation of the land that is
made available for wind farming.
4. Number of machines or the Megawatt capacity to be installed.
5. Anticipated park average output in terms of MWH/year
6. Statutory regulations with regard to neighboring lands.

With these inputs, it will be necessary to carry out an optimization.

2.0 The Procedure:

2.1 Input data to be used:

1. Machine characteristics – Certified Power curve along with the thrust

coefficient curve. The manufacturer shall supply the site-specific curves or
the curve under standard conditions. If power curve and thrust curves are
provided under standard conditions, necessary site corrections shall be
incorporated as per standards.
2. The average climatic conditions at the site shall be taken into account. If the
site has this information available, it may be used to correct for site’s air
density and other factors.

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3. Validated Orographic and Roughness maps for the region under

consideration. The model shall be validated at two or three control points.
The land survey with 1 or 2 m contour interval available in electronic form
will greatly help in micro siting. The outputs from such a survey may be used
to validate the larger orographic model.
4. Wind speed and direction data along with turbulence intensity (TI). If TI
information is not available directly, an estimate shall be made. Wind speed
information shall be for a full year or multiples of full years. It will never do
to use partial year data for this analysis as it will give a very skewed result
depending on period of collection. Where feasible, it will be a good idea to
use multiple year data rather than just one full year. Wind speed information
should be obtained from authenticated sources.

2.2 Calculations:

5. With these inputs, the machine locations shall be fixed in the given area in
such a manner that the park average output meets the anticipated levels. There
are two opposing needs to be addressed here. On the one hand, the generation
levels shall be maximized. On the other, the space occupied by the wind farm
be kept to a minimum.
6. Individual machine outputs are estimated using the model and overall outputs
are determined for a number of configurations.
7. The best wind farm plan shall be adopted for deployment.

It should be noted that a variety of situations will be encountered while planning the
layout of wind farms. Normally the layouts are defined in terms of row wise spacing
and column wise spacing. Micro-siting of wind turbines has been found to raise many
scientific and administrative challenges. The debate as to whether simplified thumb
rules can be formulated such that authorities responsible for granting permissions for
wind farming can employ without having to go back to the subject experts cannot be
easily settled.

Some broad guidelines can still be formulated to effectively utilize the land and
resources. Land in windy areas sells at a premium. In a wind farming project the
rough cost break up would be

Cost of WT hardware` 75%

Foundation 07%
Land 02%
Electrical infrastructure 10%
Miscellaneous 06%.

However, if one looks at land utilization point of view, it would become apparent that
a given tract of land could accommodate much more installed power both on a per
hectare basis and on a yield per hectare basis.

Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Page 3 of 15

 Centre for Wind Energy Technology

Predominant Wind
Direction Column wise
spacing

4D x 8D implies 4 times diameter for

column and 8 times diameter for rows.
Row wise
spacing

Figure 2. Typical Wind farm array in level terrain

2.3 Level Terrain sites:

These are flat or gently undulating terrain with vast open spaces. It is likely that such
areas have agricultural activities including coconut farming and mangroves. An
example would be the Udumalpet or Palladam areas in Tamil nadu or plains of
Gujarat and Rajasthan. Theoretically, there will be no limit on the area available for
wind farming. This will normally depend upon the land ownership related issues.
Land use patterns also have a major influence on how much of land will become
available for wind farming.

A detailed analysis to determine extent of array losses and related issues has
been carried out under identical conditions [2]. The results of this study indicate that:

Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Page 4 of 15

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1. Under high wind conditions, the array spacing can be somewhat tight. That is
the machines can be placed close to each other.
2. Under moderate wind conditions, the normally employed 5D X 7D or 4D X
8D may be still acceptable keeping in view multiple ownerships.
3. Taken on a land use efficiency basis, the lost generation due to tighter spacing
is somewhat lower than anticipated originally.
4. Inter-column distances should not be less than 3D and inter row less than 5 D.

Most of the level terrain sites are characterized by moderate wind conditions (5.5
to 6.5 m/s annually). There are exceptions to this in some of the recognized localities
such as Aralvoimozi pass. But these are not normal circumstances. Such passes need
to be considered on a separate footing.

2.4 Complex terrain Sites:

Many complex terrain sites are characterized by high winds and the wind field
is also found to be somewhat heterogeneous. That is, the same hill may have wide
fluctuations of winds over small areas. Apart from this, the area available for setting
up wind machines also will be physically limited. Often it becomes necessary to shift
locations due to local defects (sudden depressions, extended cracks on the rocky hill
tops etc..) Many of the hilltops would be so narrow that they may have to be flattened
to accommodate the machine and the installation equipment. In many cases, it will be
feasible to accommodate only one row of machines.

Therefore, much care needs to be taken in case of complex terrain sites while
micro siting. Here, each site has to be evaluated on a case-to-case basis. In case of
complex terrain sites, it has been found that due to terrain inclination, winds will
strike the rotor blades at an angle. This angle should not be more than 5 to 10°. It is
important to obtain this information from the machine manufacturer/designer. The
manufacturer shall supply information on the maximum angle that is permissible.

In complex terrain, the ambient turbulence intensities are generally high. It is

therefore important to keep this in mind while carrying out micro siting. However, the
resultant TI will saturate at a value higher than the ambient value, but would not be
summed up arithmetically.

3.0 Evaluation tools:

There are a number of tools used for determining the combined effect of deploying
wind turbines in arrays. One of the earliest tool is the RISO’s PARK program, which
was written to be used in conjunction with RISO’s WASP. Latest versions of WASP
(8.xx ) are able to take up the array effect also into account and are found to give
reasonable results. In order to determine the turbulence related and terrain induced
flow inclinations at each turbine location and its effect, WASP Engineering has been
developed and the first version is now available. Windfarmer® from RE-Soft is able
to give optimized wind farm configuration in a given area. It also has a facility to
incorporate different machines in a given wind farm. Besides these, many other
models have been developed over the years.

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These methods are essentially based on a simple moment deficit computation scheme.
Some studies have indicated that it is feasible to treat windmills as obstacles or
roughness elements and carryout the modeling. A number of wind tunnel based
studies have yielded some validation of the numerical methods employed. It should,
however be cautioned that as with any mathematical modeling, there can be some
variations between the calculated and derived values. This remains an area of
research.

The alternate method that has not found favor in the industry is the physical model
study in a wind tunnel [4]. The results and interpretation of test results, have several
difficulties including scaling, assignment of roughness turbine model itself. Apart
from this, the test section in the tunnel itself would impose various physical
limitations on the size of the model. Further, such studies are rather expensive and
are found to give results with difficulties of interpretation. Compared to this, the
numerical methods are economical and are able to give reasonably good agreement
with measurements when employed carefully.

4.0 Micro-Siting Report and Recommendations:

Any application for clearance of setting up a wind farm should be supported by a

detailed micro-siting report. The report shall cover:
1. Details of Wind Statistics (joint frequency distribution) at hub height or height
of measurement. The furnished details shall include starting and ending dates
of data used. It should also be noted that full year statistics alone be used.
The source of data shall also be scrutinized for authenticity and integrity.

2. Estimates of meteorological parameters (site temperature and atmospheric

pressure etc.)

3. Detailed description of the wind farm site. If other wind farms or other
machines belonging to different clients are in the vicinity, complete details
shall be furnished. It will be necessary for the authority giving planning
permission to verify this aspect. If very large numbers of machines are in the
vicinity, the micro-siting report shall show how the overall effect of presence
of these machines is taken into account.

4. Orographic and roughness models used in the analysis shall be furnished. The
report shall contain validation of the models employed for arriving at the final
generation figures.

5. Complete details of the power curve along with the thrust coefficient shall be
given. If a site-specific power curve has been given, the method of
transformation from standard power curve shall be specified. If standard
power curve has been used, the method of correcting the estimated energy
output shall be clearly stated. The class of wind turbine under consideration
should be taken into account while deciding the suitability of the specific
model. In complex terrain, it becomes very important to cross check each
machine location more carefully.

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6. Endeavor should be to look at a total area development rather than giving

piecemeal approvals. To the extent feasible, a given large area shall be
already checked out for array effects and shall be referred to while giving
permits for individual projects. This point is borne out by the studies
presented in the appendix I. Typical results from detailed calculations
indicating the type of array losses encountered in different wind regimes for
different array configurations are presented in appendix II.

7. In general, the developer shall leave a distance of 2 x D perpendicular to the

predominant wind direction and 3 x D distance in the pre-dominant wind
direction. The boundary of the property under consideration as shown in
figure 3. This should be applied for flat and complex terrain.

8. The inter-machine spacing within the wind farm shall be decided based on a
optimized micro-siting plan agreed to between the developer and end user.
However, the inter-machine spacing may be kept at a minimum of 3D
(perpendicular to wind direction - row) by 5D (in the direction of wind -
column).

9. In complex terrain, the inter-machine spacing may have to be decided on a

case-to-case basis. But in any case the spacing shall not be less than 3D in a
row perpendicular to pre-dominant wind direction (row).

10. Estimates of individual machines gross and park outputs shall be given. In no
case shall the overall array loss for any individual machine be greater than
15%. The overall wind farm array losses shall not be greater than 10 %.

11. Uncertainty calculations on the generation estimates also shall be given. The
calculations should include an assessment of measurement site and wind farm
site the uncertainty associated with inter-annual variations of average wind
environment.

Fig.3 Offsets from

property boundary. In
practice, it is essential to
make approximations.
Refer appendix 1

Predominant
Wind
Direction
2. D min

3. D min

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Centre for Wind Energy Technology

References:

1. Claus Nybroe, Windfarm –Planning Wind Physics, Folkecenter,

2. An exercise in micro-siting, DU/2003/002/p M.P.Ramesh, Executive
Director, C-WET
3. Sten Frandsen, RISO - Turbulence and Turbulence generated fatigue
loading on wind turbine clusters (personal communication)
4. P.E.J Vermeulen, TNO- Apeldroon, An experimental analysis of wind
turbine wakes. Third International Symposium on Wind Energy Systems.
1980.

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Appendix I

A typical area that becomes available for wind farming is considered (fig A1). The
land consists of a number of land holdings measuring several hectares. There are two
ways of looking at such an area. One is to look at the individual land holding and
permitting no machines in 100 meters from any boundary line. 100 m offset is chosen
keeping in view the machine sizes that are being installed presently. Such an exercise
was carried out in an area measuring about 1800 hectares. After the offsets, the
remaining area comes down to about 1260 hectares. But within this area if a small
holding of say 36 hectares is available, the available land would be about 40%. This
is unacceptable in general. An alternate plan would be to take into account the total
area in such a manner that the machines can be deployed in an orderly manner so that
land is used more effectively. In this case, the land that cannot be utilized for wind
farming really becomes much less, as can be seen.
yp.
100 T

A5

A4
A6

A1
A7

A2
A3

500 1000 m

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Area lost due to setoffs while windfarming

Holding Tot Area Net area % loss

A1 281 185 34.3

A2 194 140 27.9
A3 453 323 28.8
A4 379 283 25.4
A5 274 194 29.3
A6 36 16 56.7
A7 194 126 35.1

Total 1811 1265 30.1

Area in hectares

Appendix II

Some typical results of detailed calculations

The outputs from a typical micrositing analysis have been presented below to
demonstrate the array effects. The basic premise is to set up a wind farm consisting
of twenty-four wind turbines in three rows in an open flat terrain and different wind
regimes with consistently westerly winds.

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Wind farm under study

Array Losses with Wind speeds at 9.95 m/s

25

20

15 3 by 5
4 by 8
3 by 10
10 5 by 7

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

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Array Losses with Wind Speeds at 7.54 m/s

25

20

15 3 by 5
4 by 8
3 by 10
10 5 by 7

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Array Losses with Wind Speeds at 6.91 m/s

25

20

15 3 by 5
4 by 8
3 by 10
10 5 by 7

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Array Losses with Wind Speeds at 6.38 m/s

25

20

15 3 by 5
4 by 8
3 by 10
10 5 by 7

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

It may be observed that

The array efficiencies are less sensitive to inter-machine distances.

The drop in generation appears to be saturating quickly in the rear rows
With moderate wind environment, the array losses can be very significant.

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Table I gives the details of overall array losses in the four wind regimes.

Table 1 Generation as a function of Spacing and wind regime

Land required (hectares) 84.5 180.3 169 197

Land per MW 5.33 11.38 10.67 12.44

Winds ll Array >> 3D by 5D4D by 8D3D by 10D5D by 7D

(m/s)
9.95 Gross 78.139 78.293 78.108 78.487
Net 72.333 74.537 75.212 75.644
% loss 7.43 4.80 3.71 3.62

7.54 Gross 48.127 48.284 48.061 48.496

Net 42.205 44.388 44.88 45.487
% loss 12.30 8.07 6.62 6.20

7.19 Gross 45.517 45.639 45.47 45.813

Net 38.466 41.214 40.938 42.17
% loss 15.49 9.70 9.97 7.95

6.91 Gross 43.081 43.213 43.017 43.405

Net 35.903 37.843 38.326 38.84
% loss 16.66 12.43 10.90 10.52

6.38 Gross 37.056 37.142 36.999 37.289

Net 32.42 34.192 34.693 34.9
% loss 12.51 7.94 6.23 6.41

Table 2 Effect of Spacing and Wind Speeds on Generation

Generation figures in million kWh/year
Spacing HH W.S.>> 9.95 7.54 6.91 6.38

3 by 5 Maximum 3.17 2.06 1.75 1.54

Minimum 2.92 1.73 1.47 1.24
% Diff. 8.74 19.24 19.29 24.19

4 by 8 Maximum 3.19 2.07 1.75 1.54

Minimum 3.04 1.85 1.57 1.35
% Diff. 5.01 11.77 11.47 14.42

3 by 10 Maximum 3.23 2.09 1.79 1.55

Minimum 3.07 1.87 1.59 1.38
% Diff. 5.01 11.59 11.98 11.78

5 by 7 Maximum 3.23 2.09 1.78 1.55

Minimum 3.09 1.91 1.63 1.39
% Diff. 4.50 9.16 9.15 11.62

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Table 2 gives the details of difference between highest and lowest producing wind
turbines in the wind farm. As can be seen the maximum losses are suffered under low
wind regimes.

Table 3 Specific Outputs

W.Spd(m/s) 3 by 5 4 by 8 3 by 10 5 by 7
Output in 9.95 45.66 47.06 47.48 47.76
lakh kWH 7.54 26.64 28.02 28.33 28.72
per MW 7.19 24.28 26.02 25.84 26.62
6.91 22.67 23.89 24.20 24.52
6.38 20.47 21.59 21.90 22.03

Output in 9.95 8.560 4.134 4.450 3.840

lakh kWH 7.54 4.995 2.462 2.656 2.309
per hectare 7.19 5.387 2.531 2.691 2.326
6.91 5.098 2.397 2.545 2.203
6.38 4.385 2.060 2.189 1.893

The specific outputs obtained from different wind farm configurations on a per MW
basis and per hectare basis is presented in table 3.

The four array spacings considered.

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Centre for Wind Energy Technology

Rotor diameter 47 m

1997,5

1598
117,5

94
117,5
235

188
376 188

329
117,5

94
987 1128

5 D by 7 D configuration 4 D by 8 D Configuration
1198,5

1198,5
70,5

70,5
70,5
141

141

470 235 117,5

1410 705

3 D by 10 D Configuration 3 D by 5 D Configuration

Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Page 15 of 15

 MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
(WIND POWER DIVISION)

REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS

Proposals for Turnkey Consultancy Services are invited for Wind Resource
Assessment and Installation of Small Wind – Solar Hybrid Systems (SWES) in
following two regions :-

(A) All the North-Eastern States including Sikkim

(B) Laddkh region including Leh and Kargil districts

Background

In general, winds are available in N-E states and Ladakh region. However, in view of
complex terrain, remoteness and non-availability of dependable measured data, it is
difficult to decide the locations for installing the Small Wind Solar Hybrid Systems.
Therefore, detailed computer modeling with satellite images needs to be carried out at
close grid intervals of around 200 mtrs and Wind Maps to be prepared. After
preparation of Wind Maps, specific sites for installation of SWES systems have to be
identified in consultation with State Nodal Agencies (SNAs) and prospective
beneficiaries. With help of these Maps, the suitability of a particular site can also be
determined with the help of geographical information i.e. latitude/longitude etc.
Therefore, it is proposed to appoint a consultant to prepare a Wind Resource Map with
Meso Scale and Micro Scale maps for N-E States including Sikkim and Ladakh region.
The consultant will identify the windy pockets in the States alongwith possible
beneficiaries in consultation with SNAs. The consultant will also prepare DPRs for
SWES systems after estimating the electrical load requirement etc. with the help of
SNAs/beneficiaries. He may also be involved in coordination and commissioning of
the projects and carry out the performance monitoring of the systems for a period of
one year.

Scope of activities

Stage-I : Wind Resource Assessment

a) Preparation of MESO-SCALE Map for the entire North Eastern region

including Sikkim and Ladakh region in resolution of 5 km.

b) Preparation of MICRO Scale Map for the selected potential area ( out of
MESO-Scale Map) for all the North Eastern states including Sikkim and
Ladakh region including Leh and Kargil in resolution of 200 mtrs for both
Wind Speed and Wind Power Density at height of 20 mtr and 30 mtr
above ground.
 c) Validation of Wind Resource Maps through limited data already available
through Wind Monitoring Stations of C-WET and physical visit of sites.

d) Broad estimation of potential for SWES (State-wise).

Stage-II : Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs)

a) Selection of beneficiaries in consultation with State Nodal Agencies

(SNAs) at locations having adequate wind resource.

b) To estimate and define the electrical load pattern and Design Small
Wind Solar Hybrid System as per guideline of MNRE corresponding to
estimated generation from SWES.

c) The rating and type of Wind Turbine, Solar PV Panel, Storage Battery,
Inverter, Dump Load, Load Controller and Data transfer facility should be
clearly defined for each site.

d) The DPR should include the information required as per formats given in
MNRE scheme including Layout map etc.

e) The logistic features along-with O&M aspects should be closely

examined and finalized along-with SNA during site visit. The D.P.R.
should indicate the estimated cost for each project/site and also provide
name and address of probable suppliers along with address.

Stage-III : Co-ordination and Commissioning

a) The consultant shall provide necessary guidance and assistance during

procurement.

b) The consultant shall provide clarification and assistance – if desired by

SNA/beneficiary during procurement and installation.

c) The consultant shall inspect and certify proper installation and

commissioning of the project.

d) The consultant shall also ensure that adequate training has been
imparted by the supplier along with spares and O&M manual.

Stage-IV : Monitoring

a) The Consultant shall establish Maintenance, data recording and transfer

protocol.
 b) The consultant shall visit the site at regular interval of at least once in 3
months for a period of 12 months to monitor the performance of each
project.

c) Besides evaluating the performance of equipment and sub-systems, the

consultant shall assess and recommend remedial measures for efficient
operation of systems in future.

There may be minor changes in work required as per the

requirement/direction of the Ministry which has to be carried out by
the Consultant.

Terms & Reference for awarding/execution of the work

 Consultant shall quote lump sum rate for Stage-I activity and per site charges
for other three stages.

 The total cost of a proposal for the purpose of comparision with others will be
taken as sum of lump-sum cost for stage I and per site cost for stages II, III,
and IV, quoted by a consultant.

 Consultants have to quote for all the stages and if awarded will have to take up
all the stages. Part job will not be accepted.

 Consultant will have to make frequent visits to the sites for execution of the
work.

 The Stage-I activity will have to be completed within 4 months of issue of order.

 The Stage-II activity will have to be completed within 4 months after completion
of Stage-I activity.

 The terms of payment will be progress based in three installments. Payment

will be made after completion of work at different stages subject to satisfaction
of the Ministry.

Terms and Reference for acceptance of the proposal

 Technical and financial bids should be submitted separately in proper sealed
covers with proper mention on envelopes.

 The consultant should clearly mention in the technical bid about the softwares
to be used for preparation of Meso-Scale and Micro-Scale Maps and about the
validity of the software for the area to be covered.
  The consultant should mention about their past experience for taking up such
activities in India.

 The consultant will have to deposit an amount of Rs. 50,000/- as security

deposit in the form of Demand Draft drawn in favoure of DDO, MNRE, New
Delhi which should be enclosed with technical bid. The technical bid without
DD will out-rightly be rejected.

 Any offer containing both technical and financial bids in the same envelope will
be out-rightly rejected. The incomplete proposal in any respect will also be
rejected.

Evaluation of Technical Bids

The Quality Cost Based Selection (QCBS) approach shall be adopted for
selection of the consultant. The technical proposals will be evaluated on the basis of
following points criteria :

(i) Experience of the Firm in the area of work : 30

(ii) Methodology, software to be used : 20
(iii) Work plan and understanding of TOR : 20
(iii) Suitability of key personnel for the assignment : 20
(iv) Capability for transfer of knowledge/training etc. : 10

2. The proposals, complete in all respects, should be addressed to the Director

(Wind Energy), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, R.No.214 (2nd Floor), Block
No.14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003 and the same should reach on
20.10.2010 by 11.00 AM. Technical bids will be opened on the same day at 11.30 AM
in the presence of bidders who wish to present in the Conference R.No.108 1 st Floor,
MNRE, Block No.14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-3. The bidders whose
technical bids are found complete in all respects, may have to make a presentation
before the Consultancy Evaluation Committee at 2.00 PM on the same day. The
financial bids will be open only of those bidders whose technical bids are found to be
complete in all respects and such bidders secure a minimum 50 marks in the Technical
Evaluation.

3. The Ministry reserves the right to reject any proposal or all proposals without
assigning any reason and the decision of the Ministry in this regard will be final and not
be liable to show any reason. The proposals received after the due date and time will
be rejected.

Director ( Wind Energy)

Tele/Fax 011-24368911
 CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Ref. No.: C-WET/S&C/RLMM/2011-12/55

Date : 26.09.2011

To

All Concerned

Dear Sir,

Sub: Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind Turbines –

“ADDENDUM – I List” to “MAIN LIST dated 22.06.2011”

The “ADDENDUM – I List” to “MAIN LIST dated 22.06.2011” of “Models and

Manufacturers of wind turbines”, prepared as per MNRE guidelines no.66/53/2000-WE
(PG) dated 23.10.2000, 66/53/2006-WE dated 08.12.2009, 66/53/2006-WE dated 08.01.2010,
MNRE letters no.66/53/2006-WE dated 29.12.2009 and 71/90/2009-WE dated 19.09.2011,
based on the information provided by wind turbine manufacturers, is enclosed.

Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
For Centre for Wind Energy Technology

(A. Senthil Kumar)

Unit Chief,
Standards & Certification

Encl: As above
 Sir,
Sub: Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind Turbines –
“ADDENDUM – I List” to “MAIN LIST dated 22.06.2011”
In continuation to the Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of wind turbines –
“MAIN LIST dated 22.06.2011”, this “ADDENDUM – I List” is prepared. The list of
manufacturers has been drawn up with models of wind turbines of unit capacity 225kW and above
that have obtained type approval / certificate from designated certification agencies or under
testing and certification, as per the information received from the manufacturers. The list has three
tables as detailed below:
1. Table – A : List of wind turbine models possessing valid Type Approval / Certificate
(This Table – A is in addition to the Table - A of “MAIN LIST dated
22.06.2011”)
2. Table – B : List of wind turbine models that are under Testing and Certification
(This Table – B Supersedes the Table - B of “MAIN LIST dated
22.06.2011”)
3. Table – C : List of wind turbine models that are under Testing and Certification and kept
in abeyance by the RLMM committee (As per the MNRE guidelines dated
08.12.2009 and 08.01.2010, the wind turbine models are kept separately in
Table–C, withdrawing their entitlement for commercial deployment of
machines under self certification)
(This Table – C Supersedes the Table - C of “MAIN LIST dated
22.06.2011”)

Table – A: The wind turbine models possessing valid Type Approval / Certificate:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers with Collaboration/ Model/ Capacity * Type *Manufacturing

No. address Joint Venture Rotor Dia (RD) (m)/ Certificate System
Hub Height (HH) (m)/ (Valid until) Certificate /
Tower Type ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
1. M/s. GE India Industrial Private Technology GE 1.6-82.5, 50 Hz 1600 kW Available YES
Limited Transfer RD: 82.5 m (19.10.2012) (31.03.2014)
Division: Wind Energy Agreement with HH: 80 m
601, 6th Floor, GE
Tower type: Tubular
Tower B, Infrastructure
Old Madras Road, Technology steel
Bangalore – 560 016. International,
LLC,
Phone : 080 – 40482400 USA
Fax : 080 – 40482431

* State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ Developers shall refer complete Type Approval /
Certificate of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity period, detailed specifications,
power curve and all the other relevant information. Also refer the renewed Type Certificate / ISO certificate for the
validity period above than the period mentioned.

Contd..2
 :2:
Sl. Indian Manufacturers with Collaboration/ Model/ Capacity * Type *Manufacturing
No. address Joint Venture Rotor Dia (RD) (m)/ Certificate System
Hub Height (HH) (m)/ (Valid until) Certificate /
Tower Type ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
2. M/s. Global Wind Power License Norwin 750 kW 750 kW Available YES
Limited Agreement with RD : 47 m
(15.07.2012) (12.02.2012)
301, Satellite Silver, NORWIN A/S, HH : 65 m
3 rd Floor, Denmark.
Tower type: Tubular
Andheri Kurla Road,
Marol, Andheri (East) steel
Mumbai– 400 059

Phone : 022 – 39918500

Fax : 022 – 39918521
3. M/s. Kenersys India Private KENERSYS K100 2500 kW Available YES
Limited GmbH, RD: 100 m (20.07.2016) (09.11.2011)
Industry House, Germany. HH: 85 / 100 m
Survey No.49,
Tower type: Tubular
Mundhwa,
Pune- 411 036 Steel

Phone : 020 – 30473100

Fax : 020 – 30473130
4. M/s. Pioneer Wincon Private None Pioneer 250/29 250 kW Available YES
Ltd RD : 29.6 m (22.06.2016) (06.03.2012)
30/1A, Harrington Chambers, HH : 50 m
2nd Floor, “A” Block,
Tower type: Lattice
Abdul Razaq 1st Street,
Saidapet,
Chennai- 600 015

Phone : 044 – 24314798

Fax : 044 – 24314798
5. M/s. Regen Powertech Pvt Ltd Sub-license VENSYS 77 1500 kW Available YES
No.28, College Road, agreement with RD: 76.84 m (16.06.2013) (20.06.2014)
Chennai- 600 006 VENSYS HH : 75/ 85 m
Energy, AG,
Tower type : Tubular
Phone : 044 – 30280200 Germany.
Fax : 044 – 30280199 steel
6. M/s. RRB Energy Limited Technological Pawan Shakthi–600 kW 600 kW Available YES
No.17 , Vembuliamman Koil cooperation RD : 47 m (04.07.2012) (17.12.2011)
Street, with HH : 50/65 m
K.K. Nagar (West), Vestas Wind
Tower type: For HH
Chennai- 600 078 Systems A/s,
Denmark. 50 m - Lattice &
Phone: 044 – 23641111 65 m-Tubular steel
Fax : 044 – 23642222
7 M/s. Siva Windturbine India License SIVA 250/50 250 kW Available YES
Private Limited agreement RD : 30 m (30.01.2012) (30.09.2014)
12A, Kandampalayam, with Wind HH : 50 m
Perundurai, Technik Nord,
Tower type: Lattice
Erode- District Germany.
Pin : 638 052

Phone : 04294 – 220017

Fax : 04294 – 220137

* State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ Developers shall refer complete Type Approval /
Certificate of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity period, detailed specifications,
power curve and all the other relevant information. Also refer the renewed Type Certificate / ISO certificate for the
validity period above than the period mentioned.
Contd.. 3
 :3:

Table – B: The wind turbine models that are under Testing and Certification:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers with Collaboration/ Model/ Capacity *Category **Manufacturing

No. address Joint Venture Rotor Dia (RD) (m)/ (New / System
Hub Height (HH) (m)/ Existing) Certificate /
Tower Type ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
1. M/s. Garuda Vaayu Shakthi None Garuda 700.54 700 kW New YES
Limited RD: 54 m (09.02.2014)
New No. 56, Old No. 44, HH: 73 m
Thirumalai Pillai Road,
Tower type: Tubular
T. Nagar,
Chennai – 600 017 Steel

Phone: 044 – 2834 5377

Fax : 044 – 2834 5376
2. M/s. Global Wind power License Lagerwey L-82 2MW 2000 kW New YES
Limited Agreement RD: 82 m (12.02.2012)
301, Satellite Silver, with Lagerwey HH: 80 m
3 rd Floor, Wind B.V,
Tower type: Tubular
Andheri Kurla Road, The
Marol, Andheri (East) Netherlands Steel
Mumbai– 400 059

Phone : 022– 39918500

Fax : 022– 39918521
3. M/s. Pioneer Wincon Private None P750/49 750 kW Existing YES
Ltd RD : 49 m
(06.03.2012)
30/1A, Harrington Chambers, HH : 61.1 m
2nd Floor, “A” Block, Tower type: Lattice
Abdul Razaq 1st Street,
Saidapet,
Chennai- 600 015

Phone : 044 – 24314798

Fax : 044 – 24314798
4. M/s Regen Powertech Pvt Sub-license VENSYS 82 1500 kW Existing YES
Ltd agreement RD: 82.34 m (20.06.2014)
No.28, College road, with Vensys HH: 70/75/85/100 m
Chennai 600 006. Energy, AG,
Tower type: Tubular
Germany.
Phone: 044 – 30280200 steel
Fax : 044 – 30280199
5. M/s. Shriram EPC Limited License SEPC 250T 250 kW New YES
No.9, Vanagaram Road, agreement RD : 28.5 m
(22.05.2012)
Ayanambakkam with HH : 51.5 m
Chennai – 600 095 TTG Tower type: Lattice
Industries Ltd.
Phone: 044 – 26533313 SEPC-250T WITH 250 kW
Fax : 044 – 43537643 ROTOR BLADE
EXTENDER
RD: 29.6 m
HH: 51.5 m
Tower type: Lattice
* MNRE guidelines dated 08.12.2009 and 08.01.2010 may be referred for the classification of ‘Existing’ / ‘New’
manufacturers and for the number of installable wind turbines.

** State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ Developers shall refer the renewed ISO certificate for the
validity period above than the period mentioned.

Contd.. 4
 :4:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers with Collaboration/ Model/ Capacity *Category **Manufacturing

No. address Joint Venture Rotor Dia (RD) (m)/ (New / System
Hub Height (HH) (m)/ Existing) Certificate /
Tower Type ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
6. M/s. Suzlon Energy Ltd Suzlon Energy S95 DFIG 2.1 MW*** 2100 kW Existing YES
Tree Lounge, Level 0 GmbH, RD:95 m (14.04.2012)
One Earth, Germany. HH:80 /90 m
Opp. Magarpatta City,
Tower type: For HH
Hadapsar,
Pune – 411 028 80 / 90 m–Tubular
Steel &
Phone : 020 – 40122000 80 m - Concrete tower
Fax : 020 – 40122200 S97 DFIG 2.1 MW*** 2100 kW
RD:97 m
HH:90 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
S88 DFIG 2.25 MW*** 2250 kW
RD:88 m
HH:80 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel

Table – C: The wind turbine models that are under Testing and Certification and kept in abeyance
by RLMM Committee:

-NIL-

* MNRE guidelines dated 08.12.2009 and 08.01.2010 may be referred for the classification of ‘Existing’ / ‘New’
manufacturers and for the number of installable wind turbines.

** State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ Developers shall refer the renewed ISO certificate for the
validity period above than the period mentioned.

*** The wind turbine models viz., “Suzlon S95, 50 Hz, STV”, “Suzlon S97, 50 Hz, STV” and “Suzlon S88 Mk II DFIG, 50 Hz,
STV”, already included in the previous RLMM lists, have been renamed as “S95 DFIG 2.1 MW”, “S97 DFIG 2.1 MW”
and “S88 DFIG 2.25 MW” respectively.

Contd..5
 :5:

This “ADDENDUM – I List” has been prepared with the available documents/information
provided for the designated models by the manufacturers during the period of review and with all
possible care and rigor by RLMM committee appointed by MNRE, Government of India. State
Electricity Boards, State Nodal Agencies, Developers and any party refers the
“ADDENDUM – I List” along with “MAIN LIST dated 22.06.2011” shall verify complete type
approval / certificate of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity
period, detailed specifications, power curve and all the other relevant information. Nevertheless,
C-WET/MNRE and their scientists and engineers are not responsible for any consequences including
technical, commercial and legal implications that may arise due to the usage of the list by any party.
The responsibility for the usage, verification of complete documents and consequences thereof lies
entirely with the user. Addendum(s) to the “MAIN LIST dated 22.06.2011” may be issued on a
quarterly basis until the revision of the next “MAIN LIST”.

for Centre for Wind Energy Technology

(A. Senthil Kumar)

Unit Chief,
Standards & Certification
To
1. The Joint Secretary – (Wind Energy), MNRE, New Delhi.
2. The Director - (Wind Energy), MNRE, New Delhi.
3. All State Nodal Agencies
4. All State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs
5. All Wind Turbine Manufacturers
6. All Financial Institutions
7. Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association
8. Indian Wind Power Association.
9. C-WET Website www.cwet.tn.nic.in OR http://cwet.res.in

****************************
 CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Ref.No.: C-WET/S&C/RLMM/2011-12/23
Date : 22.06.2011

To

All Concerned

Dear Sir,

Sub: Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind Turbines – “MAIN LIST”

The revised “MAIN LIST” of “Models and Manufacturers of wind turbines”,

prepared as per MNRE guidelines no.66/53/2000-WE (PG) dated 23.10.2000, 66/53/2006-WE
dated 24.07.2008, 66/53/2006-WE dated 08.12.2009, 66/53/2006-WE dated 08.01.2010 and
MNRE letter no.66/53/2006-WE dated 29.12.2009, based on the information provided by wind
turbine manufacturers, is enclosed.

Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
For Centre for Wind Energy Technology

(A. Senthil Kumar)

Unit Chief,
Standards & Certification

Encl: As above
 Sir,
Sub: Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of wind turbines – “MAIN LIST”

The Ministry had issued guidelines vide MNRE no.66/241/95-WE/PG dated

13.06.1996 to streamline the development and facilitate healthy and orderly growth of the wind
power sector in the country. The guidelines, inter-alia, include measures for the installation of
duly tested and certified quality equipment which will optimize generation of energy from
wind power projects. As per the revised guidelines of MNRE no.66/53/2000-WE(PG) dated
23.10.2000, para 3, point (i), on re-introduction of requirement of Certification by Independent
testing and Certification agencies, MNRE letter no.66/53/2006-WE dated 29.12.2009, revised
guidelines of MNRE no.66/53/2006-WE dated 24.07.2008, 66/53/2006-WE dated 08.12.2009,
66/53/2006-WE dated 08.01.2010 the list of manufacturers has been drawn up by C-WET with
models of wind turbines of unit capacity 225kW and above that have obtained Type Approval /
Certificate from designated certification agencies or under Testing and Certification, as per the
information received from the manufacturers. The list has three tables as detailed below:

1. Table –A : List of wind turbine models possessing valid Type Approval / Certificate
2. Table –B : List of wind turbine models that are under Testing and Certification
3. Table –C : List of wind turbine models that are under Testing and Certification and kept
in abeyance by the RLMM committee (As per the MNRE guidelines dated
24.07.2008, 08.12.2009 and 08.01.2010, the wind turbine models are kept
separately in Table–C, withdrawing their entitlement for commercial
deployment of machines under self certification)

Table – A: The wind turbine models possessing valid Type Approval / Certificate:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers with Collaborat Model Capacity * Type *Manufacturing

No. address ion / Joint Rotor Dia (RD) (m) / Certificate System
Venture Hub height (HH) (m) (Valid Certificate /
until) ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
1. M/s. Chiranjjeevi Wind None CWEL C30/250 kW 250 kW Available YES
Energy Limited, RD : 29.8 m (25.02.2015) (17.11.2011)
26-A, Kamaraj Road, HH : 50 m
Mahalingapuram
Tower type: Lattice
Pollachi-642 002
Coimbatore - District

Phone : 04259- 224438

Fax : 04259-224437
* State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ developers shall refer complete Type Approval /
Certificate of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity period, detailed
specifications, power curve, and all the other relevant information. Also refer the renewed Type Certificate / ISO
certificate for the validity period above than the period mentioned.

Contd..2
 :2:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers with Collaboration Model Capacity * Type *Manufacturing

No. address / Joint Rotor Dia (RD) (m) / Certificate System
Venture Hub height (HH) (m) (Valid Certificate /
until) ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
2 M/s. Enercon (India) Ltd. Enercon E-48 800 kW Available
“Enercon Tower” GmbH, RD : 48 m (15.05.2013)
A-9, Veera Industrial Estate Germany. HH : 50/56/57/65/
Veera Desai Road
75/76 m
Andheri (West)
Mumbai - 400 053 Tower type: For HH
50/56/57/65/76 m–
Phone : 022-66924848 Tubular steel & 75 m
Fax : 022- 66990940 - pre cast concrete YES
(08.02.2013)
E -53 800 kW Available
RD : 53 m (15.05.2013)
HH : 73 / 75 m
Tower type: For HH
73 m–Steel &
75 m - concrete
tower
3. M/s. Gamesa Wind Turbines Gamesa MADE AE59 800 kW Available YES
Private Limited Innovation RD : 59 m (17.02.2013) (31.12.2012)
No.489, G.N.T Road, and HH : 60.6 m
Thandal Kazhani village, Technology,
Tower type: Tubular
Vadagarai (Post), S.L.
Red Hills, Spain. steel
Chennai– 600 052 G52-850 kW 50 Hz 850 kW Available
RD : 52 m (16.12.2012)
Phone: 044-30989898 HH : 44/55/65 m
Fax : 044-26322205 Tower type: Tubular
steel
G58-850 kW 50 Hz 850 kW Available
RD : 58 m (17.12.2011)
HH : 44/55/65/74 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
Gamesa G90-2.0 MW 2000 kW Available
IEC IIA 50 Hz (31.10.2012)
RD : 90 m
HH : 67/78/100 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel

* State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ developers shall refer complete Type Approval /
Certificate of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity period, detailed
specifications, power curve, and all the other relevant information. Also refer the renewed Type Certificate / ISO
certificate for the validity period above than the period mentioned.

Contd.. 3
 :3:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers with Collaboration Model Capacity * Type *Manufacturing

No. address / Joint Rotor Dia (RD) (m) / Certificate System
Venture Hub height (HH) (m) (Valid Certificate /
until) ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
Gamesa G90-2.0 MW 2000 kW Available
IEC IIIA 50 Hz (31.10.2012)
RD : 90 m
HH : 67/78/100 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
Gamesa G80-2.0 MW 2000 kW Available
IEC IA 50 Hz (31.10.2012)
RD : 80 m
HH : 60/67/78 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
Gamesa G80-2.0 MW 2000 kW Available
IEC IIA 50 Hz (31.10.2012)
RD : 80 m
HH : 60/67/78/100 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
Gamesa G87-2.0 MW 2000 kW Available
IEC IIA 50 Hz (02.11.2012)
RD : 87 m
HH : 67/78/100 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
4. M/s. GE India Industrial Technology GE 1.5sle 50 Hz 1500 kW Available YES
Private Limited., Transfer RD : 77 m (19.01.2012) (31.03.2014)
Division: Wind Energy, Agreement HH : 80 m
A-1, 2nd Floor, with GE
Tower type: Tubular
Golden Enclave, Infrastructure
Corporate Towers Technology steel
HAL Airport Road, International, GE 1.6-82.5, 50 Hz 1600 kW Available
Bangalore – 560 017 LLC, RD: 82.5 m (19.10.2011)
USA HH: 80 m
Phone : 080- 40183802 Tower type: Tubular
Fax : 080 - 25203860 steel
5. M/s. Global Wind Power License NORWIN 750 kW 750 kW Available YES
Limited Agreement RD : 47 m (15.07.2011) (12.02.2012)
301, Satellite Silver, with HH : 65 m
3 rd Floor, NORWIN
Tower type: Tubular
Andheri Kurla Road, A/S,
Marol, Andheri (East) Denmark. steel
Mumbai– 400 059 License FL 2500-100 / W2E – 2500 kW Available
Agreement W100 2.5 MW, 50 Hz (28.04.2012)
Phone : 022-39918500 with RD : 100.2 m
Fax : 022- 39918521 Fuhrländer
HH : 98.2 / 85 m
AG,
Germany. Tower type: Tubular
steel
* State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ developers shall refer complete Type Approval /
Certificate of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity period, detailed
specifications, power curve, and all the other relevant information. Also refer the renewed Type Certificate / ISO
certificate for the validity period above than the period mentioned.

Contd.. 4
 :4:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers Collaborati Model Capacity * Type *Manufacturing

No. with address on / Joint Rotor Dia (RD) (m) / Certificate System
Venture Hub height (HH) (m) (Valid Certificate /
until) ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
6. M/s. Inox Wind Limited, License WT2000DF 2000 kW Available YES
Inox Towers, Agreement RD : 93.3m (29.04.2013) (23.06.2013)
Plot No.17, with AMSC- HH : 80 m
Sector 16 A, WINDTEC
Tower type: Tubular steel
Noida GmbH,
Uttar Pradesh- 201 301 Austria.
Phone : 0120 – 6149600
Fax : 0120 – 6149610
7. M/s. Kenersys India KENERSYS K82 2000 kW Available YES
Private Limited GmbH, RD : 82 m (10.09.2015) (09.11.2011)
Industry House, Germany. HH : 80 m
Survey No.49,
Tower type: Tubular Steel
Mundhwa,
Pune- 411 036
Phone : 020- 30462899
Fax : 020 – 30462888
8. M/s. Leitner Shriram LEITWIND Leitner LTW77- 1.35 MW 1350 kW Available
Manufacturing Ltd BV, RD : 76.6 m (30.11.2012)
No.D-17, Netherlands. HH : 65 m
Sipcot Industrial Complex,
Tower type: Tubular steel
Gummidipoondi - 601201,
Thiruvallur District,
Tamilnadu Leitwind LTW77- 1.5 MW 1500 kW Available
RD : 76.6 m (20.08.2012)
Phone : 044-27926000 HH : 61/65/80 m
Fax : 044-27924944 Tower type: For HH
61/65/80 m–Tubular Steel
& YES
(04.01.2012)
80 m - Hybrid tower
( Steel and Concrete)
Leitwind LTW80- 1.5 MW 1500 kW Available
RD : 80.3 m (06.04.2013)
HH : 65 /80 m
Tower type: Tubular steel
Leitwind LTW80- 1.8 MW 1800 kW Available
RD : 80.3 m (06.04.2013)
HH : 65 /80 m
Tower type: Tubular steel
9. M/s. Pioneer Wincon None Pioneer P250/29 250 kW Available YES
Private Ltd. RD : 29.6 m (26.06.2011) (06.03.2012)
30/1A, Harrington HH : 50 m
Chambers,
Tower type: Lattice
2nd Floor, “A” Block,
Abdul Razaq 1st Street,
Saidapet,
Chennai- 600 015
Phone : 044- 24314798
Fax : 044- 24314798
* State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ developers shall refer complete Type Approval / Certificate
of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity period, detailed specifications, power curve,
and all the other relevant information. Also refer the renewed Type Certificate / ISO certificate for the validity period
above than the period mentioned.
Contd..5
 :5:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers Collaboration Model Capacity * Type *Manufacturing

No. with address / Joint Rotor Dia (RD) (m) / Certificate System
Venture Hub height (HH) (m) (Valid Certificate /
until) ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
10. M/s. Regen Powertech Pvt Sub-license VENSYS 77 1500 kW Available YES
Ltd, agreement RD: 76.84 m (01.07.2011) (20.06.2011)
No.28, College Road, with Vensys HH : 75/ 85m
Chennai- 600 006 Energy, AG,
Tower Type : Tubular
Germany.
steel
Phone : 044 – 30280200
Fax : 044 – 30280199

11. M/s. RRB Energy Limited Technological V39-500 kW with 47m 500kW Available
No.17 , Vembuliamman cooperation rotor diameter (20.04.2012)
Koil Street, with RD : 47m
K.K. Nagar (West), Vestas Wind
HH : 50 m
Chennai- 600 078 Systems A/s,
Denmark. Tower type: Tubular
Phone: 044-23641111 steel & Lattice
YES
Fax : 044-23642222
(17.12.2011)
Pawan Shakthi–600 kW 600 kW Available
RD : 47m (04.07.2011)
HH : 50/65 m
Tower type: For HH
50m - Lattice &
65m-Tubular steel
12. M/s. Shriram EPC Limited License SEPC 250T 250 kW Available YES
No.9, Vanagaram Road, agreement RD : 28.5 m (11.06.2012) (22.05.2012)
Ayanambakkam with HH : 41.2 m
Chennai – 600095 TTG
Tower type: Lattice
Industries Ltd.
Phone: 044-26533313
Fax : 044-43537643

13. M/s. Siva Windturbine India License SIVA 250/50 250 kW Available YES
Private Limited agreement RD : 30 m (30.01.2012) (30.09.2011)
12A, Kandampalayam, with Wind HH : 50 m
Perundurai, Technik Nord,
Tower type: Lattice
Erode- District Germany.
Pin : 638052

Phone : 04294 – 220017

Fax : 04294 – 220137

14. M/s. Southern Wind Farms None GWL 225 225 kW Available YES
Limited RD : 29.8 m (27.02.2012) (05.01.13)
No.15, Soundarapandian HH : 45 m
Street,
Tower type : Tubular steel
Ashok nagar,
Chennai – 600 083

Phone : 044 – 39182600

Fax : 044 - 39182636

* State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ developers shall refer complete Type Approval / Certificate
of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity period, detailed specifications, power curve,
and all the other relevant information. Also refer the renewed Type Certificate / ISO certificate for the validity period
above than the period mentioned.

Contd.. 6
 :6:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers Collaboration Model Capacity * Type *Manufacturing

No. with address / Joint Rotor Dia (RD) (m) / Certificate System
Venture Hub height (HH) (m) (Valid Certificate /
until) ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
15. M/s. Suzlon Energy Ltd. Suzlon Energy Suzlon S.52 / 600 kW 600 kW Available YES
Tree Lounge, Level 0 Gmbh, RD : 52 m (12.08.2012) (14.04.2012)
One Earth, Germany. HH : 75 m
Opp. Magarpatta City,
Tower type: Lattice
Hadapsar,
Pune – 411028 Suzlon S64 – 1.25 MW / 1250 kW Available
MARK II (11.11.2012)
Phone : 020- 40122000 RD : 64 m
Fax : 020- 40122200 HH : 56/65/74m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
Suzlon S66 – 1.25 MW / 1250 kW Available
MARK II (11.11.2012)
RD : 66 m
HH : 65/74 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
Suzlon S82V3-1500 kW 1500 kW Available
RD : 82 m (08.08.2012)
HH : 78 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
Suzlon S88 V3A - 2100 kW Available
2100 kW (07.02.2012)
RD : 88 m
HH : 80 m
Tower type: Tubular
Steel
16. M/s. Vestas Wind Wholly owned V82-1.65 MW 1650 kW Available YES
Technology India Pvt. Ltd. Subsidiary of RD : 82 m (06.02.2013) (10.09.2013)
298, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Vestas Group, HH : 70 / 78 / 80 m
Sholinganallur, Denmark.
Tower type: Tubular
Chennai- 600 119
steel
Phone :044- 24505100 Vestas V100-1.8 MW 1800 kW Available
Fax :044- 24505101 50/60Hz VCS Mk 7 04.03.2016
RD : 100 m
HH : 80 / 95 m
Tower type: Tubular
steel
17. M/s. Winwind Power License WinWinD 1 MW 1000 kW Available YES
Energy Private Limited agreement RD : 60 m (12.11.2015) (31.12.2011)
STERLING TOWER with Winwind HH : 70 m
327, Anna Salai Oy, Finland
Tower type: Tubular
Teynampet,
Chennai – 600 006 steel

Phone : 044 – 24313001

Fax : 044 – 24313066
* State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ developers shall refer complete Type Approval /
Certificate of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity period, detailed specifications,
power curve, and all the other relevant information. Also refer the renewed Type Certificate / ISO certificate for the
validity period above than the period mentioned.
Contd.. 7
 :7:

Table – B: The wind turbine models that are under Testing and Certification:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers Collaboration Model Capacity *Category **Manufacturing

No. with address / Joint Rotor Dia (RD) (m) / (New / System
Venture Hub height (HH) (m) Existing) Certificate / ISO
Certificate (Valid
until)
1. M/s. Garuda Vaayu Shakthi None Garuda 700.54 700 kW New YES
Limited, RD: 54m (09.02.2014)
New No. 56, Old No. 44, HH: 73m
Thirumalai Pillai Road,
Tower type: Tubular steel
T. Nagar,
Chennai – 600 017

Phone: 044 – 2834 5377

Fax : 044 – 2834 5376

2. M/s. Global Wind power License Lagerwey L-82 2MW 2000 kW New YES
Limited, Agreement RD: 82m (12.02.2012)
301, Satellite Silver, with Lagerwey HH: 80m
3 rd Floor, Wind B.V,
Tower type: Tubular steel
Andheri Kurla Road, The
Marol, Andheri (East) Netherlands.
Mumbai– 400 059

Phone : 022-39918500
Fax : 022- 39918521

3. M/s. Pioneer Wincon None P750/49 750 kW Existing YES

Private Ltd. RD : 49m (06.03.2012)
30/1A, Harrington
HH : 61.1 m
Chambers,
2nd Floor, “A” Block Tower type: Lattice
Abdul Razaq, 1st Street,
Saidapet
Chennai- 600 015

Phone : 044- 24314798

Fax : 044- 24314798

4. M/s. Regen Powertech Pvt Sub-license VENSYS 82 1500 kW Existing YES

Ltd, agreement RD: 82.34 m (20.06.2011)
No.28, College road, with Vensys HH: 70/75/85/100 m
Chennai -600 006. Energy, AG,
Tower type: Tubular steel
Germany.
Phone: 044-30280200
Fax : 044-30280199

*MNRE guidelines dated 08.12.2009 and 08.01.2010 may be referred for the classification of ‘Existing’ / ‘New’
manufacturers and for the number of installable wind turbines.

** State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ developers shall refer the renewed ISO certificate
for the validity period above than the period mentioned.

Contd.. 8
 :8:

Sl. Indian Manufacturers Collaboration Model Capacity *Category **Manufacturin

No. with address / Joint Rotor Dia (RD) (m) / (New / g System
Venture Hub height (HH) (m) Existing) Certificate /
ISO Certificate
(Valid until)
5. M/s. Shriram EPC Limited License SEPC 250T 250 kW New YES
No.9, Vanagaram Road, agreement RD : 28.5 m (22.05.2012)
Ayanambakkam with HH : 51.5 m
Chennai – 600 095 TTG
Tower type: Lattice
Industries Ltd.
Phone: 044-26533313 SEPC-250T WITH 250 kW
Fax : 044-43537643 ROTOR BLADE
EXTENDER
RD: 29.6 m
HH: 51.5 m
Tower type: Lattice
6. M/s. Suzlon Energy Ltd. Suzlon Energy Suzlon S95, 50 Hz, STV 2100 kW Existing YES
Tree Lounge, Level 0 Gmbh, RD:95 m (14.04.2012)
One Earth, Germany HH:80 /90 m
Opp. Magarpatta City,
Tower Type: Tubular
Hadapsar,
Pune – 411 028 steel
Suzlon S97, 50 Hz, STV 2100 kW
Phone : 020- 40122000 RD:97 m
Fax : 020- 40122200 HH:90 m
Tower Type: Tubular
steel
Suzlon S88 Mk II 2250 kW
DFIG, 50 Hz, STV
RD:88 m
HH:80 m
Tower Type: Tubular
steel

*MNRE guidelines dated 08.12.2009 and 08.01.2010 may be referred for the classification of ‘Existing’ / ‘New’
manufacturers and for the number of installable wind turbines.

** State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ developers shall refer the renewed ISO certificate for
the validity period above than the period mentioned.

Table – C: The wind turbine models that are under Testing and Certification and kept in
abeyance by RLMM Committee:

-NIL-

Contd..9
 :9:

This “Main List” list has been prepared with the available documents/information provided
for the designated models by the manufacturers during the period of review and with all possible care
and rigor by RLMM committee appointed by MNRE, Government of India. State Electricity Boards,
State Nodal Agencies, developers and any party refers the list shall verify complete type approval /
certificate of the models listed above including ISO certificate for verification of validity period,
detailed specifications, power curve and all the other relevant information. Nevertheless,
C-WET/MNRE and their scientists and engineers are not responsible for any consequences including
technical, commercial and legal implications that may arise due to the usage of the list by any party.
The responsibility for the usage, verification of complete documents and consequences thereof lies
entirely with the user. Addendum to this “MAIN LIST” may be issued on a quarterly basis until the
revision of the next “MAIN LIST”.

This list supersedes the Main List dated 18.05.2010, Addendum-I dated 27.09.2010 and
Addendum-II dated 19.01.2011.

for Centre for Wind Energy Technology

(A. Senthil Kumar)

Unit Chief,
Standards & Certification
To
1. The Joint Secretary – (Wind Energy), MNRE, New Delhi.
2. The Director - (Wind Energy), MNRE, New Delhi.
3. All State Nodal Agencies
4. All State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs
5. All Wind Turbine Manufacturers
6. All Financial Institutions
7. Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association
8. Indian Wind Power Association.
9. C-WET Website www.cwet.tn.nic.in OR http://cwet.res.in

****************************
 Ref. No : C-WET/S&C/RLMM/2011-12/81
Date : 30.11.2011

Dear Sir,
Sub: Appendix to the Revised List of Models and Manufacturers of Wind Turbines
(RLMM) “ADDENDUM – I List dated 26.09.2011” to “MAIN LIST dated
22.06.2011”
The following wind turbine model is appended to the Table – B of “ADDENDUM – I List dated
26.09.2011”, prepared as per MNRE guidelines no.66/53/2000-WE (PG) dated 23.10.2000, 66/53/2006-
WE dated 08.12.2009, 66/53/2006-WE dated 08.01.2010 and MNRE letters no.66/53/2006-WE dated
29.12.2009 & 71/90/2009-WE dated 20.10.2011, based on the information provided by wind turbine
manufacturers.
Table – B: The wind turbine models that are under Testing and Certification:
Indian Manufacturers with Collaboration Model Capacity *Category **Manufacturing
address / Joint Rotor Dia (RD) (m) / (New / System Certificate
Venture Hub height (HH) (m)/ Existing) / ISO Certificate
Tower Type (Valid until)
M/s. Gamesa Wind Gamesa G97-2MW IEC IIIA 2000 kW Existing YES
Turbines Private Limited, Innovation HH78&90m 50/60 Hz (31.12.2012)
No.334, Futura IT Park, and RD : 97m
B Block, 8th Floor, Technology,
Old Mahabalipuram Road, S.L. Spain. HH : 78/90 m
Sholinganallur, Tower type: Tubular
Chennai- 600 119 steel
Phone : 044 – 39242424
Fax : 044 – 30060661
* MNRE guidelines dated 08.12.2009 and 08.01.2010 may be referred for classification of ‘Existing’ / ‘New’
manufacturers and for the number of installable wind turbines.
** State Electricity Boards / TRANSCOs/ State Nodal Agencies/ developers shall refer the renewed ISO
certificate for the validity period above than the period mentioned.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
For Centre for Wind Energy Technology

(A. Senthil Kumar)

Unit Chief,
Standards & Certification
 CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI-600 100

Technical Note: CWET/S&C/TN/02/2009 Date: 31.12.2009

Sub: Guidelines on technical requirements to be fulfilled by a Wind Turbine

Manufacturer, prior to signing the agreement for Provisional Type
Certification with C-WET.

This guideline document is applicable for the wind turbine Manufacturers those who
wish to sign for the Provisional Type Certification projects with C-WET.

The complete documentation requirements for the Provisional Type Certification of the
wind turbines under Category I, II & III are given in the TAPS-2000 (amended).
However the wind turbine manufacturers shall provide the documents listed below
depending on the Category, prior to signing the Provisional Type Certification agreement
as per TAPS-2000 (amended):
1. For Category – I Projects, type certificate and certification reports issued by the
accredited type certification body as per the recognized schemes (in vogue) as
per TAPS-2000 (amended) and the time schedule for submission of complete
documentation.

2. For Category – II & III projects:

• Wind Turbine description.

• External condition and wind turbine design class.
• Load and load cases document including the details of Design Load
Cases (DLCs).
• Type certificate and certification reports issued by the accredited type
certification body as per the recognized schemes (in vogue) as per
TAPS-2000 (amended) including design deviation, if any. (Only for
category – II).
• Control and safety philosophy including braking programs with their
timings.
• RAM dump / Set point list.
• Description and Schematics of Electrical Power and Control Systems.
• Description and Schematics of Hydraulic / Pneumatics system.
• List of Measurement Load Cases (MLCs).
• Design data of the wind turbine as per the format provided by S&C unit.
• Input for the review of site feasibility report.
• Site feasibility report issued by Testing Unit for the selection of site.
• Time schedule for submission of complete documentation as per TAPS-
2000 (amended)

CWET/S&C/TN/02/2009 Page 1 of 1 Date of Issue: 31.12.2009

Rev. 0
 WINDMILL

This draft Power Purchase Agreement is made at Bangalore this day of between KARNATAKA POWER
TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED, a company formed and incorporated in India
under the Companies Act, 1956, with its registered office located at Kaveri Bhavan,
Bangalore – 560 009, Karnataka State, hereinafter referred to as the "Corporation"
(which expression shall, unless repugnant to the context or meaning thereof, include its
successors and permitted assigns) as party of the first part, and M/s………………….. , a
company formed and incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956, having its Registered
Office at ……………………………………..hereinafter referred to as the "Company" (which
expression shall, unless repugnant to the context or meaning thereof, include its
successors, and permitted assigns) as party of the second part.

WHEREAS,

i) The Govt. of Karnataka by its Order No……………………. dated ………………………has accorded its sanction
to the proposal of M/s………………………for installation of a Wind Energy based Electric Power Generating
Station of …………….. MW capacity at ……………….Village, ………………. District, Karnataka State and by its
Order No…………… dated ……………… has approved transfer of a capacity of ……………… MW to the
Company at ……………Village, ……………… District, Karnataka State from out of the MW capacity allotted to
M/s…………………….. and permitted Corporation to enter into an agreement with the Company for
purchase of Electricity.
ii) Pursuant to (i) above the Company plans to develop, design, engineer, procure finance, construct,
own, operate and maintain a Wind Energy based Electric Power Generating Station, hereinafter defined
as the Project, with a gross capacity of MW and Net capacity of MW at Village, District, Karnataka State
and desires to sell Electricity to Corporation.
iii) Corporation, which is at present engaged in the purchase, transmission and bulk supply of electricity,
has agreed to purchase Electricity (as hereinafter defined) from the Company to be generated at Village, ,
Chitradurga District, Karnataka State subject to the conditions set forth herein.

NOW THEREFORE IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING PREMISES AND IN CONSIDERATION OF THE MUTUAL
COVENANTS AND CONDITIONS HEREINAFTER SET FORTH, CORPORATION AND THE COMPANY, EACH
TOGETHER WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE SUCCESSORS AND PERMITTED ASSIGNS, A PARTY AND
COLLECTIVELY THE PARTIES, HEREBY AGREE AS FOLLOWS SUBJECT TO THE APPROVAL OF THE
COMMISSION:

1
 ARTICLE 1

DEFINITIONS

1.1 For all purposes of this Agreement, the following words and expressions shall have the respective
meanings set forth below:

"Agreement" shall mean this Power Purchase Agreement executed hereof, including the schedules
hereto, amendments, modifications and supplements made in writing by the Parties from time to time.

“Approvals” means the permits, clearances, licenses and consents to be obtained by the Company, as
are listed in Schedule 4 hereto and any other statutory approvals.

"Billing Period" means (subject to Clause 6.1 of the Agreement) the calendar month
ending with the Metering Date. The first Billing Period shall commence with the
Commercial Operation Date and end with the Metering Date corresponding to the month in
which the Commercial Operation Date occurs.

“Billing Date” shall be the first Business Day after the Metering Date of each Billing
Period.

“Business Day” means any Day on which commercial banks are not authorised or not
required by Law to remain closed in the State of Karnataka.

"Commercial Operation Date" with respect to the Project shall mean the date on which the Project is
available for commercial operation and such date as specified in a written notice given atleast ten days in
advance by the Company to Corporation and in any case, shall not be beyond the Scheduled Date of
Completion.

“Commission” means Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission.

“Construction Default” shall mean default on the part of the Company in the completion of the Project
before the Scheduled Date of Completion thereof.

"Contract Year" shall mean, with respect to the initial Contract Year, the period beginning on the
Commercial Operation Date of the Unit and ending at 12.00 midnight on 31st March of that Fiscal Year.
Each successive Contract Year shall coincide with the succeeding Fiscal Year, except that the final
Contract Year shall end on the date of expiry of the Term or on Termination of this Agreement whichever
is earlier.

“Corporation” means Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited or its successor entity.

“Corporation’s Load Despatch Center” means the load despatch center of the
Corporation located at Bangalore.

"Delivery Point" shall be the point or points at which Electricity is delivered into the Grid System of the
Corporation and is at the high voltage side of the step-up transformer installed at the Receiving Station.

“Delivered Energy" means the kilowatt hours of Electricity actually fed and measured by the energy
meters at the Delivery Point in a Billing Period after deducting therefrom, the energy supplied by the
Corporation to the Project, as similarly measured during such Billing Period and shall be computed in
accordance with Article 6.1.

“Due Date of Payment” in respect of a Tariff Invoice means the date which is 15
(fifteen) days from the date of receipt of such invoices by the designated official of the
Corporation.

2
“Effective Date” means the date on which all the conditions precedent pursuant to
Section 2.1 are either satisfied in full or such conditions precedent which are unfulfilled are
waived by the Parties and in any case shall not be beyond 3 (three) months from the date
of signing of this Agreement.

"Electricity" shall mean the electrical energy in kilowatt-hours.

"Electricity Laws" shall mean Electricity Act, 2003 and the relevant rules, notifications, and
amendments issued thereunder and all other Laws in effect from time to time and applicable to the
development, financing, construction, ownership, operation or maintenance or regulation of electric
generating companies in India.

"Emergency" means a condition or situation affecting either Corporation's electrical

system or the Grid System, including without limitation, voltage/frequency variations
beyond the Technical Limits, which threatens the safe and reliable operation of such
system or which is likely to result in disruption of safe, adequate and continuous electric
supply by Corporation or the Grid System or could endanger life or property.

"Financing Documents" mean the agreements and documents between the Company and the
Financing Parties relating to the financing of the design, construction, commissioning, operation and
maintenance of the Project (which may include asset leasing arrangements).

"Financial Closure" means the signing of the Financing Documents for financing of the
Project and fulfillment of all the conditions precedent to the initial availability of funds
thereunder and the receipt of commitments for such equity as required by the Company in
order to satisfy the requirements of the lenders, provided however that the Company has
immediate access to funds (subject to giving the required drawdown notices) regarded as
adequate by the Company and in any case shall be achieved within 3 (three) months from
the date of signing of this Agreement.

“Financing Parties” means the parties financing the Project, pursuant to the Financing
Documents.

“Fiscal Year" shall mean, with respect to the initial Fiscal Year, the period beginning on the Commercial
Operation Date and ending at 12.00 midnight on the following March 31. Each successive Fiscal Year
shall begin on April 1 and end on the following March 31, except that the final Fiscal Year shall end on the
date of expiry of the Term or on termination of this Agreement, whichever is earlier.

"Force Majeure Event" shall have the meaning set forth in Article 8.

"GoI" means the Government of the Republic of India and any agency, legislative body, department,
political subdivision, authority or instrumentality thereof.

"GoK" means the Government of the State of Karnataka an entity existing under the laws of the
Republic of India or any agency, legislative body, department, political subdivision, authority or
instrumentality thereof.

"Government Instrumentality" means the GoI, the GoK and their ministries,
inspectorate, departments, agencies, bodies, corporations, authorities, legislative bodies.

“Grid System” means Corporation‟s power transmission system through which Delivered
Energy is evacuated and distributed.

“Interconnection Facilities” in respect of the Company shall mean all the facilities installed by the
Company to enable Corporation to receive the Delivered Energy from the Project at the Delivery Point,
including transformers, and associated equipment, relay and switching equipment, protective devices
and safety equipment and transmission lines from the Project to Corporation‟s nearest sub-station.

3
“Installed Capacity” means the capacity of the Project at the generating terminal(s) and
shall be equal to MW.

“KV” means Kilovolts.

“KWH” means Kilowatt-hour.

"Law" means any valid legislation, statute, rule, regulation, notification, directive or
order, issued or promulgated by any Governmental Instrumentality.

"Letter of Credit" shall mean the letter of credit established pursuant to Article 6.

"Metering Date" for a Billing Period, means the midnight of the last Day of the calendar
month.

“Metering Point” for purposes of recording of Delivered Energy at the Delivery Point and shall include
two separate sets of electronic trivector meters, main meter installed by the Company and the check
meter installed by the Corporation and both sealed by the Corporation, having facilities to record both
export and import of electricity to/from the grid.

“Monthly Charge” shall have the meaning set forth in Article 5.

“MW” means Megawatts.

“O & M Default” shall mean any default on the part of the Company for a continuous period of ninety
(90) days to (i) operate and/or (ii) maintain (in accordance with Prudent Utility Practices), the Project at
all times.

“Project” means a wind mill power station proposed to be established by the Company at
……………….Village, ……………….District, in Karnataka State comprising of (……..) Units with an individual
installed capacity of …………….. kilowatts and a total installed capacity of ……………..MW and shall include
land, buildings, plant, machinery, ancillary equipment, material, switch-gear, transformers, protection
equipment and the like necessary to deliver the Electricity generated by the Project to the Corporation at
the Delivery Point.

"Project Site" means any and all parcels of real property, rights-of-way, easements and
access roads located at Village, District, Karnataka State, upon which the Project and its
related infrastructure will be located, as described in Schedule 1 hereto.

"Prudent Utility Practices" means those practices, methods, techniques and standards
as changed from time to time that are generally accepted for use in electric utility
industries taking into account conditions in India, and commonly used in prudent electric
utility engineering and operations to design, engineer, construct, test, operate and
maintain equipment lawfully, safely, efficiently and economically as applicable to power
stations of the size, service and type of the Project, and that generally confirmed to the
manufacturers' operation and maintenance guidelines.

“Receiving Station” shall mean the ……………KV electric switching station constructed and
maintained by the Company at the …. KV/…. KV sub-station of the Corporation located
at………….., for the sole purpose of evacuating the Electricity generated by the Project to
the Grid System and for facilitating interconnection between the transmission lines
emanating from the Project and the Grid System.

“Scheduled date of Commencement” shall mean the date on which the construction
work at the Project Site is actually started and such date shall be within 3 months from
the date of achievement of Financial Closure.

4
“Scheduled Date of Completion” shall mean the date on which the Project is scheduled
to deliver Electricity to Corporation at the Delivery Point after completion of all the
required tests, and shall be within one and half years from the date of achievement of
Financial Closure.

“Tariff” shall have the meaning set forth in Article 5.

“Tariff Invoices” shall have the meaning set forth in Article 6.

“Technical Limits” means the limits and constraints described in Schedule 2, relating to the operations,
maintenance and despatch of the Project.

“Term” means the term of the Agreement as defined in Article 9.1.

“Unit” means one set of wind turbine-generator and auxiliary equipment and facilities forming part of
the Project.

“Voltage of Delivery” means the voltage at which the Electricity generated by the Project is required to
be delivered to the Corporation and shall be …… KV.

“System constraint” means a condition or situation under which the Corporation‟s

electrical system is not able to evacuate and transmit the generated energy fully or
partly due to unforeseen break down of the system which includes the condition of
„emergency‟.

“Corporation’s electrical system” means, which includes the Corporation‟s power

transmission lines, Transformers, Circuit Breakers, CTs, PTs, relays, Towers, Structures
and associated equipments involved in the transmission of Electrical energy.

1.2 Interpretation :

(a) Unless otherwise stated, all references made in this Agreement to "Articles" and
"Schedules" shall refer, respectively, to Articles of, and Schedules to, this Agreement. The
Schedules to this Agreement form part of this Agreement and will be in full force and
effect as though they were expressly set out in the body of this Agreement.

(b) In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires (i) the singular shall include
plural and vice versa; (ii) words denoting persons shall include partnerships, firms,
companies and corporations, (iii) the words "include" and "including" are to be construed
without limitation and (iv) a reference to any Party includes that Party's successors and
permitted assigns.

ARTICLE 2

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT

2.1 Conditions Precedent: The obligations of Corporation and the Company under this Agreement
are conditional upon the occurrence of the following in full:

a. The Company shall have been granted and received all permits, clearances and
approvals (whether statutory or otherwise) as are required to execute and operate the
Project (hereinafter referred to as “Approvals”),

b. The Financial Closure shall have occurred.

The date on which the Company fulfills any of the Conditions Precedent pursuant to Article 2.1, it
shall promptly notify Corporation of the same. The Company shall achieve the Financial Closure
within three (3) months from the date of signing of this Agreement.

5
2.2 Non-Fulfillment of Conditions Precedent: Non-fulfillment of the Conditions Precedent within
three (3) months from the date of signing of this Agreement shall render this Agreement null
and void automatically and Corporation shall stand discharged of all its obligations.

ARTICLE 3

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

3.1 The Company shall complete the construction of the Project before the Scheduled Date of
Completion.

3.2 For the purposes of such completion of the Project, the Company shall take all necessary steps
for obtaining Approvals pursuant to Article 2.1.

3.3 The Company shall achieve Financial Closure within 3 (three) months of signing of this
Agreement.

3.4 Notwithstanding anything contained anywhere else in this Agreement or any other agreement
between the Parties, if the Company does not achieve Financial Closure within 3 (three) months
from the date of signing of this Agreement or commence construction of the Project before the
Scheduled Date of Commencement, other than due to occurrence of force Majeure events
or fails to complete the construction within scheduled date of completion this
Agreement shall automatically become null and void and Corporation shall stand discharged of
all obligations and liabilities. Corporation not, in any way, be liable for any damages for any loss,
whatsoever, arising from termination of the agreement.

3.5 If the Company commits a Construction Default or an O & M Default other than due to Force
Majeure Events, Corporation shall give notice of 90 days in writing to the Company, calling upon
the Company to remedy such default and if the Company fails to take steps to remedy such
default within the aforesaid period the Agreement shall stand terminated.

3.6 The Company shall provide to the Corporation's Load Despatch Centre and
Transmission Zone Chief Engineer of the Corporation, information regarding
Electricity generated during testing, commissioning, synchronisation and startup.

3.7 Upon the occurrence of an Emergency in Corporation‟s evacuation system for safe
operation of its Grid, Corporation reserves the right to shut down the line and has
no obligation to evacuate the Electricity nor pay any compensation during such
period. The Company shall suitably back down their generation. Corporation will,
however, make reasonable endeavors to remedy such Emergency, and bring back
normalcy at the earliest.

ARTICLE 4

UNDERTAKINGS

4.1 Obligations of the Company:

(i) The company shall obtain all statutory approvals, clearances and permits necessary for the
Project in addition to those Approvals as listed in Schedule 4.
(ii) The Company shall construct the Project including the Interconnection Facilities and the
Substation.

6
 (iii) The Company shall achieve Scheduled Date of Completion within one and half years from the
financial closure.
(iv) The Company shall make available to Corporation confirmatory letters from the Financing Parties
within 15 days from receipt of such documents.
(v) The Company shall seek approval of Corporation in respect of Interconnection Facilities and the
Receiving Station.
(vi) The Company shall undertake at its own cost construction/upgradation of (a) the Interconnection
Facilities, (b) the transmission lines and (c) Receiving Station as per the specifications and
requirements of Corporation, as notified to the Company.
(vii) The Company shall undertake at its own cost maintenance of the Interconnection Facilities and
the Receiving Station, excluding the transmission line beyond the Receiving Station as per the
specifications and requirements of Corporation, as notified to the Company, in accordance with
Prudent Utility Practices. The transmission line so constructed shall remain as dedicated
transmission line without provision for any tappings.
(viii) The Company shall operate and maintain the Project in accordance with Prudent Utility Practices.
(ix) The Company shall be responsible for all payments on account of any taxes, cesses, duties or
levies imposed by the GoK or its competent statutory authority on the land, equipment, material
or works of the Project or on the Electricity generated or consumed by the Project or by itself or
on the income or assets owned by it.
(x) The benefits accruing on account of carbon credit shall be shared between the Company and the
Corporation in the ratio of 50:50 after deducting all expenses incurred by the Company in this
regard.

4.2 Obligations of Corporation:

Corporation agrees:
(i) To allow Company to the extent possible to operate the Project as a base load
generating station subject to system constraints.
(ii) Subject to system constraints to off-take and purchase all the Electricity
generated by the Company at the Delivery Point. However, backing down of
generation for any reason whatsoever shall be in accordance with the grid code
and other regulations as notified by the Commission from time to time.
(iii) To make tariff payments to the Company as set out in Article 5.
(iv) To accord approval within a reasonable period for the Interconnection Facilities
to be constructed by the Company.
(v) To undertake maintenance of the transmission lines at its own cost after
Commercial Operation Date.
(vi) To provide start up power required for the plant.

ARTICLE 5

RATES AND CHARGES

5.1 Monthly Energy Charges: The Corporation shall for the Delivered Energy pay, for the first 10
years from the Commercial Operation Date, to the Company every month during the period
commencing from the Commercial Operation Date at the rate of Rs. 3.40 (Rupees Three and
forty paise only) per kilowatt-hour (“the base tariff”) without any escalation for energy delivered
to the Corporation at the Metering Point.

5.2 From the 11th year onwards, from the Commercial Operation Date, Corporation shall pay to
the Company for the energy delivered at the Metering Point at a rate based on
operating costs and incentives to be agreed upon by mutual negotiations. In case
the Parties do not arrive at a mutual agreement on the tariff, the same shall be
referred to the Commission for a determination. In case Corporation refuses to
purchase the power generated, the Company shall be permitted to sell energy to
third parties and enter into a Wheeling Agreement with Corporation to sell power
for which it shall pay transmission and other charges to Corporation at the rates
applicable from time to time as approved by the Commission.

7
5.3 In case induction generators are used for generation of energy, for each KVARH
drawn from the grid, the Company shall pay at the rate of 40 paise for each KVARH
drawn.

5.4 The Company shall agree to pay to the Corporation, on or before signing of this
Agreement, at the rate of Rs. 37,000/- (Rupees Thirty Seven Thousand only) per
MW of Installed Capacity and for fractions thereof on a pro rata basis as a one time
lumpsum payment for the sole purpose of providing the required MVAR capacity at
the sub-station of the Corporation to which the Project is interconnected to supply
the requisite reactive power to the Grid System.
5.5 The Company shall be permitted to use 10% of the installed capacity for startup,
after inspection by the concerned officers of the Corporation and 115% of such
energy provided by the Corporation for startup purposes shall be deducted from the
energy pumped into the Grid by the Company for determining the amount to be
paid by the Corporation to the Company. If energy over and above the above
requirement is drawn from the Grid, the same will be billed under the tariff
applicable to HT industries.

ARTICLE 6

BILLING AND PAYMENT

6.1 Tariff Invoices: The Company shall submit to the Chief Engineer, Electy., Corporation‟s Load
Despatch Centre, Bangalore or any other designated officer of the Corporation, a Tariff Invoice for
each Billing Period in the format prescribed by the Corporation from time to time setting forth
those amounts payable by the Corporation for the Delivered Energy in accordance with Article
5.1. The Tariff Invoice shall be :

DE = X1 – (X1 x Z%)

Where

DE is the Delivered Energy pertaining to the Project

X1 is the reading of the energy meter installed at the Project Site.
Z is the percentage transmission line loss incurred in the transmission line between the Project
and the Receiving Station and shall be:

(X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + _ _ _ _ _) -- Y
Z= ------------------------------------------- x 100
(X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + _ _ _ _ _)

Where

Y is the reading of the bulk energy meter installed on the 66 KV side of the Receiving Station
X2, X3, X4 etc. are the readings of the energy meters installed at the various individual windmill
power projects being developed/proposed to be set up in the area and connected to the
Receiving Station.

6.2 Payment: Corporation shall make payment of the amounts due in Indian Rupees within fifteen
(15) days from the date of receipt of the Tariff Invoice by the designated office of the
Corporation.

6.3 Late Payment: If any payment from Corporation is not paid when due, there shall be due and
payable to the Company interest at the rate of SBI medium term lending rate per annum for
such payment from the date such payment was due until such payment is made in full.

8
6.4 Disputes: In the event of a dispute as to the amount of any Tariff Invoice, Corporation shall
notify the Company of the amount in dispute and Corporation shall pay the Company the total
Tariff Invoice including the disputed amount. The Parties shall discuss within a week from the
date on which Corporation notifies the company of the amount in dispute and try and settle the
dispute amicably. If the dispute is not settled during such discussion then the payment made by
Corporation shall be considered as a payment under protest. Upon resolution of the dispute, in
case the Company is subsequently found to have overcharged, then it shall return the
overcharged amount with an interest of SBI medium term lending rate per annum for the period
it retained the additional amount. Corporation/Company shall not have the right to challenge any
Tariff Invoice, or to bring any court or administrative action of any kind questioning/modifying a
Tariff Invoice after a period of one year from the date of the Tariff Invoice is due and payable.

6.5 Letter of Credit: Corporation shall establish and maintain transferable, assignable, irrevocable
and unconditional non-revolving Letter of Credit in favour of, and for the sole benefit of, the
Company. The Letter of Credit shall be established in favour of, and issued to, the Company on
the date hereof and made operational thirty (30) days prior to the Commercial Operation Date of
the Project and shall be maintained consistent herewith by Corporation at any and all times
during the Term of the Agreement. Such Letter of Credit shall be in form and substance
acceptable to both the Parties and shall be issued by any Scheduled Bank and be provided on
the basis that:

(i) In the event a Tariff Invoice or any other amount due and payable by Corporation pursuant
to the terms of this Agreement is not paid in full by Corporation as and when due, the Letter
of Credit may be called by the Company for payment in full of the unpaid Tariff Invoice or
any such other unpaid amount.
(ii) The foregoing as determined pursuant hereto, upon representation of such Tariff Invoice or
other invoice or claim for such other amount by the Company on the due date therefor or at
any time thereafter, without any notification, certification or further action being required.
(iii) The amount of the Letter of Credit shall be equal to one month‟s projected payments
payable by the corporation based on the average of annual generation.
(iv) The Corporation shall replenish the Letter of Credit to bring it to the original amount within
30 days in case of any valid drawdown.
(v) The Company shall allow a rebate of 1.8% of the Tariff Invoice or actual expenditure/charges
for the LC account incurred, whichever is higher, and the same shall be deducted from the
monthly Tariff Invoice payable to the Company.
(vi) The Letter of Credit shall be renewed and/or replaced by the Corporation not less than 60
days prior to its expiration.

6.6 Payment under the Letter of Credit: The drawal under the Letter of Credit in respect of a
Tariff Invoice shall require:

(i) a copy of the metering statement jointly signed by the official representatives of the Parties,
supporting the payments attributable to the Delivered Energy in respect of such Tariff
Invoice.
(ii) a certificate from the Company stating that the amount payable by the Corporation in
respect of such Tariff Invoice has not been paid by the Corporation till the Due Date of
Payment of the Tariff Invoice.

ARTICLE 7

METERING AND COMMUNICATION

7.1 Metering: The Delivered Energy shall be metered by the Parties at the high voltage side of the
step up transformer installed at the Receiving Station. The electricity generated by the Project
shall be metered by the Parties at the high voltage side of the step up transformer installed at the
Project Site.

9
7.2 Metering Equipment: Metering equipment shall be electronic trivector meters of accuracy class
0.2% required for the Project (both main and check meters). The main meter shall be installed
and owned by the Company, whereas check meters shall be by the Corporation. Dedicated core
of both CT‟s and PT‟s of required accuracy shall be made available by the Company to
Corporation. The metering equipment shall be maintained in accordance with electricity
standards. Such equipment shall have the capability of recording half-hourly and monthly
readings. The Company shall provide such metering results to the Corporation. The meters
installed shall be capable of recording and storing half hourly readings of all the electrical
parameters for a minimum period of 35 days with digital output.

7.3 Meter Readings: The monthly meter readings (both main and check meters) at the Project Site
and the Receiving Station shall be taken simultaneously and jointly by the Parties on the first day
of the following month at 12 Noon. The recorded metering data shall be downloaded through
meter recording instrument. At the conclusion of each meter reading an appointed
representative of the Corporation and the Company shall sign a document indicating the number
of kilowatt-hours indicated by the meter. The Company shall pay to the Corporation,
charges, as notified by the Corporation from time to time, to read, record and
calibrate each additional energy meter installed by the Company other than the
bulk energy meter, for the purpose of determination of the losses in the
transmission lines constructed and maintained by the Company for the purpose of
interconnection with the Grid System and for the facilitation of settlement of the
Tariff Invoices.

7.4 Inspection of Energy Meters: All the main and check energy meters (export and import) and
all associated instruments, transformers installed at the Project shall be of 0.2% accuracy class.
Each meter shall be jointly inspected and sealed on behalf of the Parties and shall not be
interfered with by either Party except in the presence of the other Party or its accredited
representatives.

7.5 Meter Test Checking: All the main and check meters shall be tested for accuracy every
calendar quarter with reference to a portable standard meter which shall be of an accuracy class
of 0.1%. The portable standard meter shall be owned by the Corporation at its own cost and
expense and tested and certified at least once every year against an accepted laboratory
standard meter in accordance with electricity standards. The meters shall be deemed to be
working satisfactorily if the errors are within specifications for meters of 0.2% accuracy class.
The consumption registered by the main meters alone will hold good for the purpose of billing as
long as the error in the main meter is within the permissible limits.
(i) If during the quarterly tests, the main meter is found to be within the permissible limit of
error and the corresponding check meter is beyond the permissible limits, then billing will be
as per the main meter as usual. The check meter shall, however, be calibrated immediately.
(ii) If during the quarterly tests, the main meter is found to be beyond permissible limits of error,
but the corresponding check meter is found to be within permissible limits of error, then the
billing for the month upto the date and time of such test shall be as per the check meter.
There will be a revision in the bills for the period from the previous calibration test upto the
current test based on the readings of the check meter. The main meter shall be calibrated
immediately and billing for the period thereafter till the next monthly meter reading shall be
as per the calibrated main meter.
(iii) If during the quarterly tests, both the main meters and the corresponding check meters are
found to be beyond the permissible limits of error, both the meters shall be immediately
calibrated and the correction applied to the reading registered by the main meter to arrive at
the correct reading of energy supplied for billing purposes for the period from the last
month's meter reading upto the current test. Billing for the period thereafter till the next
monthly meter reading shall be as per the calibrated main meter.
(iv) If during any of the monthly meter readings, the variation between the main meter and the
check meter is more than that permissible for meters of 0.2 % accuracy class, all the meters
shall be re-tested and calibrated immediately

10
7.6 Interconnection and Metering Facilities: The Company shall provide dedicated core for the
check metering. Both the main meter and the check meter shall be installed nearest to
the PT in outdoor yard and shall be housed in a suitable weather proof cubicle.

7.7 Communication Facilities: The Company shall install and maintain at its cost communication
facilities such as fax and telecommunication facilities to the Project to enable receipt of data at
Corporation‟s Load Despatch Centre.

ARTICLE 8

FORCE MAJEURE

8.1 Force Majeure Events:

(a) Neither Party shall be responsible or liable for or deemed in breach hereof because of any delay
or failure in the performance of its obligations hereunder (except for obligations to pay money
due prior to occurrence of Force Majeure events under this Agreement) or failure to meet
milestone dates due to any event or circumstance (a "Force Majeure Event") beyond the
reasonable control of the Party experiencing such delay or failure, including the occurrence of any
of the following:
(i) acts of God;
(ii) typhoons, floods, lightning, cyclone, hurricane, drought, famine, epidemic, plague or other
natural calamities;
(iii) strikes, work stoppages, work slowdowns or other labour dispute which affects a Party‟s
ability to perform under this Agreement;
(iv) acts of war (whether declared or undeclared), invasion or civil unrest;
(v) any requirement, action or omission to act pursuant to any judgment or order of any court
or judicial authority in India (provided such requirement, action or omission to act is not due to
the breach by the Company or Corporation of any Law or any of their respective obligations
under this Agreement);
(vi) inability despite complying with all legal requirements to obtain, renew or maintain required
licenses or Legal Approvals;
(vii) earthquakes, explosions, accidents, landslides;
(viii) fire;
(ix) expropriation and/or compulsory acquisition of the Project in whole or in part;
(x) chemical or radioactive contamination or ionising radiation; or
(xi) damage to or breakdown of transmission facilities of either Party;
(xii) breakdown of generating equipment of the Company;
(xiii) breakdown of the Project equipment;

(b) The availability of Article 8.1 to excuse a Party‟s obligations under this Agreement due to a Force
Majeure Event shall be subject to the following limitations and restrictions:
(i) the non-performing Party gives the other Party written notice describing the particulars of the
Force Majeure Event as soon as practicable after its occurrence;
(ii) the suspension of performance is of no greater scope and of no longer duration than is
required by the Force Majeure Event;
(iii) the non-performing Party is able to resume performance of its obligations under this
Agreement, it shall give the other Party written notice to that effect;
(iv) the Force Majeure Event was not caused by the non-performing Party‟s negligent or
intentional acts, errors or omissions, or by its negligence/failure to comply with any material Law,
or by any material breach or default under this Agreement;
(v) in no event shall a Force Majeure Event excuse the obligations of a Party that are required to
be completely performed prior to the occurrence of a Force Majeure Event.

11
8.2 Payment Obligations: For avoidance of doubt, neither Party's obligation to make payments of
money due and payable prior to occurrence of Force Majeure events under this Agreement shall
be suspended or excused due to the occurrence of a Force Majeure Event in respect of such
Party.

ARTICLE 9

TERM, TERMINATION AND DEFAULT

9.1 Term of the Agreement: This Agreement shall become effective upon the
execution and delivery thereof by the Parties hereto and unless terminated
pursuant to other provisions of the Agreement, shall continue to be in force for
such time until the completion of a period of twenty (20) years from the
Commercial Operation Date and may be renewed for such further period of ten (10)
years and such terms and conditions as may be mutually agreed upon between the
Parties, ninety (90) days prior to the expiry of the said period of twenty (20)
years.

9.2 Events of Default:

9.2.1 Company‟s Default: The occurrence of any of the following events at any time during the Term of
this Agreement shall constitute an Event of Default by Company:

a. O&M Default on part of Company

b. Failure or refusal by Company to perform any of its material obligations under this
Agreement.

9.2.2 Corporation‟s Default: The occurrence of any of the following at any time during the Term of this
Agreement shall constitute an Event of Default by Corporation:
a. Failure or refusal by Corporation to perform its financial and other material obligations
under this Agreement.
b. In the event of any payment default by the Corporation for a continuous period of three
months, the Company shall be permitted to sell Electricity to third parties by entering
into a Wheeling agreement with the Corporation for which it shall pay transmission and
any other charges to the Corporation at the rates applicable from time to time as
approved by the Commission.

9.3 Termination:

9.3.1 Termination for Company’s Default: Upon the occurrence of an event of default as set out in
sub-clause 9.2.1 above, Corporation may deliver a Default Notice to the Company in writing
which shall specify in reasonable detail the Event of Default giving rise to the default notice, and
calling upon the Company to remedy the same.

At the expiry of 30 (thirty) days from the delivery of this default notice and unless the Parties
have agreed otherwise, or the Event of Default giving rise to the default notice has been
remedied, Corporation may deliver a Termination Notice to the Company, Corporation may
terminate this Agreement by delivering such a Termination Notice to the Company and intimate
the same to the Commission. Upon delivery of the Termination Notice this Agreement shall
stand terminated and Corporation shall stand discharged of all its obligations. However, all
payment obligations as per the Article 5 prior to the date of termination of the Agreement shall
be met by the Parties.

Where a Default Notice has been issued with respect to an Event of Default, which requires the
co-operation of both Corporation and the Company to remedy, Corporation shall render all
reasonable co-operation to enable the Event of Default to be remedied.

12
9.3.2 Termination for Corporation’s Default: Upon the occurrence of an Event of
Default as set out in sub-clause 9.2.2 above, the Company may deliver a Default
Notice to Corporation in writing which shall specify in reasonable detail the Event of
Default giving rise to the Default Notice, and calling upon Corporation to remedy
the same.

At the expiry of 30 (thirty) days from the delivery of this default notice and unless the Parties
have agreed otherwise, or the Event of Default giving rise to the Default Notice has been
remedied, Company may deliver a Termination Notice to the Corporation. Company may
terminate this Agreement by delivering such a Termination Notice to Corporation and intimate
the same to the Commission. Upon delivery of the Termination Notice this Agreement shall
stand terminated and Company shall stand discharged of all its obligations.

Where a Default Notice has been issued with respect to an Event of Default, which requires the
co-operation of both Company and Corporation, to remedy, Company shall render all reasonable
co-operation to enable the Event of Default to be remedied.

ARTICLE 10

DISPUTE RESOLUTION

10.1 All disputes or differences between the Parties arising out of or in connection
with this Agreement shall be first tried to be settled through mutual
negotiation.

10.2 The Parties hereto agree to attempt to resolve all disputes arising hereunder
promptly, equitably and in good faith.

10.3 Each Party shall designate in writing and communicate to the other Party its
own representative who shall be authorised to resolve any dispute arising
under this Agreement in an equitable manner and, unless otherwise expressly
provided herein, to exercise the authority of the Parties hereto to make
decisions by mutual agreement.

10.4 If the designated representatives are unable to resolve a dispute under this
Agreement within thirty days after such dispute arises, such dispute shall be
referred to higher authorities designated by the Parties for resolution of the
dispute.

10.5 In the event that such differences or disputes between the Parties are not
settled through mutual negotiations within ninety (90) days after such dispute
arises, then it shall be got adjudicated by the Commission in accordance with
Law.

ARTICLE 11

INDEMNITY

11.1 Company’s Indemnity: The Company agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless
Corporation, its officers, directors, agents, employees and affiliates (and their respective officers,
directors, agents and employees) from and against any and all claims, liabilities, actions,
demands, judgements, losses, costs, expenses, suits, actions and damages arising by reason of
bodily injury, death or damage to property sustained by third parties that are caused by an act
of negligence or the willful misconduct of the Company, or by an officer, director,
sub-contractor, agent or employee of the Company except to the extent of such injury, death or

13
 damage as is attributable to the willful misconduct or negligence of, or breach of this Agreement
by, Corporation, or by an officer, director, sub-contractor, agent or employee of the Corporation.

11.2 Corporation’s Indemnity: Corporation agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless the
Company, its officers, directors, agents, employees and affiliates (and their respective officers,
directors, agents and employees) from and against any and all claims, liabilities, actions,
demands, judgements, losses, costs, expenses, suits, actions and damages arising by reason of
bodily injury, death or damage to property sustained by third parties that are caused by an act
of negligence or the willful misconduct of Corporation, or by an officer, director, sub-contractor,
agent or employee of Corporation except to the extent of such injury, death or damage as is
attributable to the willful misconduct or negligence of, or breach of this Agreement by the
Company, or by an officer, director, sub-contractor, agent or employee of the Company.

ARTICLE 12

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

12.1 Governing Law: This Agreement shall be interpreted, construed and governed by
the Laws of India.

12.2 Insurance: The Company shall obtain and maintain necessary policies of
insurance during the Term of this Agreement consistent with Prudent Utility
Practice.

12.3 Books and Records: The Company shall maintain books of account relating to the Project in
accordance with generally accepted Indian accounting principles.

12.4 Waivers: Any failure on the part of a Party to exercise, and any delay in exercising, exceeding
three years, any right hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof. No waiver by a Party of any
right hereunder with respect to any matter or default arising in connection with this Agreement
shall be considered a waiver with respect to any subsequent matter or default.

12.5 Limitation Remedies and Damages: Neither Party shall be liable to the other for any
consequential, indirect or special damages to persons or property whether arising in tort,
contract or otherwise, by reason of this Agreement or any services performed or undertaken to
be performed hereunder.

12.6 Notices: Any notice, communication, demand, or request required or authorized by this
Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed properly given upon date of receipt if
delivered by hand or sent by courier, if mailed by registered or certified mail at the time of
posting, if sent by fax when dispatched (provided if the sender‟s transmission report shows the
entire fax to have been received by the recipient and only if the transmission was received in
legible form), to :

(i) In case of the Company: M/s…………………….

Telephone No. : (………………..) –

Fax No. : (………………..) –

(ii) In case of Corporation:

The General Manager (Technical)
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited
Kaveri Bhavan, District Office Road,
BANGALORE 560 009
Karnataka State
Telephone No. : 080-22210685

14
 Fax No. : 080-22218930

The Chief Engineer, Electricity

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited
Karnataka State.
Telephone No. : (……………)
Fax No. : (…………..)

12.7 Severability: Any provision of this Agreement, which is prohibited or unenforceable in any
jurisdiction, shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or
unenforceability without invalidating the remaining provisions hereof and without affecting the
validity, enforceability or legality of such provision in any other jurisdiction.

12.8 Amendments: This Agreement shall not be amended, changed, altered, or modified except
by a written instrument duly executed by an authorized representative of both Parties.
However, Corporation may consider any amendment or change that the Lenders may require
to be made to this Agreement.

12.9 Assignment:

(i) Neither Party shall assign this Agreement or any portion hereof without the prior written
consent of the other Party, provided further that any assignee shall expressly assume the
assignor's obligations thereafter arising under this Agreement pursuant to documentation
satisfactory to such other Party.
(ii) Corporation shall consent to the assignment by the Company of its rights herein to the
Financing Parties and their successors and assigns in connection with any financing or
refinancing related to the construction, operation and maintenance of the Project and shall
execute documents reasonably satisfactory to the Financing Parties if requested by the
Company to evidence such consent. In furtherance of the foregoing, Corporation acknowledges
that the Financing Documents may provide that upon an event of default by the Company
under the Financing Documents, the Financing Parties may cause the Company to assign to a
third party the interests, rights and obligations of the Company thereafter arising under this
Agreement. Corporation further acknowledges that the Financing Parties, may, in addition to
the exercise of their rights as set forth in this Section, cause the Company to sell or lease the
Project and cause any new lessee or purchaser of the Project to assume all of the interests,
rights and obligations of the Company thereafter arising under this Agreement.

12.10 Entire Agreement, Appendices: This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement
between Corporation and the Company, concerning the subject matter hereof. All previous
documents, undertakings, and agreements, whether oral, written, or otherwise, between the
Parties concerning the subject matter hereof are hereby cancelled and shall be of no further
force or effect and shall not affect or modify any of the terms or obligations set forth in this
Agreement, except as the same may be made part of this Agreement in accordance with its
terms, including the terms of any of the appendices, attachments or exhibits. The appendices,
attachments and exhibits are hereby made an integral part of this Agreement and shall be fully
binding upon the Parties.

In the event of any inconsistency between the text of the Articles of this Agreement and the
appendices, attachments or exhibits hereto or in the event of any inconsistency between the
provisions and particulars of one appendix, attachment or exhibit and those of any other
appendix, attachment or exhibit Corporation and the Company shall consult to resolve the
inconsistency.

12.11 Further Acts and Assurances: Each of the Parties after convincing itself agrees to execute
and deliver all such further agreements, documents and instruments, and to do and perform
all such further acts and things, as shall be necessary or convenient to carry out the provisions
of this Agreement and to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby.

15
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their fully
authorised officers, and copies delivered to each Party, as of the day and year first above stated.

FOR AND ON BEHALF OF THE KARNATAKA POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED

____________________ WITNESSES
(Sri. )
General Manager (Technical) 1. _______________________
KARNATAKA POWER TRANSMISSION (Sri. )
CORPORATION LIMITED

2. _______________________
(Sri. )

FOR AND ON BEHALF OF M/s.

_______________________________ WITNESSES
(Sri.
1. _______________________
(Sri. )
M/s.

2. _______________________
(Sri.)
M/s.

16
 SCHEDULE 1

PROJECT AND SITE CHARACTERISTICS

1. Capacity of the Plant: ………MW.

2. Location:

3. Taluk:

4. District:

5. Survey Nos. and extent of land:

6. No. of Units : ……..nos. of ………….Kilowatts.

7. Nearest receiving station of KPTCL: KV Sub-station at .

SCHEDULE 2

TECHNICAL LIMITS

1. The nominal steady state electrical characteristics of the system are as follows:

a) three phase alternating current at 50 Hertz plus or minus 0.5 Hertz

b) nominal voltage of 66 KV with +10% to – 12.5% variation.

c) a power factor (at maximum rated power) between 0.85 lagging and 0.95
leading

2. The Project shall be designed and capable of being synchronized and operated
within a frequency range of 47.5 to 51.5 Hertz and voltage of …….. KV and ……. KV
and a power factor (at maximum rated power) between 0.85 lagging and 0.95
leading at the generator terminals.

3. Each Unit shall be capable of generating and delivering reactive power

corresponding to a power factor as specified in Item 1(c) above.

4. Operation of the Project outside the nominal voltage and power factor range
specified above will result in reduction of power output consistent with generator
capability curves.

SCHEDULE 3

GOVERNMENT ORDERS

1. Government Order No……………. dated ……………according approval to M/s……………….. to

set up …………. MW windmill power project at……………… Village, ………………District.
2. Government Order No……………….. dated …………. transferring a capacity of ……….. MW to
M/s……………………… from the ……………MW capacity allocated to M/s………………….
3. Agreement dated between Government of Karnataka and M/s……………………………

17
 SCHEDULE 4

APPROVALS

1. Consent from the Corporation for the comprehensive evacuation scheme for evacuation
of the power generated by the proposed windmill power projects of M/s. vide letter No.
2. Approval of the Electrical Inspectorate, Government of Karnataka for commissioning of
the transmission line and the wind energy converters installed at the Project Site.
3. Approval of the Corporation for interconnection of the Project to the Grid System.
4. Certification of Commissioning the Project issued by KPTCL.
5. Permission from all other statutory and non-statutory bodies required for the Project.
6. Clearance from the Airport Authority of India.
7. Clearance from the Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment.
8. Approval of the Commission for this Agreement vide letter No. dated

SCHEDULE 5

TESTING PROCEDURES

Company and Corporation shall evolve suitable testing procedures three (3) months before
the Commercial Operation Date of the Project considering relevant standards.

SCHEDULE 6

SPECIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY DELIVERY

1. The generation voltage from the windmill power project of M/s. is…….. KV. It uses unit
connection of generator, generator transformer and unit transformer.
2. The generated power at ………….KV will be stepped up to ……………KV at the Project Site
and further stepped up to …………KV at the sub-station maintained by the Company and
its associates at ……………..Village in …………….District for the purpose of interconnection
with the Corporation grid at the Receiving Station. ……..KV/………..KV GT‟s will also be
used to draw start up power from the grid.

18
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Page 1 of 64
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 1................................................................................................... 4

1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER – 2................................................................................................... 7

2.0 APPROVAL AND ORGANISATION....................................................... 8

2.1 Guidelines ...................................................................................................................................8

2.2 Scope of TAPS............................................................................................................................8

2.3 Basis for Approval.....................................................................................................................8

2.4 Organisation of the Approval Scheme ....................................................................................8

2.4.1 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy............................................................................8
2.4.2 C-WET.................................................................................................................................9

2.5 Contract and other clauses .......................................................................................................9

2.5.1 Contract between C-WET and Applicant ...........................................................................9
2.5.2 Storage of Documentation...................................................................................................9
2.5.3 Confidentiality.....................................................................................................................9
2.5.4 Complaints.........................................................................................................................10
2.5.5 Surveillance inspection......................................................................................................10
2.5.6 Accountability ...................................................................................................................10

2.6 Date of introduction of procedures for Certification ..........................................................10

2.7 Corrective actions ....................................................................................................................10

CHAPTER – 3................................................................................................. 11

3.0 DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................ 12

CHAPTER – 4................................................................................................. 19

4.0 PROVISIONAL TYPE CERTIFICATION .............................................. 20

4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................20

4.2 External Conditions.................................................................................................................21

4.2.1 General...............................................................................................................................21
4.2.2 WT Classes ........................................................................................................................22
4.2.3 Wind Conditions................................................................................................................22
4.2.4 Other Environmental Conditions ......................................................................................22
4.2.5 Electrical power network conditions ................................................................................23

4.3. Provisional Type Certification: Category - I......................................................................23

4.3.1 General...............................................................................................................................23
4.3.2 Partial Design Evaluation / Review of Type Certificate ..................................................24

Page 2 of 64
 4.3.3 Manufacturing System Evaluation....................................................................................24
4.3.4 Review of Foundation Design Requirements ...................................................................25
4.3.5 Foundation Design Evaluation..........................................................................................25
4.3.6 Final Evaluation.................................................................................................................25
4.3.7 Provisional Type Certificate .............................................................................................25

4.4. Provisional Type Certification: Category - II .....................................................................26

4.4.1 General...............................................................................................................................26
4.4.2 Details and Requirements..................................................................................................26
4.4.3 Provisional Type Testing ..................................................................................................26
4.4.4 Type Characteristic Measurements...................................................................................28
4.4.5 Final Evaluation.................................................................................................................29
4.4.6 Provisional Type Certificate .............................................................................................29

4.5 Provisional Type Certification : Category - III ..................................................................29

4.5.1 General...............................................................................................................................29
4.5.2 Design Evaluation .............................................................................................................30
4.5.3 Manufacturing System Evaluation....................................................................................35
4.5.4 Provisional Type Testing ..................................................................................................36
4.5.5 Foundation Design Evaluation..........................................................................................37
4.5.6 Type Characteristic Measurements...................................................................................38
4.5.7 Final Evaluation.................................................................................................................38
4.5.8 Provisional Type Certificate .............................................................................................38

REFERENCES: List of Acts, Standards and Guidelines...................................................................39

ANNEXURES ................................................................................................. 41
ANNEXURE-1, Recognised Certification Schemes .............................................................................42

ANNEXURE- 2, External conditions for India....................................................................................43

ANNEXURE- 3, List of documentation ................................................................................................45

ANNEXURE- 4, Simplified method for load calculation....................................................................51

ANNEXURE- 5, Foundation Design Requirements ............................................................................61

ANNEXURE- 6, Format of Provisional Type Certificate...................................................................63

Questions concerning Provisional Type Certification Scheme may be addressed to:

Mr. A. Senthil Kumar

Unit Chief Incharge - Standards & Certification
Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)
657/1A2, Velachery -Tambaram Main Road
Pallikaranai
Chennai – 600 100
Tamil Nadu

Phone: +91 44 22463982 / 22463983 / 22463984 / 22463988 (Dir)

Fax: +91 44 22463980

Page 3 of 64
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Page 4 of 64
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Indian wind energy sector has been developing into the main stream of
industrial activity with active participation of the private sector. About
fifteen Wind Turbine (WT) manufacturers/suppliers with foreign
collaborations either as joint ventures or with technology transfer
arrangements are installing Wind Turbines (WTs) in India. These
manufacturers/suppliers, with a few exceptions, are normally supplying
WTs of the types provided by their principals, which are certified by
Internationally accredited Certification Bodies. However, these certificates
are issued based on the European site conditions and approval
schemes/technical criteria of the country in which they are carried out. In
addition, the turbines installed in India undergo major/minor changes to
suit the Indian conditions. Therefore, all the major stakeholders of the
industry expressed the need for establishing the testing facilities and
certification procedures in the country.

In view of this, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has

established Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), as an
autonomous institution of Government of India, registered as a society
under the Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act- 1975, at Chennai, Tamil
Nadu. C-WET has five units namely, Research and Development (R&D),
Wind Resource Assessment (WRA), Wind Turbine Testing (WTT),
Standards & Certification (S&C) and Information, Training & Commercial
Services (IT&CS) to support all the areas of the wind energy sector. The
Wind Turbine Test Station, an integral part of C-WET, is being established
as a Project covering the WTT and S&C Units with the technical support
and financial assistance of DANIDA, Denmark. RISO National Laboratory
(RISO), Denmark, was appointed by DANIDA, as a Technical Consultant
of this Project.

MNRE has been issuing guidelines and recommendations periodically to

the wind energy sector, to address the issues related to maintaining quality
of the WTs installed in India. As per the guidelines dated 24.05.1999, it
was stated, “Certification by foreign agencies will not be required
henceforth ; manufacturers of WTs will provide self-certification about the
quality and performance of their equipment ; this self certification
procedure will be followed till such time that Testing/ Certification
facilities are established within the country”. While the establishment of
C-WET in terms of infrastructure and training is in progress, the Wind
Turbine Testing Station, the facility for the Testing and Certification is
simultaneously made partly operational to meet the immediate needs of the
wind energy sector in the areas of testing and certification provisionally.
In this context, a provisional scheme namely, “Type Approval -
Provisional Scheme (TAPS)”, for provisional certification and
corresponding requirements of provisional type testing and measurements,
is formulated in consultation with RISO. The Wind Energy Sector may
now avail this facility for provisional type testing and provisional type
certification till the formation and issue of final Type Approval Scheme
(TAS) and formal accreditation.
Page 5 of 64
TAPS is intended to meet the requirements of manufacturers/suppliers,
wind farm developers, financial institutions, insurance companies, State
Electricity Boards, State Nodal Agencies and other related Government
/regulatory bodies.

TAPS aims to promote procedures and requirements for the establishment

of uniform codes, standards and technical criteria for design,
manufacturing and operation of WTs. TAPS comprises of principles,
procedures, requirements and the technical criteria for certification of WTs
in India, addressed to applicants and others involved in the scheme. TAPS
is formulated in line with national and international rules, codes and
standards relevant for certification of WT. In TAPS, technical
requirements have been framed for topics, which have not been covered
currently by the existing standards in India. The procedures and
requirements for obtaining the necessary approvals and certificates for
manufacturing system (production and installation) evaluation including
quality management system, which the WT manufacturer/supplier must
comply with, are described in TAPS. The requirements of aspects to be
fulfilled and the corresponding documentation requirements are also
described.

TAPS will be applicable only to the grid connected, horizontal axis WT of

the rotor swept area greater than 40 m2.

The procedures in TAPS have been formulated in consultations/

discussions with Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturer’s Association
(IWTMA).

Compliance with TAPS and certificate issued by C-WET to this effect do

not absolve any person, organisation or corporation, of the responsibility
for following and adhering to all applicable guidelines, procedures, rules,
regulations, and protocols.

In the following Chapters, both Type Approval and Type Certification

have the same meaning.

TAPS has four Chapters. The first Chapter deals with “Introduction” and
the second Chapter deals with “Approval And Organisation”. The third
and fourth chapters deal with “Definitions” and “Provisional Type
Certification”. The “List of Acts, Standards and Guidelines”, which are
applicable to wind energy sector and TAPS, is given as “References”. The
necessary details connected with TAPS are given in “Annexures”.

Page 6 of 64
 CHAPTER – 2

APPROVAL AND ORGANISATION

Page 7 of 64
2.0 APPROVAL AND ORGANISATION

2.1 Guidelines

The introduction of TAPS enables the manufacturers/suppliers of WTs to

comply with and to document the compliance with the rules in force for
Type Approval/certification of WTs.

TAPS is valid for the inland WT and is applicable only to the grid
connected, horizontal axis WT with the rotor swept area greater than 40
m2.

2.2 Scope of TAPS

The following is the scope of TAPS:

• TAPS covers the whole WT up to and including WT terminals and

from the terminals to the grid.
• TAPS covers the whole process covering design, manufacturing and
installation.
• Type certification for the design of the wind turbine is based on
verification of documentation supplied by the WT supplier, if
necessary, supplemented by independent calculations, tests and
surveillance inspections.
• Quality of the manufacturing and installation of WTs shall be ensured
by review of the manufacturer’s QMS. The QMS shall preferably be
certified for compliance with ISO 9001-2000.
• TAPS ensures compliance with the current safety requirements.

2.3 Basis for Approval

The sections dealing with technical aspects are based on existing national
and international codes and standards like International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), which are relevant to the WT sector. A list of acts,
standards and guidelines, which are applicable to wind energy sector and
TAPS, is given in “References”.

Deviations if any from TAPS, must be clearly documented by the

manufacturer/supplier in full, with all necessary references, however,
ensuring that the safety requirements and quality aspects are thoroughly
and completely fulfilled, the proof of which must be included in the
documentation. The Certification Body may accept such deviations, after
the evaluation of the same.

2.4 Organisation of the Approval Scheme

2.4.1 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)

TAPS is issued by MNRE as a part of its guidelines to facilitate the wind

energy sector.
Page 8 of 64
2.4.2 C-WET

The Standards and Certification Unit of C-WET, which is the Type

Certification Body, is the implementing agency of TAPS. The Type
Certification Body has the following main tasks.
• To verify the complete documentation provided by the
manufacturer/supplier, as per the details furnished in the Chapter- 4
and issue the Provisional Type Certificate, as per the format given in
Annexure–6.
• To carry out spot checks of the WTs certified by C-WET, in order to
check compliance with the type certified WT. The spot check will
normally be carried out along with verification of the safety test, under
category I certification, before issue of certificate or during the validity
period of the certificate. For WTs under going Category II and
Category III certification the spot will be carried out during the validity
period of the certificate.
• To carry out survey of damages as a part of investigating agency, when
referred by MNRE.
• To disseminate information about TAPS and basis for approval to the
users when ever required.
• To participate in international co-operation concerning certification,
test procedures and standards for the WT area to enable updating
TAPS.
• To improve the TAPS, which includes the incorporation of experiences
gained from Testing and Certification and to obtain necessary approval
from MNRE.
2.5 Contract and other clauses

2.5.1 Contract between C-WET and Applicant

C-WET will enter into contract with the WT manufacturer/ supplier

(applicant) for the purpose of Provisional Type Certification. Details on
scope and extent of the work, procedures and time frame, etc are included
in the contract.

2.5.2 Storage of Documentation

C-WET will keep all the relevant documents/material for at least 5 years
after the expiry of latest certificate issued.

2.5.3 Confidentiality

Complete confidentiality shall be maintained by C-WET on the documents

submitted by WT manufacturer/supplier.

Page 9 of 64
2.5.4 Complaints

MNRE is the appellant authority over the decisions made by C-WET

according to the basis of approval given in TAPS.
2.5.5 Surveillance inspection

C-WET may conduct surveillance inspection on the installed WT, certified

according to TAPS, in order to check compliance with the specifications of
TAPS. This is in addition to the inspections carried out by C-WET or
authorised agency in connection with the processing of the TAPS,
including the production, maintenance and product and installation
Certificates.
2.5.6 Accountability

TAPS does not absolve the manufacturer/supplier from their product and
other responsibilities.
2.6 Date of introduction of procedures for Certification

Provisional Certification to WT as per TAPS will come into effect from

the date of issue of guidelines from MNRE.
TAPS will be in effect till the final Type Approval Scheme (TAS) for
certification of WT come into effect.
2.7 Corrective actions

The Type Certification Body shall be informed if, from log-book data or
other information brought to the attention of the certificate holder, the WT
subjected to PTC is shown not to function according to the design
specifications and other criteria relevant to the certificate.
Incidents where the safety of a WT or the surroundings are involved that
are known to the certificate holder, shall be reported to the Type
Certification Body without delay.

If after preliminary evaluation the Type Certification Body determines a

serious defect affecting the safety of the WT subjected to PTC, the
Certificate shall be immediately suspended. The Type Certification Body
shall subsequently carry out a thorough evaluation of the defect. This
evaluation shall result in either reaffirmation or withdrawal of the
Certificate.
2.8 Validity of the Certificate

The certificate will normally be valid for a specified period of app. 1 year,
however, it can vary from case to case depending on the out standings.

Page 10 of 64
CHAPTER – 3

DEFINITIONS

Page 11 of 64
3.0 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of TAPS, the following definitions are adopted from IEC.
However, some of the definitions related to Certification system are
modified to suit for Provisional Type Certification and Testing.

3.1 Accreditation:
Procedure by which an authoritative body gives formal recognition that a
body is impartial and technically competent to carry out specific tasks such
as certification, tests, specific types of tests etc.

Note: Accreditation is awarded following successful assessment and is followed by

appropriate surveillance.

3.2 Applicant:
Entity applying for provisional certification

3.3 Brake (WT):

Device capable of reducing the rotor speed or stopping rotation

3.4 Certificate holder:

Entity holding a provisional certificate after the certificate is issued.

Note: This entity may not be the original applicant but nevertheless is responsible for
maintenance of the certificate.

3.5 Certification Body:

Body that conducts provisional certification of conformity

3.6 Certification system:

System that has specific rules for procedure and management to carry out
certification of conformity

3.7 Control system (WT):

Subsystem that receives information about the condition of the WT and/or
its environment and adjusts the turbine in order to maintain it within its
operating limits.

3.8 Cut-in wind speed (Vin) :

Lowest mean wind speed at hub-height at which the WT starts to produce
power

3.9 Cut-out wind speed (Vout):

Highest mean wind speed at hub-height at which the WT is designed to
produce power

Page 12 of 64
3.10 Design limits:
Maximum or minimum values used in a design

3.11 Dormant failure (also known as latent fault):

Failure of a component or system which remains undetected during normal
operation.

3.12 Electrical power network:

Particular installations, substations, lines or cables for the transmission and
distribution of electricity.

Note: The boundaries of the different parts of this network are defined by appropriate
criteria, such as geographical situation, ownership, voltage, etc.

3.13 Emergency shutdown (WT):

Rapid shutdown of the WT triggered by a protection system or by manual
intervention

3.14 Environmental conditions:

Characteristics of the environment (altitude, temperature, humidity, etc.)
which may affect the WT behaviour.

3.15 External conditions (WT):

Factors affecting operation of a WT, including the wind regime, the
electrical network conditions, and other climatic factors (temperature,
snow, ice, etc.)

3.16 Extreme wind speed:

Highest average wind speed, averaged over t seconds, that is likely to be
experienced within a specified time period of N years (”recurrence
period”: N years)

Note: In this standard recurrence periods of N = 50 years and N = 1 year and averaging
time intervals of t=3 sec. and t=10 min are used. In popular language, the less precise
term ”survival wind speed” is often used. In this standard, however, the WT is designed
using extreme wind speeds for design load cases.

3.17 Evaluation for conformity:

Systematic examination of the extent to which a product, process or
service fulfils specified requirements

3.18 Fail-safe:
Design property of an item which prevents its failures from resulting in
critical faults

Page 13 of 64
3.19 Final evaluation report:
Report containing the results of conformity evaluations relating to
Provisional Type Certification. It is the basis for the decision to issue the
Provisional Type Certificate
3.20 Gust:
Temporary change in the wind speed

Note: A gust may be characterised by its rise –time, its magnitude and its duration.

3.21 Horizontal axis WT:

WT whose rotor axis is substantially parallel to the wind flow

3.22 Hub (WT):

Fixture for attaching the blades or blade assembly to the rotor shaft

3.23 Hub-height (WT):

Height of the centre of the swept area of the WT rotor above the terrain
surface

3.24 Inspection:
Systematic examination of the extent to which a product, process or
service fulfils specified requirements by means of measuring, observing,
testing or gauging the relevant characteristics

3.25 Installation:
Process that encompasses on site fabrication, assembly, erection and
commissioning

3.26 Manufacture:
Process that encompassess fabrication and assembly in a workshop

3.27 Manufacturer:
Entity manufacturing the WT or, where relevant, main components of the
WT.

3.28 Maximum power (WT):

Highest level of net electrical power delivered by a WT in normal
operation.

3.29 Mean wind speed:

Statistical mean of the instantaneous value of the wind speed averaged
over a given time period which can vary from a few seconds to many
years.

Page 14 of 64
3.30 Nacelle:
Housing which contains the drive-train and other elements on top of a
horizontal axis WT tower.

3.31 Normal shutdown (WT):

Shutdown in which all stages are under the control of the control system

3.32 Operating limits:

Set of conditions defined by the WT designer that govern the activation of
the control and protection system.

3.33 Power output:

Power delivered by a device in a specific form and for a specific purpose.

Note (WT): The electric power delivered by a WT.

3.34 Protection system (WT):

System which ensures that a WT remains within the design limits.

3.35 Rated power:

Quantity of power assigned, generally by a manufacturer, for a specified
operating condition of a component, device or equipment.

Note (WT): Maximum continuous electrical power output which a WT is designed to

achieve under normal operating conditions.

3.36 Rated wind speed (Vr):

Specified wind speed at which a WT’s rated power is achieved

3.37 Reference wind speed (Vref):

Basic parameter for wind speed used for defining WT classes. Other
design related climatic parameters are derived from the reference wind
speed and other basic WT class parameters

Note: A WT designed for a WT class with a reference wind speed Vref, is designed to
withstand climates for which the extreme 10 min average wind speed with a recurrence
period of 50 years at WT hub-height is lower than or equal to Vref..

3.38 Resonance:
Phenomenon appearing in an oscillating system, in which the period of a
forced oscillation is very close to that of free oscillation.

3.39 Rotor speed (WT):

Rotational speed of a WT rotor about its axis

Page 15 of 64
3.40 Support structure (WT):
Part of a WT comprising the tower and foundation

3.41 Surveillance:
Continuing monitoring and verification of the status of procedures,
products and services, and analysis of records in relation to referenced
documents to ensure specified requirements are met

3.42 Survival wind speed:

Popular name for the maximum wind speed that a construction is designed
to withstand.

Note: Design conditions instead refer to extreme wind speed.

3.43 Swept area:

Projected area perpendicular to the wind direction that a rotor will describe
during one complete rotation.

3.44 TAPS - 2000

Type Approval – Provisional Scheme (TAPS) –2000 is a scheme for
provisional certification and corresponding requirements of provisional
type testing and measurements. TAPS will be in use till the formation and
issue of final Type Approval Scheme (TAS) and formal accreditation. In
this document, TAPS is written in place of TAPS – 2000. The reader may
treat that TAPS is synonymous to TAPS - 2000.

3.45 Turbulence intensity:

Ratio of the wind speed standard deviation to the mean wind speed,
determined from the same set of measured data samples of wind speed,
and taken over a specified period of time.

3.46 Turbulence scale parameter:

Wave length where the non-dimensional, longitudinal power spectral
density is equal to 0.05.

Note: The wave length is thus defined as A1 = Vhub/f0, where f0S1 (f0)/σ12 = 0,05

3.47 Provisional Type certificate:

Document issued upon the successful completion of provisional type
certification

3.48 Provisional Type certification:

Procedure by which a Certification Body gives written assurance that a
WT type conforms to specified requirements, provisionally.

Page 16 of 64
3.49 Provisional Type testing:
Action of carrying out provisional tests for a given WT type according to
specified procedures

3.50 Ultimate limit state:

Limit states which generally correspond to maximum load carrying
capacity (ISO 2394).

3.51 Upwind:
In the direction opposite to the main wind vector.

3.52 Wind speed:

At a specified point in space the wind speed is the speed of motion of a
minute amount of air surrounding the specified point.

Note: The wind speed is also the magnitude of the local wind velocity (vector).

3.53 Wind Turbine(s) – WT(s)

System which converts kinetic energy in the wind into electrical energy.

3.54 Wind velocity:

Vector pointing in the direction of motion of a minute amount of air
surrounding the point of consideration, the magnitude of the vector being
equal to the speed of motion of this air “parcel” (i.e. the local wind speed).

Note: The vector at any point is thus the time derivative of the position vector of the air
”parcel” moving through the point.

3.55 WT type:
WT of a common design, materials and major components, subject to a
common manufacturing process and uniquely described by specific values
or ranges of machine parameters and design conditions

3.56 Yawing:
Rotation of the rotor axis about a vertical axis (for horizontal axis WT
only)

3.57 Yaw misalignment:

Horizontal deviation of the WT rotor axis from the wind direction

Page 17 of 64
3.58 Cyclones
Cyclonic storms in sea gradually reduce in intensity as they approach
coastal regions. The zone of influence generally extends up to 60 kms in
land.
Note : This effect of reduction on land is already reflected in basic wind
speeds as specified by IS 875.

Page 18 of 64
 CHAPTER – 4

PROVISIONAL TYPE
CERTIFICATION

Page 19 of 64
4.0 PROVISIONAL TYPE CERTIFICATION

4.1 Introduction

The objective of this Chapter, viz., Provisional Type Certification (PTC) is

to describe the categories of certification, the requirements to be fulfilled
by the manufacturer/supplier and the methodology for issuing a
provisional type certificate. The PTC would confirm that the WT type
subjected to PTC is designed and documented, as per specific standards,
design assumptions, design principles and other technical requirements.
PTC would assess whether the WT type manufactured is in conformity
with the design as described in the design documentation and on the basis
of Manufacturing System Evaluation conducted by the System
Certification Body as per IEC WT 01. PTC applies to a series of WT
manufactured under the same design.

Provisional Type Certificate is issued after performing the technical

evaluation of the WT (WT type), based on the verification of the
manufacturer’s/supplier’s documentation of the WT, as per the TAPS
prepared in line with IEC WT 01 and IEC 61400 -1 with the modifications
to IEC 61400 – 1 to incorporate the Indian conditions, as given in
Annexure-2 and additional codes and standards chosen by the designer.
However, the details of additional codes and standards applied by the
designer shall be submitted to the Type Certification Body for it’s
agreement. The documentation for design, manufacture, installation,
operation and maintenance of a WT must be prepared by the
manufacturer/supplier of the WT in a complete and unambiguous manner,
in order to satisfy the requirements of TAPS. The evaluation may also be
supplemented by provisional type tests/measurements, in accordance with
the technical criteria formulated under the three categories of PTC. The
outline of these three categories is mentioned below. Each category is
described in detail in sections 4.3 to 4.5.

Category - I: PTC for WT already possessing type certificate or

approval.

Category - II: PTC for WT already possessing type certificate or

approval, with minor modifications/changes, including
provisional type testing/measurements at the test site of
C-WET.

Category - III: PTC for new or significantly modified WT including

provisional type testing/measurements at the test site of
C-WET.

In situations where the existing type certificates or type approvals of the

WTs applied for category-I or II certification have expired, the existing
certificate may be accepted when sufficient documentation for the validtity
of the certificate are supplied. This documentation shall include :
Page 20 of 64
 • The manufacturer’s legal rights to the design of the WT.
• Documentation explaining the reasons for not having a valid type
certificate or type approval.
• Documentation regarding all damages, occurrences and operational
problems.
• Detailed list of installations in India and elsewhere.
• Documentation as stated in TAPS annex 3.

C-WET will carry out inspection of one or more WTs of the type in order
to ensure compliance with the certified WT type and to assess the
condition of the WT.

4.2 External Conditions

4.2.1 General

The external conditions detailed in this document, applicable to all the

above three categories of PTC, shall be considered in design of a WT.

WTs are subjected to environmental and electrical conditions, which may

affect their loading, durability and operation. In order to ensure the
appropriate level of safety and reliability, the conditions of environmental,
electrical, operational and soil parameters must be considered in the design
and also explicitly stated in the design documentation. This design
documentation must be submitted by the manufacturer/supplier to the
Certifying Body.

The environmental conditions are divided into wind conditions and other
environmental conditions.

The WT subjected to PTC for installation in India should be designed

using representative environmental and other design conditions. The
design should comply with the requirements specified in IEC 61400 – 1
and modifications on external conditions to IEC 61400 – 1, to incorporate
the Indian conditions, as given in Annexure-2.

The following documentation for environmental and other conditions must

be included for PTC:

• Environmental conditions (wind conditions, park influence, soil

conditions, corrosion environment, temperatures, humidity, dust,
lightning, earthquake, ice formation, and ice loads, etc.).
• Specification of the WT's foundation.
• Conditions for transport and installation.
• Design life of the WT.

Page 21 of 64
4.2.2 WT Classes

According to IEC 61400-1, WT is classified into five classes viz., I, II, III,
IV and a special class S. The normal and extreme conditions which are to
be considered in design according to WT classes are prescribed in the
same standard. A WT class is defined in terms of wind speed and
turbulence parameters. The values of wind speed and turbulence
parameters for a WT class, are intended to represent the characteristic
values of many different sites and do not give a precise representation of
any specific site.

The manufacturer must submit the basic parameters and other important
parameters used in the design, as detailed in IEC 61400-1. The design
lifetime of the WT should be at least 20 years.

4.2.3 Wind Conditions

A WT should be designed to withstand safely the wind conditions defined
for its WT class, as defined in IEC 61400–1, with the modifications given
in Annexure-2.

The design documentation, which contains the clearly specified design

values of the wind conditions, must be submitted.

Both normal and extreme wind conditions which are to be considered,

may be seen from IEC 61400–1/ IS 875.

4.2.4 Other Environmental Conditions

Environmental (climatic) conditions other than wind can affect the
integrity and safety of the WT, such as thermal, photochemical, corrosive,
mechanical, electrical or other physical action. Moreover, combinations of
climatic parameters given may increase their effect.

At least the following other environmental conditions shall be taken into

account and the action taken must be stated in the design documentation:

- Temperature
- humidity
- air density
- solar radiation, including ultraviolet radiation
- rain, hail, snow and ice
- chemically active substances
- mechanically active particles
- lightning
- earthquakes and
- salinity

The climatic conditions for the design shall be defined in terms of

representative values or by the limits of the variable conditions. The
Page 22 of 64
 probability of simultaneous occurrence of the climatic conditions shall be
taken into account when the design values are selected.

Variations in the climatic conditions within the normal limits, which

correspond to a one year return period shall not interfere with the designed
normal operation of a WT.

The requirements for normal and extreme environmental conditions shall

meet the conditions specified in IEC 61400-1, with the modifications
given in Annexure-2.

4.2.5 Electrical power network conditions

The normal conditions to be considered in design of the WT are furnished
in the Annexure-2.

4.3. Provisional Type Certification: Category - I

4.3.1 General

The WT types, which possess a type certificate or approval from an

accredited Certification Body, fall under this category.

If any minor changes/modifications are introduced in the design, the

manufacturer shall submit documentation on all design changes. The
magnitude and effect of these changes will be evaluated by the Type
Certification Body. The WT types will be placed under this category, if the
changes do not alter the safety/load conditions of the approved /certified
WT type.

PTC of this category consists of the following modules:

Partial Design Manufacturing Review of Foundation

Evaluation / System Foundation Design Evaluation
Review of Type Evaluation Design (Optional)
Certificate requirements

Final Evaluation
Report

Provisional
Type Certificate

Page 23 of 64
4.3.2 Partial Design Evaluation / Review of Type Certificate

The type certification/approval systems of Denmark, The Netherlands,

Germanisher Loyds and the IEC are recognised by TAPS and the
certificates issued according to these four systems, are recognised by
PTC. Detailed references of the recognised systems are given in
Annexure-1. WT types possessing type certification/approval according to
any system other than these four will be considered for evaluation,
provided that the supplier or manufacturer furnishes the complete details
of the system. Provisional Type Certificate will be issued by Type
Certification Body, based on a review of the validity of the type certificate
or approval and its applicability in India by evaluating conformity with the
external conditions for India, given in Annexure-2. Verification of safety
system, specifications and spot check will be carried out in a wind farm
site before or after the issue of the certificate. However, the requirement,
scope and extent of the verification of safety system shall be decided on
case to case basis.

4.3.3 Manufacturing System Evaluation

The purpose of manufacturing system evaluation is to assess if a specific

WT type is manufactured in conformity with the design documentation, on
the basis of the system evaluation carried out by the System Certification
Body. This evaluation shall include the following elements:

- quality system evaluation; and

- manufacturing inspection.

Manufacturing system evaluation shall meet the requirements as per

section 8.4 in IEC WT 01

The requirement for evaluation of the quality system is satisfied if the

quality system is certified to be in conformance with ISO 9001- 2000.
This system certification shall be carried out by an accredited body that
operates according to ISO/IEC Guide 17062.

If the quality system is not certified, the applicant shall get the system
evaluation done by an accredited System Certification Body, as per clause
8.4 of IEC WT 01 and submit the evaluation report to the Type
Certification Body. The Type Certification Body shall assess the system
of the applicant based on this report to verify whether the system meets the
requirements specified in section 8.4 in IEC WT 01,.

While the manufacturing system inspection is carried by the System

Certification Body, it may be witnessed by Type Certification Body.

Page 24 of 64
4.3.4 Review of Foundation Design Requirements

The foundation design requirements are given in Annexure-5. The

manufacturer/supplier shall submit the documentation on foundation
design requirements.

4.3.5 Foundation Design Evaluation

The purpose of the optional foundation design evaluation is to enable the

inclusion of one or more foundation designs in the Provisional Type
Certificate, as selected by the applicant. The foundation design included in
PTC, shall meet the requirements given in IEC WT 01.

The Type Certification Body shall issue a conformity statement based on

satisfactory evaluation of the foundation design evaluation report.

4.3.6 Final Evaluation

The purpose of final evaluation is to prepare documentation of the findings

of all operating bodies involved in the evaluation of the elements of the
Provisional Type Certificate. The final evaluation report shall be prepared
by the Type Certification Body.

4.3.7 Provisional Type Certificate

The Type Certification Body, Standards and Certification (S&C) unit of

C-WET, will issue a Provisional Type Certificate based on satisfactory
evaluation for completeness and correctness of the final evaluation report.
This Certificate is valid for the WT type specified in the Certificate, for a
specified period. The specifications may include alternative tower design
and configurations. The allowable combinations of alternatives shall be
clearly identified. The format of the provisional type certificate is given in
Annexure-6.

Page 25 of 64
4.4. Provisional Type Certification: Category - II

4.4.1 General

The WT types, which possess a type certificate or approval from an

accredited Certification Body, fall under this category. The requirements
to fulfill Category II is same as Category – I, supplemented with
provisional type test and other measurements.

PTC of this category consists of the following modules:

Partial Design Provi- Manufac- Review of Type Foundation

Evaluation / sional turing Foundation Characteristic Design
Review of Type System Design Measurements Evaluation
Type Test Evaluation requirements (Optional) (Optional)
Certificate

Final
Evaluation
Report

Provisional
Type
Certificate

4.4.2. Details and Requirements

As mentioned in 3.4.1, the details and requirements of the following

Modules are same as Category-I:

- Partial Design Evaluation / Review of Type Certificate

- Manufacturing System Evaluation
- Review of Foundation Design Requirements
- Foundation Design Evaluation

4.4.3 Provisional Type Testing

4.4.3.1 General
The purpose of provisional type testing is to provide data which are needed
to verify power performance of the WT and aspects that are vital to safety
and need additional experimental verification and aspects that cannot be
reliably evaluated by analysis. The provisional type testing consisting of
the following tests, conducted according to IEC standards- modified for
Indian conditions will be reviewed, by the Type Certification Body.
• Safety and function test

Page 26 of 64
• Power performance measurements
• Yaw efficiency measurement and
• Report on static test of the blade edgewise and flapwise (conducted
by any laboratory in abroad )

The detailed test program shall be made by the applicant and be subject to
approval by the Type Certification Body on a case by case basis.

The safety and function test shall be witnessed by the Type Certification
Body.

The power performance measurements shall be carried out in accordance

with IEC 61400-12, modified for Indian conditions. In addition,

a) measurements of the following need to be recorded:

• The rpm of the WT has to be measured as a 10 min. average value

and,

b) Corrections for both air density (value as given in Annexure – 2), grid
frequency and rpm shall be calculated and mentioned in the Test report

The provisional type testing shall be carried out by an accredited testing

laboratory /the Testing unit of C-WET pending accreditation. The Type
Certification Body shall verify that the party conducting the test complies
with the criteria of ISO/IEC 17025.

The Type Certification Body shall require that the testing and the test
results should be documented in a test report. The provisional type test
report shall conform to the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 and relevant
standards used to define the test requirements. In addition, test report shall
include a description of :

- the WT with identification by means of serial number (and control

system software revision number (s), where applicable);

- any differences between the WT under the test and with the
corresponding documentation submitted for Certification ; and

- any significant unexpected behaviour

Attestation by the Operating Body shall be clearly marked on the final

provisional type test report(s)

This test report shall be evaluated by the Certification Body to ensure that
the tests have been carried out in accordance with the approved detailed
test program and aspects required for certification are documented
properly. By carrying out inspection, the Type Certification Body shall
Page 27 of 64
 verify that critical personnel safety features have been satisfactorily
implemented in the installed WT to be tested.

A satisfactory evaluation is concluded with a conformity statement, issued

by the Type Certification Body. The signatories of the conformity
statement shall be different from the persons responsible for the test
reports, attestation of the tests and accreditation of the test laboratories.

4.4.3.2 Test Reports

Provisonal type test reports shall conform with the requirements of

ISO/IEC 17025 and relevant standards used to define the test
requirements. In addition, test reports shall include a description of:

- identification of the WT by means of serial number (and control

system software revision number (s), where applicable);
- any differences between the WT under the test and with the
corresponding documentation submitted for Certification
- any significant unexpected behaviour

Attestation by the operating body shall be clearly marked on the final

provisional test report(s).

4.4.3.3 Provisional Type Test Conformity Statement

A satisfactory evaluation is concluded with a conformity statement, issued

by the Certification Body. The signatories of the conformity statement
shall be different from the persons responsible for the test reports,
attestation of the tests and accreditation of the test laboratories. The
conformity statement shall specify:

- the tests carried out

- the test standards applied
- identification of the test reports

4.4.4 Type Characteristic Measurements

Power quality measurements

The power quality measurements mainly deal with the reactive power
measurements. The reactive power of the WT must be recorded according
to IEC 61400-21 along with power performance.

The reactive power would be specified in a table as ten-minute-average

values as a function of the ten-minute-average output power for
0,10,…90,100 % of the rated power. The reactive power at maximum
continuous power shall also be specified.

The measurement method is according to the procedure laid down in

section 7.4 of IEC 61400-21 .
Page 28 of 64
4.4.5 Final Evaluation

The purpose of final evaluation is to prepare documentation of the findings

of all operating bodies involved in the evaluation of the elements of the
Provisional Type Certificate. The final evaluation report shall be prepared
by the Type Certification Body.

4.4.6 Provisional Type Certificate

The Certification Body, Standards and Certification (S&C) unit of

C-WET, will issue a provisional type certificate based on satisfactory
evaluation for completeness and correctness of the final evaluation report.
This certificate is valid for the WT type specified in the certificate. The
specifications may include alternative tower design and configurations.
The allowable combinations of alternatives shall be clearly identified. The
format of the provisional type certificate is given in Annexure-6.

4.5 Provisional Type Certification : Category - III

4.5.1 General

New or significantly modified WT types, which do not possess a type

certificate, fall under this category.

The principles of the certification shall follow IEC WT 01. PTC of this
category consists of the following modules:

Design Manufacturing Provisional Foundation Type

Evaluation System Type Design Characteristic
Evaluation Testing Evaluation Measurements
(Optional) (Optional)

Final Evaluation
Report

Provisional Type
Certificate

Page 29 of 64
4.5.2 Design Evaluation

4.5.2.1 The purpose of design evaluation is to examine whether the WT type is

designed and documented in conformity with the design assumptions,
specific standards and other technical requirements. An applicant shall
submit all documentation, as detailed in Annexure-3, to the Certification
Body to carry out design evaluation. The design evaluation comprises of
the following modules:

Evaluation of Control
and Protection System Evaluation of Design
Control

Evaluation of Loads
and Load Cases
Evaluation of Plans
(Manufacturing,
Evaluation of Installation and
r Maintenance)
Structural, Mech. And
Elect. Comp.

Evaluation of Evaluation of
Foundation Design Personnel Safety
Requirements

Design Evaluation
Conformity Statement

4.5.2.2 Design Control

The Type Certification Body shall evaluate the quality procedures used to
control the design process. Design control procedures shall be required to:

- comply with ISO 9001 - 2000 sub-clause 4.4, Design Control; and

- include control of documents such that the revision status of every

document is clear to all parties.

Page 30 of 64
4.5.2.3 Control and protection System

The certification Body shall evaluate the documentation of the control and
protection system. A wind Turbine must be equipped with control and
protection system. The manufacturer/supplier shall submit documentation
for the control system and detailed documentation for the protection
system.

Manual or automatic mode of operations/interventions should in no case

compromise the function of the protection system. Settings of the control
and protection system shall be protected against unauthorised interference.

Any device meant for manual operation/intervention should be clearly

visible and identifiable, with suitable name plates written in the regional
and English languages and positioned at appropriate places, where
necessary.

A WT should always be equipped with two independent systems for

protection, such that single failure in the sensing or the activation parts of
the control system should not lead to a malfunction or complete failure of
the protection system.

The supplier/ manufacturer of the WT should submit a formal statement

confirming that the requirements of TAPS are complied with. In
connection with the PTC, supplier/ manufacturer of the WT, must submit
the documentation on the control and protection systems. Further, the
Certification Body carries out spot checks to confirm the details provided
in the documentation.

The requirements for control and protection systems must comply with
IEC 61400 –1.

4.5.2.4 Loads and Load Cases

Design calculation details considering the following loads should be

submitted:
- inertial and gravitational loads
- aerodynamic loads
- operational loads
- other loads such as wake loads, impact loads etc,
For, calculations of loads and load cases, the applicant shall refer IEC
61400-1.

Page 31 of 64
 For stall regulated WT with a rotor diameter less than 31 m, the methods
for load calculation, which are given in Annexure-4, may be used.
Grid outage is considered to be a normal situation. Therefore,
combination of extreme loads and grid outages shall be considered. See
also IEC 61400-1, section 6.5. This means that wind coming from any
direction shall be considered.

4.5.2.5 Structural, Mechanical and Electrical Components

Structural Design

The structural design should meet the requirements of IEC 61400 –1. WT
structural design shall be based on documentation of the structural
integrity submitted by the manufacturer/supplier for the following load
carrying components:

- blades
- hub
- main shaft
- gear box
- bearings and bearing housings
- nacelle frame
- yaw system
- tower and
- joints between various components

The ultimate and fatigue strength of structural members shall be

documented by calculations and / or tests, to demonstrate the structural
integrity of the WT with the appropriate safety level. In general, the
ultimate strength will be verified for all the above components and fatigue
strength will be verified only for certain components, where consequences
in connection with failure is severe. For e.g., the ultimate design
calculations will be done to verify the design of the gearbox supports.
Further, the scope of verification does not include the design of the gears
etc.

Design and structural analysis shall be carried out by the

manufacturer/supplier based on ISO 2394.

An acceptable safety level shall be ascertained and verified by calculations

and / or tests to demonstrate that the design loading will not exceed the
relevant design limits. Calculations shall be performed using appropriate
methods. The descriptions shall include evidence of the validity of the
calculation methods or references to suitable verification studies. The load
level in any test shall reflect the factors of safety in the corresponding
calculation.

Page 32 of 64
Mechanical Components

The mechanical systems of the WT may include:

- elements of the drive train such as gear box(es), shaft(s) and

coupling(s)
- auxiliary items such as brake(s), blade pitch control(s), yaw
drive(s)

Auxiliary items may be driven either by electrical or hydraulic or

pneumatic means. The mechanical system shall meet the requirements
detailed in IEC 61400-1.

Electrical Components

The electrical system of the WT comprises all electrical equipment

installed in the WT upto and including the WT terminals . The electrical
system shall meet the requirements detailed in IEC 61400-1. However,
capacitors which are essential to meet the power factor requirements are
dealt in detail below:

Capacitors
The power capacitors used in WT should be designed and made to with
stand the conditions according to the standards IEC 60831-1, and IEC
60931-1, except the requirements of voltage level, current limits,
hormonics and the temperature, which are furnished below. The reactive
power compensation of 0.25-0.35 of the rated active power at rated
production should be provided by the capacitors.

i) Over voltages
Routine tests: The capacitors should with stand with no permanent
puncture or flash over when subjected to the routine tests for short term
over voltages of power capacitors as described in clause 9 of IEC
60831-1. However, self healing breakdowns are permitted.

Type tests: The capacitors should with stand with no permanent

puncture or flash over when subjected to the type tests for short term
over voltages of power capacitors as described in clause 9.2 of IEC
60831-1. However, self healing break downs are permitted.

The capacitors shall be designed to withstand at least 200 times of over

voltages higher than 1.15 Un (Un is the rated RMS voltage of the
capacitor) in the life of the capacitor .

Page 33 of 64
 ii) Current limits
The maximum permissible current in the capacitor is specified in
clause 21, IEC 60831-1,:

“Capacitor units shall be suitable for continuous operation at rms line

current of 1.3 times the current that occur at rated sinusoidal voltage
and at rated frequency, excluding transients. Taking into account the
capacitance tolerances of 1.15 Cn, the maximum current can reach
1.5 In”

iii) Temperature limits

Capacitors are classified into categories based on temperature level
according to IEC 60831-1.

Capacitors shall meet the extreme temperature conditions given in

Annexure–2.

iv) Harmonic and interharmonic disturbances

Capacitors shall meet the requirements of clause 37.2.1 of IEC 60831-
1:
“Capacitors shall be suitable for continuous operations in the presence
of harmonics and interharmonics within the limits required in clauses 2
and 3 of IEC 61000-4-7”

Compatibility level for individual harmonic voltages, THD, THDw and

interharmonics in low voltage networks shall be maintained according
to IEC 61000-4-7 (14).

4.5.2.6 Foundation Design Requirements

The foundation design requirements are given in Annexure-5.

4.5.2.7 Evaluation of Plans

The detailed manufacturing plans including manufacturing process for the

components of the turbine manufactured by the applicant excluding the
sub-contracted /bought-out components, shall be submitted to Certification
Body by the manufacturer/supplier. The details on “incoming inspection
procedures” for all the materials/components shall also be submitted to
Certification Body.

Installation and maintenance plans shall be documented and submitted to

Certification Body.

These plans will be evaluated by the Quality System Certification Body in

accordance with IEC WT 01.

Page 34 of 64
4.5.2.8 Evaluation of personnel safety

The Certification Body shall evaluate personnel safety aspects in the

design documentation (drawings, specifications and instructions for
compliance with IEC 61400 –1). In connection with proto-type testing, the
Certification Body will make an inspection of personnel safety aspects
such as emergency stop button, safety equipment for climbing the tower,
emergency light fitted in tower (in the case of tubular tower), safety
instructions etc.

Emergency stop buttons shall be so placed that they shall have easy and
unhindered access from all normal work areas of the Wind Turbine and
they are indicated very clearly.

4.5.2.9 Design Evaluation Conformity statement

A conformity statement will be issued by the Type Certification Body,

after the satisfactory evaluation of a design evaluation report. The
conformity statement shall include:

- identification of the WT type

- identification of the applicant
- list of IEC 61400 series used
- specification of external conditions with reference to the WT class and
other principal data and
- specific reference to evaluation report(s)

4.5.3 Manufacturing System Evaluation

The purpose of manufacturing system evaluation is to assess if a specific

WT type is manufactured in conformity with the design documentation, on
the basis of the system evaluation carried out by the System Certification
Body. This evaluation shall include the following elements:

- quality system evaluation; and

- manufacturing inspection.

Manufacturing system evaluation shall meet the requirements as per

section 8.4 in draft IEC WT 01.

The requirement for evaluation of the quality system is satisfied if the

quality system is certified to be in conformance with ISO 9001 - 2000.
This system certification shall be carried out by an accredited body that
operates according to ISO/IEC Guide 17062.

Page 35 of 64
 If the quality system is not certified, the applicant shall get the system
evaluation done by an accredited System Certification Body, as per clause
8.4 of IEC WT 01 and submit the evaluation report to the Type
Certification Body. The Type Certification Body shall assess the system
of the applicant based on this report to verify whether the system meets the
requirements specified in section 8.4 in IEC WT 01,.

While the manufacturing system inspection is carried by the System

Certification Body, it may be witnessed by Type Certification Body.

4.5.3 Provisional Type Testing

4.5.4.1 General
The purpose of provisional type testing is to provide data which are needed
to verify power performance of the WT and aspects that are vital to safety
and need additional experimental verification and aspects that cannot be
reliably evaluated by analysis. The provisional type testing consisting of
the following tests, conducted according to IEC standards- modified for
Indian conditions will be reviewed, by the Type Certification Body.

• Safety and function test

• Power performance measurements
• Yaw efficiency measurement and
• Report on static test of the blade edgewise and flapwise (conducted
by any laboratory in abroad )
• Load measurements
• Measurements of natural frequencies

The detailed test program shall be made by the applicant and be subjected
to approval by the Type Certification Body on a case to case basis.

The safety and function test shall be witnessed by the Certification Body.

The power performance measurements shall be carried out in accordance

with IEC 61400-12, modified for Indian conditions. In addition,

a) measurements of the following need to be recorded:

• The rpm of the WT has to be measured as a 10 min. average value

and ,

b) Corrections for both air density (value as given in Annexure – 2), grid
frequency and rpm shall be calculated and mentioned in the Test report

The provisional type testing shall be carried out by an accredited testing

laboratory /the Testing unit of C-WET pending accreditation. The Type
Certification Body shall verify that the party conducting the test complies
with the criteria of ISO/IEC guide 17025.

Page 36 of 64
 The Type Certification Body shall require that the testing and the test
results should be documented in a test report. This test report shall be
evaluated by the Certification Body to ensure that the tests have been
carried out in accordance with the approved detailed test program and
aspects required for certification are documented properly. By carrying out
inspection, the Type Certification Body shall verify that critical personnel
safety features have been satisfactorily implemented in the installed WT to
be tested.

A satisfactory evaluation is concluded with a conformity statement, issued

by the Type Certification Body. The signatories of the conformity
statement shall be different from the persons responsible for the test
reports, attestation of the tests and accreditation of the test laboratories.

4.5.4.2 Test Reports

Provisonal type test reports shall conform with the requirements of
ISO/IEC Guide 17025 and relevant standards used to define the test
requirements. In addition, test reports shall include a description of:

- identification of the WT by means of serial number (and control

system software revision number (s), where applicable);
- any differences between the WT under the test and with the
corresponding documentation submitted for Certification
- any significant unexpected behaviour

Attestation by the operating body shall be clearly marked on the final

provisional test report(s).

4.5.4.3 Provisional Type Test Conformity Statement

A satisfactory evaluation is concluded with a conformity statement, issued
by the Type Certification Body. The signatories of the conformity
statement shall be different from the persons responsible for the test
reports, attestation of the tests and accreditation of the test laboratories.
The conformity statement shall specify:

- the tests carried out

- the test standards applied
- identification of the test reports

4.5.5 Foundation Design Evaluation

The purpose of the optional foundation design evaluation is to enable the

inclusion of one or more foundation designs in the Provisional Type
Certificate, as selected by the applicant. The foundation design included in
PTC, shall meet the requirements given in IEC WT 01.

The Type Certification Body shall issue a conformity statement based on satisfactory
evaluation of the foundation design evaluation report.

Page 37 of 64
4.5.6 Type Characteristic Measurements

4.5.6.1 Power quality measurements

The power quality measurements mainly deal with the reactive power
measurements. The reactive power of the WT must be recorded according
to draft IEC 61400-21 along with power performance.

The reactive power would be specified in a table as ten-minute-average

values as a function of the ten-minute-average output power for
0,10,…90,100 % of the rated power. The reactive power at maximum
continuous power shall also be specified.

The measurement method is according to the procedure laid down in

section 7.4 of IEC 61400-21 .

4.5.7 Final Evaluation

The purpose of final evaluation is to prepare documentation of the findings

of all operating bodies involved in the evaluation of the elements of the
Provisional Type Certification. The final evaluation report shall be
prepared by the Certification Body.

4.5.8 Provisional Type Certificate

The Type Certification Body, Standards and Certification (S&C) unit of

C-WET, will issue a provisional type certificate based on satisfactory
evaluation for completeness and correctness of the final evaluation report.
This certificate is valid for the WT type specified in the certificate. The
specifications may include alternative tower design and configurations.
The allowable combinations of alternatives shall be clearly identified. The
format of the provisional type certificate is given in Annexure-6.

Page 38 of 64
REFERENCES: List of Acts, Standards and Guidelines

Acts:

MNRE regulations for Type Certification of Wind Turbines in India

The Indian Electricity Act, 1910
The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948
Finance ministry, Govt. of India regarding depreciation
NABL regulations for measuring laboratories.

Standards:
IEC 60831-1: 2002 –11 Ed.2.1 Consolidated Edition Part 1 – General –
Performance, testing and rating – Safety requirements – Guide for installation and
operation
IEC 60931-1: 1996 –11 Part 1 – General – Performance, testing and rating – Safety
requirements – Guide for installation and operation
IEC 61000-4-7: 2002–08 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)-Part 4-7:Testing and
measurement techniques-General guide on harmonics and interharmonics
measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment
connected thereto
IEC 61400-1: (Ed. 2, 1999), Wind turbine generator systems. Safety requirements
IEC 61400-12: (1998), Wind turbine generator systems. Wind turbine power
performance testing.
IEC 61400-21: (xxxx), Wind turbine generator systems. Power quality requirements
for Grid Connected Wind turbines.
IEC WT 01: IEC System for Conformity Testing and Certification of Wind turbines
-Rules and Procedures.
IEC/ISO Guide17025: 1990, General requirements for the competence of calibration
and testing laboratories.
IEC/ISO Guide 65: 1996, General requirements for bodies operating product
certification systems.
ISO 2394: 2nd edition 1998, General principles on reliability of structures.
ISO 9001 - 2000: Quality Management Standard
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) – 1987, Code of practice for design loads ( other than earthquake )
for buildings and structures.
DS 472(Danish standard): 1st edition may 1992, Loads and safety of wind turbine
constructions.
NEN 6096/2, Preliminary draft standard 1994, Regulations for the Type-Certification
of Wind turbines: Technical criteria.
NVN 14400-0: 1999, Regulations for the Type-Certification of Wind turbines:
Technical criteria.

Page 39 of 64
IS 4326:1993 Earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings
-code of practice.(second revision) (Amendment 1)
IS 1893: 1984 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures (fourth revision)
(Amendent 1)
IS 325 : 1996 Three phase Induction motor specifications
IEC 61400-24 Wind turbine generator system. Lightning protection.

Guidelines:

Rules and Regulation, Regulations for the Certification of Wind Energy Conversation
Systems, Germanischer Lloyd, 1999
Technical Criteria for the Danish Approval Scheme for Wind Turbines, Danish
Energy agency, 1st August 1996.

Page 40 of 64
ANNEXURES

Page 41 of 64
ANNEXURE-1, Recognised Certification Schemes

The following certification schemes will be recognised by C-WET certification unit

when an accredited certifying body carries out certification.

The Danish Certification Scheme

Technical Criteria for the Danish Approval Scheme for Wind Turbines, Danish
Energy Agency, latest edition.

Type Approvals class A and B will be accepted.

The Dutch Certification Scheme

Type Certificate in compliance with Technical Criteria, Preliminary draft of NEN

6096/2 will be accepted.

Type Certificate in compliance with Technical Criteria, NVN 14400-0 will be

accepted.

Germanisher Loyds Certification Scheme

Type Certificate in compliance with Rules and Regulations, Germanischer Lloyd,

edition 1999, will be accepted

IEC Certification Scheme

Type Certificate in compliance with IEC WT 01 will be accepted

Page 42 of 64
ANNEXURE- 2, External conditions for India

The environmental conditions for India vary across the country. Hence, the
environmental conditions for the specific site has to be considered. The following
conditions may vary when such other conditions are documented.

Wind conditions

• For normal operating wind conditions (Weibull parameters and

Turbulence intensity) references to IEC 61400-1 are done. Assessment of
wind conditions for the specific site must be made individually.
• Extreme wind speed conditions shall be referred to in Indian Standard, IS
875 ( Part 3) - 1987

Other climatic conditions

• There are no special descriptions of conditions for lightning.

• There are no special descriptions of conditions for hail.
• Ice formation shall not be considered.
• Extreme design temperature range will be in the interval from -5°C to
+60°C.
• Humidity up to 99% must be considered.
• Design air density will be minimum 1,20 kg/m3

Site conditions

• Terrain conditions has to be considered in accordance with IS : 875 ( Part

3), 1987
• No special requirements for park effects has to be considered when IEC
61400-1 is referenced
• Objects disturbing the wind has to be considered in accordance with IS :
875 ( Part 3 ), 1987
• Earthquake must be considered when siting in areas with risk of
earthquake
• Salt, sand and dust must be considered for the specific site.
• Chemical influences must be considered for the specific site
• Global solar radiation intensity of 1500 W/m2 must be considered
• Soil parameters have to be specified in the foundation design
requirements
• Considerations concerning hill slope has to be made in accordance with
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ), 1987

Page 43 of 64
Operational conditions

• Cut out wind speed must be defined

• Extreme yaw error is defined in IEC 61400-1. Normal yaw error must be defined
and verified by measurements
• Design lifetime must be minimum 20 years according to IEC 61400-1.
• Normal operating temperature range must be from +0°C to +50°C.
• Voltage level will be +/- 10 % of nominal value
• Frequency level will be - 3 Hz and +1 Hz of nominal value
• Voltage imbalance:
• The ratio of the negative-sequence component of voltage to the positive-sequence
component will not exceed 2%.
• Electrical network outages vary from site to site. Hence, the outages shall be
reasonably assumed according to the requirements of the site. The minimum
number of outages should be assumed to occur as 350 times per year.
• The maximum outage duration for which the wind turbine would be designed
shall be at least one week. .

Page 44 of 64
ANNEXURE- 3, List of documentation

The object of this annexure is to provide a list of necessary documentation to be

submitted by the manufacturer /supplier of the WT, to the Certification Body in
connection with the application for PTC. The list of details may provide guidelines for
the applicant to able to understand the level of documentation necessary for the
evaluation of the WT design. The list does not limit the Certification Body’s right to
require additional documentation whenever the Certification Body finds it necessary.
All documentation has to be supplied in English language.

The list is divided into 3 parts referring to the 3 categories of the TAPS.

Category - I.
Certification based on certificates from other certification bodies and other modules
as detailed in 4.3.

Certification based on certificates from other certification bodies.

1. Design documentation

1.1. Type certificate from certifying body

1.2. Design verification report issued by the certifying body as follows:

1.2.1. a description of the scope of work carried out by the certifying body
1.2.2. the results of the performed evaluations
1.2.3. a list of approved drawings
1.2.4. a list of approved part lists and specifications
1.2.5. a list of test reports
1.2.6. a list of requirement specifications
1.2.7. a list of WT manuals i.e. O&M manuals and installation manual
1.2.8. a register of received documentation

1.3. Certificate for the accreditation of the certifying body including list of
methods.

1.4. Deviations in design related to the certified WT design

1.4.1. List of any deviations in design.
1.4.2. Documentation for all deviations in the design.

1.5. Description of deviations in design conditions in relation to the certified WT.

1.6. Clarification of actions taken in connection with deviations in the design

conditions.

1.7. Supplementary documentation as follows:

1.7.1. WT description and general specifications
1.7.2. Description of the control and safety system including hydraulic
circuits, if employed
1.7.3. Controller set points list

Page 45 of 64
 1.7.4. Test plan for verification of Safety and function test including
documentation for power control to the nominal power Pnom
1.7.5. Manuals for operation and maintenance
1.7.6. Foundation design requirements

2. Production and installation documentation

2.1. Quality Assurance:

2.1.1. When certified QM system is available:
2.1.1.1. Valid ISO 9001 - 2000 certificate
2.1.1.2. Copy of unabridged latest audit reports
2.1.2. When certified QM system is not available:
2.1.2.1. Copy of quality manual, procedures and instructions.
2.1.2.2. Manual for installation and commissioning
2.1.2.3. Quality Plan of the Manufacturer will focus on:
• Responsibilities
• Control of documents
• Sub-contracting
• Purchasing
• Process control
• Inspection and testing
• Corrective measures
• Quality recordings
• Training
• Product identification and traceability

2.2. List of drawings used for production of the WT in question

2.3. Part list used for production

Category – II
Certification based on certificates from other certification bodies and other modules
as detailed in 4.4, including an evaluation of the critical safety and engineering
integrity issues.

a) Provisional type test:

In addition to the documentation stated under Category-I, the applicant shall

submit reports of the following tests conducted under provisional type test.

• Safety and function test witnessed by C-WET certification unit

• Power performance measurements
• Yaw efficiency measurement and
• Report on Edgewise and Flap wise static tests. The test report shall be from
any accredited testing laboratory.

Page 46 of 64
b) Type Characteristic Measurements

Power quality measurements

The power quality measurements mainly deal with the reactive power
measurements. The measurements shall be carried out as detailed in 4.4.4.

Category – III

Certification based on provisional type test and other modules as detailed in 4.5,
including an evaluation of the critical safety and engineering integrity issues. The
validation of the certification will when possible be based on international and Indian
standards and guidelines.

a) Provisional type test:

The applicant shall submit reports of the following tests conducted under
provisional type test.

• Safety and function test witnessed by C-WET certification unit

• Power performance measurements
• Yaw efficiency measurement and
• Report on Edgewise and Flap wise static tests. The test report shall be
from any accredited testing laboratory.
• Load measurements (ref. IEC WT01, Annex C)
• Measurements of natural frequencies

b) Type Characteristic Measurements

Power quality measurements

The power quality measurements mainly deal with the reactive power
measurements. The measurements shall be carried out as detailed in 4.5.6.

A detailed list of documentation is given below. Besides this list, documentation for
production and installation as described in paragraph 2 of Category-I shall also be
submitted.

Analysis of the strength of the WT components against to fatigue failure can in some
cases be replaced with requirements for inspection described in the maintenance
manual.

Page 47 of 64
Design Documentation for TAPS
Drawings Analysis Description (D) Status/Rema
(Note 1 (Note 2 Specifications rks
and 4) and 4) (Sp)
Schematics
(Sch)
(Note 3)
1.0 General Turbine Description
1.1 General Turbine Characteristics and
Configuration Description
Turbine description and general h D, Sp
specifications
Major component weights and centres of Sp
gravity
Operational limits Sp
Electrical power system h D, Sch
Electrical control system h D, Sch
Hydraulics and pneumatics h D, Sch
1.2 External conditions and design class D
1.3 Control and protection philosophy D
1.4 Codes and standards D
1.5 Co-ordinate Systems h D, Sch
2.0 Control and Protection System
2.1 Description and component specifications D, Sp
including transducers and sensors
2.2 Detailed control logic flow chart Sch
2.3 Set point list Sp
2.4 Control system software D, Sch, Sp
2.5 Software release and version control D
2.6 Remote control/ monitoring D, Sch, Sp
2.7 Protection system logic h D, Sch
2.8 Over speed sensing Sp,Sch
2.9 Overpower/current sensing Sp, Sch
2.10 Vibration sensing Sp,Sch
2.11 Emergency stop button D,Sch
3.0
3.1 General analysis approach h D
3.2 Partial safety factors h Sp
3.3 Validation of calculation models:
Analytical h
Comparisons with test data h
3.4 Dynamic behaviour of the system and of
individual major components:
Mode shapes & frequencies h
Comparisons between predictions and h
measurements
3.5 Load cases (from IEC 61400-1 plus other
identified cases):
Fatigue load cases h
Ultimate load cases h
Failure modes h
3.6 Loads for structural components:
Blade h
Hub h
Low speed shaft and bearings h
Mainframe and gearbox structure h
Page 48 of 64
 Drawings Analysis Description (D) Status/Rema
(Note 1 (Note 2 Specifications rks
and 4) and 4) (Sp)
Schematics
(Sch)
(Note 3)
Gearing and drive train (including gen., h
brake & couplings)
Tower top/yaw system h
Tower h
Tower connection to foundation h
Foundation h
Other h
3.7 Critical deflection (blade/tower) h
3.8 Foundation Design Requirements h D, Sp, Sch
4.0 Components
4.1 System Level Descriptions:
Assembly drawings h
Material properties Sp
Rotor
4.2 Blade:
Blade h h Sp
Blade/hub joint h h
Aerodynamic brake system Sp

4.3 Hub:
Structure h h
Pitch system (including power supply) h h Sp
Pitch bearing h h Sp
Hub/low speed shaft joint h h
4.4 Low speed shaft:
Structure h h
Bearings h Sp
Bearing mountings h h Sp
Nacelle
4.5 Structure:
Main frame h h
4.6 Gearbox:
Gearbox/mainframe connection h h
Gearbox/generator coupling h h Sp
Gearing, bearings, cooling, lubrication, h h Sp
shafting & couplings
4.7 Generator: Sp
4.8 Yaw system:
Connections h h D, Sp
Tower and Foundation
4.9 Tower:
Structure h h
Connections h h
Openings h h
4.10 Foundation:
Connection to tower h h Sp
Other
4.11 Brake (maximum & minimum torque rating) h h Sp
4.12 Manuals for operation and maintenance D, Sp
4.13 Installation manual D, Sp

Page 49 of 64
 Drawings Analysis Description (D) Status/Rema
(Note 1 (Note 2 Specifications rks
and 4) and 4) (Sp)
Schematics
(Sch)
(Note 3)
5.0 Component Test Reports
5.1 Component Tests h D
- Gearbox.
- Generator.
- Lightning Arrester
- Surge Arrester
- Others
6.0 Safety- and function test
6.1 Witnessing of safety test D
6.2 Checking of personal safety aspects D
including instructions
Inspection of the WTGS type D
6.3 Checking locking devices h h

Notes:

1) Drawings are typically engineering drawings that clearly define dimensions of components or
electrical schematics. They can also include material specifications, fabrication instructions or
finish specifications when referring to a specific component contained within the drawing.

2) Analysis usually refers to engineering calculations such as stress analysis or calculations of

structural loads or of electrical loads as well as statistical analysis. Analysis is the basis of
specifications for structural, material, electrical and mechanical component requirements. This also
includes plots of results and comparisons with test results.

3) Specifications (Sp) are written requirements for certain components of the WT. These could
include performance and dimensional specifications for a gear-box, finish requirements for
gearing, bearing descriptions, electrical demands for electrical components, dimensional
requirements for mechanical components, performance specifications for a hydraulic auxiliary
power supply or quality documentation.

Schematics (Sch) are data plots, flow charts, diagrams and other illustrations (electric,
pneumatics, and hydraulics).

Descriptions (D) consist of text describing relevant tasks, functions, components etc.

4) A check mark (h) indicates that Drawings or Analysis are expected in the documentation for the
element in the left-hand column.

Page 50 of 64
ANNEXURE- 4, Simplified method for load calculation

The simplified method for load calculation is a translation of paragraph 6.3 Load
calculation from the Danish standard DS 472.

The dimensioning loads of the wind turbine in the operational mode, production
operation, may be calculated according to a simplified method as examined in this
guideline, provided that the following requirements are met.

The simplified method gives direct load range distributions for all load cases relating
to production operation.

The calculated load range distributions are used to assess the fatigue limit states of the
wind turbine. In addition, an ultimate load limit state must be examined, whereby the
average value of the parameters studied is combined with the corresponding half-
maximum load range found in the load range distribution of the parameter.
Furthermore, it is necessary to make clear whether the remaining load cases are of
significance either for fatigue or extreme load limit states.

The following assumptions define the type of wind turbine, which may be dealt with
by means of simplified calculations:

• the wind turbine shall have 3 blades, generate electricity and be stall-regulated
with fixed blade angle, with no hub hinge;
• the wind turbine shall produce electricity by means of an induction generator,
connected to the power network at a fixed frequency;
• the wind turbine rotor shall be placed on the windward side (upwind rotor) with a
maximum 10° tilt, radius R < 15,5 m, solidity between 5 and 15% and a minimum
distance from the blade to the tower during production operation of half of the
local tower diameter for the outer half of the blade;
• the defined maximum power of the wind turbine Pmax may exceed the maximum
long-term average power (nominal power) Pnom (maximum point on the power
curve between Vmin and Vmax) by 15% at the most; see figure 1.

Page 51 of 64
 Electrical power

Upper limit
0,15 × P nom
for Pmax

Pmax
Pnom

Vmin Vnom Vmax Wind speed

Figure 1. Power curve, Pmax, Pnom and Vnom

• the nominal generator power of the electric generator of the wind turbine (rated
output according to IEC standards) Pnom,g must be at least Pnom;
• the maximum operating frequency of rotation of the wind turbine nr,max shall be
limited, so that nr,max < 1.05 nr,syn, where nr,syn is the operating frequency of
rotation corresponding to idling (synchronous frequency of rotation) on the
primary generator;
• the yawing speed of the wind turbine shall not exceed ωk = 1º/second;
• at an arbitrary given wind velocity, V10min the yaw-error in the wind turbine must
be distributed with a maximum 10º average yaw-error and a maximum 10º
standard deviation;
• the stop wind velocity of the wind turbine Vmax shall not exceed 25 m/s;
• the lowest blade and tower natural frequencies no during operation shall differ
from the operating frequency of rotation nr by at least 10%;
• the lowest natural frequency of the tower for bending shall be less than 2,5 nr;
• the Weibull k parameter must be between 1,85 and 2,00;
• for wind turbines in wind farms or groups, the distance between wind turbines
must be > 5×D.

Page 52 of 64
 x´ Rotor centre

z´

0 2/3 × R R (radius)
Straight lines which tangents
the blade outer contour

Figure 2. Definition of rotor radius at the 2/3-point and characteristic chord line
length

The characteristic aerodynamic load value, po shall be calculated as a basis for the
load calculations. The characteristic load is defined as the y' component of the
aerodynamic load per unit of length of the blade acting at the 2/3-point of the blade
(i.e. where r = 2/3R and at right angles to the rotor plane, see definition of the rotor
co-ordinates system in Table 3 and blade geometry in Figure 2).

po is calculated from

p0 = 0.5 ρ W2 c CL

where

CL is the lift coefficient at the 2/3-point,

W is the resulting wind velocity,
ρ is 1,28 kg/m3 = air density,
c is the characteristic chord line length at 2/3 R, see Figure 2.

As lift coefficient the maximum for the blade profile concerned shall be used, but it
must be at least CL = 1.5. The resulting wind velocity W shall be determined for blade
loads by means of

W2 = (2/3 R * 2 π nr)2 + Vo2 = (4.2 nr R)2 + Vo2

where

nr is the rotor frequency of rotation in Hz with the primary generator connected,

R is the rotor radius,

Page 53 of 64
V0 is the nominal stall wind velocity defined as the lower of the two following
wind velocities:
• Nominal wind velocity Vnom, or
• 10-min average wind velocity, where just the whole blade is stalled with
airflow parallel with the rotor shaft. The wind velocity is defined at hub
height.

The wind velocity corresponding to the 10-minute average, at which the stall just

V 0,stall = 2π nr R tg ( α stall,tip + θ b,tip )

extends to the whole blade, can be determined by means of

where

αstall,tip is angle of attack for the tip profile at max CL

θb,tip is blade angle for tip

As a rule, a linear line load distribution outwards along blade of por/R (triangular
load) can be assumed for the y' direction. It may be advantageous to replace this with
an alternative distribution:

P(r) = const * ((2 π nr r)2 + Vo2) c (r) CL (r)

where the local relative wind velocity and the exact chord line distribution along the
blade is included. The constant in the expression for p(r) is adjusted so that the
moment in the rotor centre has the same value as for the distribution p0r/R, namely
p0R2/3.

In the case of fatigue calculations, loads are generally described by means of a

constant average value overlaid with an accumulated load range distribution F∆(Nv),
(see example in Figure 4).

An accumulated load range distribution is described in terms of a distribution function

F∆(Nv). This function is defined in such a way that F∆(Nv) is the load range which is
exceeded Nv times in the service life of the wind turbine.

The model used for this presupposes that the blade line loads are divided into two
types. The first type (called deterministic) describes the effect of the gravitational
force on the rotating blade. The corresponding load range distribution includes only
load ranges of one constant size to a number, Nf, which is equal to the total number of
rotor revolutions during production operation in the design service life of the wind
turbine, tf. (example Figure 4, Curve b).

Page 54 of 64
The second type (called stochastic) includes all other loads, e.g. variable aerodynamic
loads. This type of distribution is described with the help of a standardised load range
distribution, with a load distribution F∆(Nv) of this type being expressed by means of a
dimensioning constant multiplied by the standardised distribution ^F∆(Nv) (example
Figure 4, Curve a).
The standardised load range distribution is defined by means of

^F∆(Nv) = β (log(Nf) – log(Nv)) + 0.18, until F∆(Nv) = 2.0 kβ

where

β is given as β = 0.11 k β (I + 0.1) (A + 4.4) ,

I is the turbulence intensity at hub height in the direction of the wind at the
actual site,
kβ is a correction factor for the slope of the distribution,
Nf is given as N f = nc t f [ exp(-( V min / A )k ) - exp(-( V max / A )k )] = number
of widths during the lifetime of the turbine corresponding to the characteristic
load frequency,
A,k are scale parameter and shape parameter, respectively, for the Weibull
distribution,
nc is the characteristic load frequency,
tf is the design service life of the wind turbine.

The correction factor kβ for the bias in the distribution is usually 1. Only for
calculating the rotor pressure Fy (see Table 4) shall a standard range distribution with
kβ = 2.5 be used. In connection with wind farms or groups it is necessary to consider
how far the park configuration affects the average wind velocity (and therefore the A
parameter) and the turbulence intensity I. The formula for Nf, takes into account how
often wind velocity is between Vmin and Vmax.

The standardised load range distribution is shown in Figure 3. The distributions,

which are defined for different loads by means of this standardised load range
distribution, are described as a constant times the standard distribution. There are
three parameters, which affect a given standard distribution:

Nf is the total number of ranges in the service life of the wind turbine. A change
in Nf will involve parallel displacement of the distribution along the frequency
axis,
β changes the slope of the load distribution, but the greatest loads remain
unchanged,
kβ also changes the bias. In this case it also increases the greatest loads.

The dimensioning constant, which is multiplied by the standard distribution, is

independent of Nv, but does depend on wind turbine geometry, climate etc. This
Page 55 of 64
means that if, for example, it is necessary to find range distributions as the integral out
along the blade of load range distributions, the integration variable is contained in the
dimensioning constant, while the standard distribution ^F∆(Nv) act as a constant as far
as the integration is concerned.

^F∆(Nv)

2,00

0,18

log(1) log(Nf) log(Nv)

Figure 3. Standardised stochastic load range distribution

When load range distributions are calculated for sums of loads of the two types,
stochastic and deterministic, the following shall apply. Deterministic loads are
compounded first, with the following dependency of time t being assumed (the blade
vertically upwards when t = 0):

Pd (t, Pd∆c, Pd∆s, nc ) = ⎯P + ½ Pd∆c cos(2 π nc t) + ½ Pd∆s sin(2 π nc t)

When stochastic loads are compounded with deterministic or other stochastic loads, it
is necessary to be conservative in the calculations, as the phase relationships for
stochastic loads are not known. This means that the following model may be used.
Load ranges from each of two distributions are added directly one at a time. The
largest from each distribution is taken first, and then the smaller ones are taken in
succession according to size. Each load range is included once and only once.
Therefore, it is assumed that each load range in the first distribution occurs the same
time as the largest still unused range from the second distribution.

Figure 4 shows the accumulated load distribution for px. Curve a) is the stochastic
range distribution, the number of ranges Na = 3 Nr. Curve b) is the deterministic
(gravity induced) distribution with constant range 2 mg and number of ranges Nb = Nr.
The solid-line curve c) is the sum distribution, as it can be shown that the conservative
summation method specified above can be achieved by direct addition of the two
accumulated distribution functions a) and b) for frequencies < Nr. (This is only correct
for accumulated distributions). For frequencies > Nr, the sum is equal to the stochastic
one, because the deterministic ranges are "used up".

Page 56 of 64
 F∆(Nv)

c (sum)

b (deterministic)

a (stochastic)

a and c concurrently

log (1) log (Nb) log (Na) log (Nv)

Figure 4. Compounding of stochastic and deterministic loads

Blade loads

Table 2 sums up the blade line loads used according to blade co-ordinates (Table 1).
However, the deterministic contribution is divided into a cosine and a sine element,
which must be used when compounding several deterministic loads. The last series in
the table indicates the characteristic load frequency for the load type in question.

Table 1. Description of blade co-ordinates

Direction Description
x' Rotation direction and perpendicular to the main shaft
y' Parallel to main shaft in wind direction
z' Following the blade length perpendicular to the main shaft

Page 57 of 64
Table 2. Blade line load

Average value Load range distributions

Direction Deterministic Stochastic

p Pd ∆ c Pd∆s Ps ∆
x' 2Mnom/(3R2) 0 +2 mg 0.3F∆(Nv)po
y' 1.5 por/R * 0 0 F∆(Nv)por/R
z' (2πnr)2mr -2 mg 0 0
Frequency nc nr nr 3 nr
* but ⎯Py′=Po for r ≥ 2/3 R.

In table 2 is

m = m(r) the blade mass per unit of length at the distance r

g gravitational acceleration
Mnom = Pnom/2πnrηo nominal driving torque corresponding to nominal power
ηo nominal efficiency (≤0.9)
F∆(Nv) standardised distribution, see above
∆c,∆s indices for load ranges for cosine and sine elements
respectively

Hub Loads

When the internal loads on the rotor hub are calculated, allowance should be made for
blade loads with reciprocal phase lag of 120°. For the purposes of the calculation, the
hub is assumed to be rigidly fixed at the shaft attachment, where the rotor loads are
crucial.

It should be pointed out that the rotor loads are defined in the fixed x,y,z system
(Table 3) and therefore must be converted to the hub system, with allowance being
made also for dead weight.

Rotor Loads

The rotor loads are defined on the basis of the characteristic aerodynamic line load po,
the standardised load range distribution form F∆(Nv) as well as the nominal driving
torque Mnom defined in table 2.

Page 58 of 64
Tabel 3. Description of blade co-ordinates

Direction Description
X Horizontal direction and perpendicular to the main shaft
Y Parallel to main shaft in wind direction
Z “Vertical” and perpendicular to the main shaft

Average value, amplitude and frequency of rotor loads are given in table 4, with the
individual load components being separately compounded as

F = ⎯F + ½ F∆ cos(2 π nc t)

where

t is time in seconds.

Table 4. Rotor loads

Load Average Range Frequency Resonance frequency

F F F∆ nc (oscillation form), n0
Fx 0 0 0
stat.: nT
Fy 1.5 p0R 0.5 p0RF∆(Nv) rot.: 3nr nT (tower, bending)
Fz -Mg 0
Mx 0 1
3 kRp0R2F∆(Nv) 3 nr nR (rotor, tilt, asym.)

My** 0.5 Mnom 0.45 p0R2F∆(Nv) 3 nr

Mz 0 1
3 kRp0R2F∆(Nv) 3 nr nR (rotor, yaw, asym.)

**
It may be assumed that My is always between 0 and 1,3 Mnom

Page 59 of 64
 KR (n0/nr) (*):
Inadmissible
1,7 frequency range

(*)

1,0

0,8

1,1
0,9

1 2 3 4 5 n0/nr

Figure 5. Response amplification

In table 4 and figure 5 are

M rotor mass,
kR is a correction factor which for Mx and Mz takes into account the position of
relevant resonance frequencies in relation to the frequency content of the
external influences. The kR factor is read from Figure 5 as a function of the
resonance frequency,
no is lowest resonance frequency for the oscillation form in question,
nR is lowest resonance frequency for the collective asymmetric rotor oscillation at
standstill, where one blade oscillates out of phase to the two others. The
oscillation will link with nacelle/tower, for which reason its frequency in
yawing and tilting respectively may be different,
nT is lowest resonance frequency for tower in bending (<2.5 nr).

It should be pointed out that, as far as gearbox calculations are concerned, it is

necessary to use a duration curve for shaft moment. For example, it may be
conservatively assumed here that the moment is constant at the upper limit indicated.

Note that for Fy it is necessary to use a modified standard distribution with the bias β
multiplied by kβ = 2.5 as mentioned in the definition of the standard distribution above.
The two frequencies which are indicated for Fy are used for Fy distributions in,
respectively, the stationary (nc = nT) and the rotating part of the wind turbine (nc = 3 nr),
thus taking into account, that the oscillations are damped when it is transmitted from the
rotating part to the stationary part.

When the load range distributions are determined, it is necessary to be conservative

in calculations when adding the individual components and distributions, as
discussed in connection with Figure 4.

In the calculations shown, the wind load on the tower can be assumed to have been
included.
Page 60 of 64
ANNEXURE- 5, Foundation Design Requirements

FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

INTRODUCTION

The turbine is subjected various loads like forces in lateral direction,

transverse direction, torsional moment, tilting moment etc., during its lifetime. The
loads considered at various parts of the wind turbine as mentioned in the design
documentation, will be verified in the Design evaluation / Partial design evaluation
module according the Category of certification of TAPS-2000. The loads considered
at the tower bottom form the basis for calculating the loads acting on the foundation.
Hence, for the design of foundation the tower bottom loads are to be considered as
basis.

FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

The Certification body shall evaluate the foundation design requirements

according to IEC WT01. The purpose of evaluation of the foundation design
requirements is to verify the loads considered in foundation design compared with the
tower bottom loads calculated in the design documentation. The tower bottom loads
are to be considered as characteristic loads acting on the foundation.

The loads considered in the foundation design are to be provided as mentioned

in the Table below. The applicant must provide the data taking reference to the co-
ordinate system shown below.

The data provided in the Table only should only be used in the designing the
foundation.

Guidelines

Besides the loads the foundation designer needs information’s concerning geometric
interface, soil conditions etc. as given below:

• Reference to local site specific and structural codes if any.

• Information’s about earth quake.
• Information’s about requirements for flatness, level, bolt pattern and
tolerances etc.

Furthermore the designer of the foundation must take action to avoid any
misunderstanding concerning responsibility for the connection between the tower and
the foundation (bolts, fishplates, poured steel involucres etc.). Normally the tower
designer are responsible for the connection itself and the foundation designer are
responsible for the connection to the foundation.

Page 61 of 64
 Figur 1, Coordinate system and load components

Z Y
Fz Fy

Mz My

Mx Fx X

Foundation design loads for WTG type:

Description: Characteristic load1 Partial coefficient for Design load
load2
Horizontal in X-direction Fe,x

Horizontal in Y-direction Fe,y

Force

Vertical in X-direction Fe,z

Extreme loads

Bending around X-axis Me,bx

Moment

Bending around Y-axis Me,by

Torsion around Z-axis Te,bz

Horizontal in X-direction Ff,x

Horizontal in Y-direction Ff,y

Force

Vertical in X-direction Ff,z

Fatigue loads(*)

Bending around X-axis Mf,bx

Moment

Bending around Y-axis Mf,by

Torsion around Z-axis Tf,bz

(*) Slope of S-N curve and Equivalent Number of Cycles shall be reported.

1
The loads can be found in the load document from the designer of the wind turbine or in the
evaluation report from the certifying body. Please note that the loads given in these documents often
include load partial coefficients.
2
Load partial coefficients from building codes must be used together with material partial coefficient
from the same building code series.
Page 62 of 64
ANNEXURE- 6, Format of Provisional Type Certificate

PTC - (Number)
Provisional Type Certificate

This certificate is issued to

Company
Address

for the WT

XXXX

The certificate attests compliance with “Type Approval - Provisional Scheme – 2000
(TAPS-2000)” – Provisional Type Certification Scheme for WT in India, Category -
yy, concerning the design and manufacturing system. It is based on the following
reference documents:

DE-(Number) : Design Evaluation Conformity Statement

dated : dd.mm.yy
PTT-(Number) : Provisional Type Testing Conformity Statement
dated : dd.mm.yy
MSC-(Number) : Manufacturing System Conformity Statement
dated : dd.mm.yy
FDE-(Number) : Foundation Design Evaluation Conformity Statement
dated : dd.mm.yy
TC-(Number) : Type Characteristics Conformity Statement
dated : dd.mm.yy
ER-(Number) : Final Evaluation Report
dated : dd.mm.yy

The conformity evaluation was carried out according to TAPS - 2000 – Provisional
Type Certification Scheme for WT in India. The WT type is specified on page 2 of
this certificate. Changes in the system design or the manufacturer’s quality system are
to be approved by (Certification Body). Without approval the Certificate loses its
validity.

This Provisional Type Certificate is valid until dd.mm.yy.

(Location), dd.mm.yy.
ee/ss (Certification Body)

Signature(s)

Page 63 of 64
PTC - (Number)
Provisional Type Certificate, Page 2

WT Type Specification:
Machine parameters:
Model
WT manufacturer and country
IEC WT class
Rated power [kW]
Rated wind speed Vr [m/s]
Rotor diameter [m]
Hub height(s) [m]
Hub height operating wind speed range Vin-Vout[m/s]
Design lifetime [y]
Wind conditions:
Characteristic turbulence intensity I15 at Vhub = 15 m/s [-]
Annual average wind speed at hub height Vave [m/s]
Reference wind speed Vref [m/s]
Average inclined flow [deg]
Hub height 50-year extreme wind speed Ve50 [m/s]3
Electrical network conditions:
Normal supply voltage and range [V]
Normal supply frequency and range [Hz]
Voltage imbalance [V]
Maximum duration of electrical power network outages [days]
Number of electrical network outages [1/year]
Other environmental conditions (where taken into account):
Normal and extreme temperature ranges [°C]
Relative humidity of the air [%]
Air density [kg/m3]
Solar radiation [W/m2]
Description of lightning protection system
Earthquake model and parameters
Salinity [g/m3]
Major components:
Blade type [-]
Gear box type [-]
Generator type [-]
Tower [-]
Foundation [-]
Manuals:
Installation manual [-]
Operation and maintenance manual [-]
Repair manual [-]

3
The extreme design wind speed gives possibilities for installation of the wind turbines in areas with
Basic wind speed below xx m/s. See also IS 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
Page 64 of 64
6.0 Empanelment of manufacturers

6.1 Water Pumping Windmills

The interested manufacturers/suppliers of water pumping windmills may provide

detailed information about their firm, product and test report by independent test agency,
confirming that the proposed design of the systems is in accordance with the broad
technical specifications and performance characteristic, being claimed by themselves. They
may submit their proposals to MNRE through SNAs providing all relevant details, as per the
format given in Annexure- V for empanelment with MNRE.

6.2 Aerogenerators/Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems

C-WET in consultation with manufacturers has devised a scheme for

empanelment, which seeks information from manufacturers on registration certificate of
company showing legal identity of the company; adequate manufacturing facility; ISO 9001
requirements; simplified technical specification of the turbine; product manual covering
details of installation, maintenance, routine inspection and personnel safety etc.; minimum
simplified design documents; detailed electrical circuit diagrams; details of number of
installations and its performance as per the formats provided by C-WET. The manufactures
have to obtain a valid Type Test report for every model. If a valid Type Test Report is not
already available with the manufacturer, they will enter into an agreement for Type Testing
with C-WET or any other foreign/Indian recognized laboratory as per the IEC stipulations.
In case the manufacture already has Type Test report form a recognized laboratory other
than C-WET, it need to be submitted to C-WET & get it endorsed by them.

Based on the evaluation of the above details, the particular model of the
manufacturer will be recommended by C-WET for empanelment. In case a valid Type Test
report is not already available, a provisional empanelment will be granted initially for a
period of one year, subject to the results of the Type Testing of machine by C-WET.
Projects having systems from empanelled manufactures only will be eligible. Ministry will
issue such list from time to time.

The manufacturers are required to contact C-WET for empanelment under intimation
to the Ministry.

6.2.1 Dealers of the manufacturers

The empanelled manufacturers may also have their dealers. The dealers will register
themselves with the State Nodal Agency (SNA) of the state, they want to operate. They
may be registered with more than one state. The dealership letter from the main
manufacturer with all its terms and conditions will be a pre-requisite. The SNAs may evolve
a system to register a dealer of an MNRE empanelled manufacturer based on the
Guidelines mentioned above. The dealers must have necessary capability to take-up the
operation, repairs & maintenance of the system. In this case, the operation, repair and
maintenance will be the responsibility of main manufacturer through their dealer. The main
manufacturer will submit an undertaking in this regard. MNRE empanelled manufacturers
will also be deemed registered with all SNAs to operate in a particular state. Ministry will
issue such list from time to time.
 No. 23/1/2009/SWES
Government of India
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems Programme

Block No. 14, C.G.O. Complex,

Lodi Road, New Delhi- 110 001

Dated: 16.04.2010
To
Head, State Nodal Department /
State Nodal Agencies (SNA’s) /
Other concerned Implementing Agencies

Sub: Modified scheme for the programme on “Small Wind Energy and Hybrid
Systems(SWES)” during 2010-11 and 2011-12– reg.

I am directed to convey the sanction of the President of India for implementation of

the programme on “Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems” during the last two years of
the 11th Plan i.e. years 2010-11 and 2011-12. The detailed guidelines for implementation of
the programme are given as Annexure - I.

2.0 Objective

The objective of the programme on “Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems” is to
develop technology and promote applications of water pumping windmills and
aerogenerators/wind-solar hybrid systems.

3.0 Programme Activities

The programme will support the following activities:

 Financial support for setting up water pumping wind mills and aerogenerators/wind
solar hybrid systems,
 Field trials & performance evaluation,
 Grid connected SWES on demonstration basis.
 Research & Development.

4.0 Implementation

4.1 Various activities of programme on “Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems”
will be implemented in association with the State Nodal Agencies (SNAs), manufacturers of
SWESs, R&D/ academic/ autonomous institutions, NGOs, Govt. undertakings, and user
organizations. The programme on wind solar hybrid systems is also aimed to be
implemented in market mode through active involvement of manufacturers of SWESs.

5.0 Targets

Following annual targets for the years 2010-11 and 2011-12 have been fixed:
5.1 Physical: Water pumping windmills – 25 nos.
Aerogenerator/wind-solar hybrid systems - 500 kW

5.2 Financial: Budget Estimate: Rs. 5.00 crores.

6.0 Central Financial Assistance (CFA) and Release of funds

Central Financial Assistance (CFA) will be provided under the programme as per
details given in Annexure - II and funds will be released as per Annexure - III.

7.0 Monitoring Arrangements

i) Monitoring of project implementation will be carried out through review meetings,

field visits, etc. by MNRE.
ii) Performance monitoring will also be carried out through SNAs and
manufacturers. They are advised to set up suitable monitoring arrangements to
closely monitor implementation of the programme, performance of the systems
installed, and to send reports to MNRE, as per details given in para 13.0 of
Annexure-I.
iii) MNRE may also sponsor independent study on evaluation of the systems
installed under the programme for which financial support may be provided on
case to case basis from the budget allocation under the scheme .

8.0 Demonstration Projects in N-E, J&K areas

25 SWES projects will be taken up in special areas in N-E including Sikkim and J&K
including Leh and Laddakh having capacity in the range of 10 kW on demonstration basis
with higher financial support. If required, suitable consultant will be engaged for preparing
Detailed Project Report for implementation of these projects.

9.0 Other Activities :

9.1 Various organizations will be involved in organizing awareness, training,

demonstration, seminars/workshops survey/assessment studies, preparation of DPRs for
mini-grid concept etc. Further, Ministry may also directly sponsor training & awareness
programme through selected institutions.
9.2 GPRS/SCADA/Broad-band/other such technologies based system will be taken up
for minitoring of the SWES systems on demonstration basis at five locations
9.3 Demonstration projects of SWES will be taken up in a grid-connected mode/mini-grid
concept to understand the viability and technical constraints/remedial actions etc. of these
systems in grid-connected mode.

10.0 The proposals for CFA will be considered based on technical viability and availability
of funds within overall targets for the programme. The decision of the Secretary, MNRE will
be final & binding in this regard.

This issues in exercise of the powers delegated to the Ministries and with the concurrence
of IFD, MNRE vide their diary no. IFD-2390-09 dated 23.03.2010.

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 Yours faithfully,

-sd-

(Dilip Nigam)
Director

Copy for information and necessary action to:

1. The Principal Director of Audit, Scientific Departments, DGACR Building, I.P. Estate,
New Delhi – 110 002.
2. Chief Executives/Directors of all the State Nodal Agencies/ Corporations/ other
Organizations implementing the MNRE programme
3. All Regional Offices of the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy.
4. All the existing manufacturers of the SWESs
5. SPO to Secretary, MNRE
6. AS&FA /All Advisors/JS (GS)/JS(HK)
7. Dir (F)/Dir (DN)/Dir(GU)
8. Individual files of all implementing agencies
9. Sanction folder
10. Guard file

-sd-
(Dilip Nigam)
Director

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 Annexure I

Guidelines for Implementation of the Programme on “Small Wind Energy and Hybrid
Systems”

1.0 System Applications

The programme will support deployment of water pumping windmills (wind pumps)
and small aerogenerators/ wind-solar hybrid systems for water pumping applications and
generation of electricity in off-grid mode, respectively. Grid connected wind solar hybrid
systems may also be taken up for demonstration purpose if state regulatory and other
related issues are favorable. GPRS/ SCADA/ Broad – band/ other such technology based
systems to be used for remote monitoring of SWES systems on demonstrations basis.

2.0 Eligible Users

All categories of users including individuals, farmers, NGOs, Central / State

Government agencies, local bodies and Panchayats, Autonomous Institutions, Research
Organizations, Cooperative Societies, Corporate Bodies, Business Establishments, Banks,
etc. are eligible for having the systems installed for their use.

3.0 Technical Specifications

3.1 Water Pumping Windmills

Broad technical specification and other details of the water pumping windmills being
promoted under the programme are given below. However, other models can also be
considered based on their quality and performance.

Designs/ models Broad technical Estimated Suitability

specifications Water output
versus head
Direct drive windmill
Rotor diameter – 5 m 8000 litters per For shallow water
such as 12 PU 500
Nos. of blades – 12 hour at 7 meter pumping upto 15
and similar other
Tower height – 7 m head meter head
windmills Pump diameter – 150 mm
Cut in wind speed –10 km/hr
Rated wind speed – 18 km/hr
Gear type Rotor diameter – 3.3 m 1000 litters per For deep well
windmills Nos. of blades – 18 hour at 20 pumping from 16
Tower height – 10 m meter head meter to 60 meter
Pump diameter – 50-100 mm head
Cut in wind speed –9 km/hr
Rated wind speed – 18 km/hr
AV 55 Auroville Rotor diameter – 5.7 m 4000 litters per For shallow and
direct drive Nos. of blades – 24 hour at 15 deep well pumping
windmills Tower height – 9-23 m meter head upto 60 meter head
Pump diameter – 64-160 mm
Cut in wind speed –10 km/hr
Rated wind speed – 18 km/hr

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3.2 Aerogenerators

The rated capacity of individual aerogenerators covered under the programme will
be up to a maximum of 100kW, however, MNRE support for installation of aerogenerators
will be restricted to a maximum total capacity of 10 kW (project capacity). Both imported &
indigenously manufactured/assembled aerogenerators are covered under the programme.
The manufacturers will have to get their models empanelled with MNRE based on the
testing/certification as per IEC 61400-2 and IEC 61400-12-1 for Design requirement and
Power Performance and Safety function test as per the empanelment procedure evolved by
the Centre for Wind Energy technology (C-WET), Chennai. A detailed empanelment
procedure has been evolved by C-WET in consultation with all the stakeholders and is
summarized at Para 6.2.

Only the MNRE empanelled models of the aerogenerators will be eligible for
financial support under the scheme.

3.3 Hybrid Systems

Hybrid systems based on a combination of various renewable energy sources like

wind and solar photovoltaic are covered under the scheme. The hybrid systems will be
designed to meet the annual load requirement with optimum use of resources. The rated
capacity of individual aerogenerator covered under the program will be upto a maximum of
100kW, however, MNRE support for installation of a Wind–Solar Hybrid system will be
restricted to a maximum capacity of 50kW (system capacity). The wind component of the
hybrid system has to be at least 60% of the total capacity. As mentioned above, only the
MNRE empanelled models of the aerogenerators will be eligible to be used in Hybrid
systems for financial support under the present scheme. The SPV modules to be deployed
under the Programme should conform to the relevant IEC Standards. The SPV modules to
be deployed under the Programme should conform to the relevant IEC Standards.

4.0 Site Selection

Selection of suitable sites for installation of small wind energy and hybrid systems
will be the responsibility of the implementing agency i.e. manufacturers, State Nodal
Agencies (SNA) or any other such agency. The broad guidelines for site selection are given
below:

4.1 Water pumping windmills

(i) The site should be free from the obstacles like tall trees, high buildings, electric
transmission lines etc. within the radius of about 100 meters.
(ii) The site should have annual average wind speed more than 10 kmph.
(iii) The designs/ models of water pumping windmills should be selected in
accordance with their suitability for water table depths prevailing at the sites, as
given in para 3.0 of technical specification of the windmills.
(iv) The foundations should be designed and constructed by taking into consideration
the soil bearing capacity of the site.
(v) Recharging capacity of bore well or open well should be around 30 m3/hr.
(vi) The windmills should be preferably installed in clusters to enable effective repair
and maintenance services and to have better demonstration effect.

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 (vii) The provision of a storage tank of suitable capacity should be mandatory to
ensure supply of water during non-windy periods.

4.2 Aerogenerators/ Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems

(i) The site should be free from the obstacles like tall trees, high buildings, electric
transmission lines etc. within the radius of about 100 meters.
(ii) The site for installation of aerogenerators should, preferably, have annual
average wind speed of about 15 kmph (4.17 m/s) or above, at 20 m height. The
wind speed at a particular site has to be obtained from C-WET or any other
agency using actual wind data collected by C-WET or by using standard software
programme like Wind Atlas etc. The user agency/manufacturer has to provide
latitude-longitude of the site and other parameters as needed for this purpose to
the verifying agency.
(iii) Wind and solar resources should be preferably of complimentary nature.
(iv) The foundations should be designed and constructed by taking into consideration
the soil bearing capacity of the site.
(v) Generally aerogenerators should be avoided to be installed on the roof of a
building and if it is installed on the roof of any building, the load bearing capacity,
clearance/obstruction from the nearby buildings, electrical wires etc. and other
safety related aspects should be carefully examined by technical personnel.

5.0 Eligible Manufacturers/ Suppliers

5.1 Water pumping windmills

The manufacturers/suppliers whose windmills conform to the broad technical

specifications, which have already been installed under this Ministry’s programme, are
eligible to manufacturer, supply and install the windmills. A list of such manufacturers is
given in Annexure IV

5.2 Aerogenerators/ Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems

Ministry has so far not been insisting for testing and certification of the
aerogenerators. The present procedure for empanelment involves furnishing of information
by the manufacturers about their company etc. through SNAs. It has been felt that the
quality of systems being manufactured, supplied and installed under the MNRE programme
is not of very high standards and, therefore, a new method has been evolved for
empanelment of manufacturers/suppliers having quality products with Type Testing reports.
a list of such eligible manufacture will be issued by the Ministry from time to time.

6.0 Empanelment of manufacturers

6.1 Water Pumping Windmills

The interested manufacturers/suppliers of water pumping windmills may provide

detailed information about their firm, product and test report by independent test agency,
confirming that the proposed design of the systems is in accordance with the broad
technical specifications and performance characteristic, being claimed by themselves. They
may submit their proposals to MNRE through SNAs providing all relevant details, as per the
format given in Annexure- V for empanelment with MNRE.

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6.2 Aerogenerators/Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems

C-WET in consultation with manufacturers has devised a scheme for

empanelment, which seeks information from manufacturers on registration certificate of
company showing legal identity of the company; adequate manufacturing facility; ISO 9001
requirements; simplified technical specification of the turbine; product manual covering
details of installation, maintenance, routine inspection and personnel safety etc.; minimum
simplified design documents; detailed electrical circuit diagrams; details of number of
installations and its performance as per the formats provided by C-WET. The manufactures
have to obtain a valid Type Test report for every model. If a valid Type Test Report is not
already available with the manufacturer, they will enter into an agreement for Type Testing
with C-WET or any other foreign/Indian recognized laboratory as per the IEC stipulations.
In case the manufacture already has Type Test report form a recognized laboratory other
than C-WET, it need to be submitted to C-WET & get it endorsed by them.

Based on the evaluation of the above details, the particular model of the
manufacturer will be recommended by C-WET for empanelment. In case a valid Type Test
report is not already available, a provisional empanelment will be granted initially for a
period of one year, subject to the results of the Type Testing of machine by C-WET.
Projects having systems from empanelled manufactures only will be eligible. Ministry will
issue such list from time to time.

The manufacturers are required to contact C-WET for empanelment under intimation
to the Ministry.

6.2.1 Dealers of the manufacturers

The empanelled manufacturers may also have their dealers. The dealers will register
themselves with the State Nodal Agency (SNA) of the state, they want to operate. They
may be registered with more than one state. The dealership letter from the main
manufacturer with all its terms and conditions will be a pre-requisite. The SNAs may evolve
a system to register a dealer of an MNRE empanelled manufacturer based on the
Guidelines mentioned above. The dealers must have necessary capability to take-up the
operation, repairs & maintenance of the system. In this case, the operation, repair and
maintenance will be the responsibility of main manufacturer through their dealer. The main
manufacturer will submit an undertaking in this regard. MNRE empanelled manufacturers
will also be deemed registered with all SNAs to operate in a particular state. Ministry will
issue such list from time to time.

7.0 Demonstration Projects in N-E, J&K areas

There is lot of potential and utility of Wind-solar hybrid systems in remote locations
such as districts on international borders, North-Eastern States including Sikkim, Jammu
& Kashmir including Leh & Laddakh at various institutions/organizations and
defence/para-military establishments in these areas. 25 SWES projects will be taken up in
these areas, as special projects, having capacity in the range of 10 kW on demonstration
basis with Central Financial Assistance @ Rs. 2.25 lakh / kW. The balance cost including
the cost towards transportation, installation, commissioning and distribution lines would be
borne by the concerned beneficiary organizations. If required, suitable Consultants may be
engaged for preparing Detailed Project Report for implementation of these projects.

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8.0 Other Activities :

8.1 The SNAs, NGOs, technical organizations, Govt. undertakings, manufacturers and
user organizations etc. will be involved in organizing awareness, training, demonstration,
seminars/workshops survey/assessment studies, preparation of DPRs for mini-grid concept
etc. Proposals in this regard will be considered for financial support on case to case basis.
Further, Ministry may also directly sponsor training & awareness programme through
selected institutions.
On-line performance monitoring system
8.2 As per the existing provisions, the project beneficiaries and SNAs are to submit a
periodic performance report of the systems. However it is not being received very
regularly. It is desirable that GPRS or SCADA or Broad-band based system may be
incorporated in every SWES system to access the generation data through PC or even on
a Mobile phone. 5 existing SWES systems may be provided with such systems on
demonstration basis with MNRE support. The CFA for this purpose may be decided on
case to case basis.
Grid-connected SWES systems
8.3 It has been decided to take up demonstration projects of SWES in a grid-
connected/mini-grid concept to understand the viability and technical constraints/remedial
actions etc. of these systems in grid-connected mode. MNRE support for such projects may
be as per the provisions of the Technology Demonstration Scheme under the R&D Division
of the Ministry (50% cost sharing basis). A monitoring system as mentioned above may
also be a part of grid-connected systems.

9.0 Warranty

(i) A warranty for a minimum period of two years from the date of installation of the
wind pumps, small aerogenerator systems and hybrid systems will be provided
by their respective manufacturers to the user/SNAs against any manufacturing
defect and deficiencies in the design, engineering and materials of the
components used in the system.
(ii) The warranty will be applicable on entire system including batteries, electronics,
mechanical supports etc.
(iii) Solar PV modules used in the hybrid system will be warranted for a period of at
least 10 years from the date of installation.
(iv) The beneficiary will be responsible for periodical cleaning of solar panels, water
topping of batteries, and cleaning of dusting of all electronic components and
cabling etc.

10.0 Repairs and Maintenance

(i) The manufacturers/suppliers are required to provide “on-site” training to the

users in O&M of the systems, and equip them to attend to the minor repair
themselves. (A certificate from the beneficiary/SNA/ implementing agency to this
effect shall be provided by the supplier/manufacturer along with the
commissioning/completion report to the ministry)

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 (ii) The beneficiary will award annual maintenance contract (AMC) of at least 3
years, after the expiry of the warranty period. It shall be mandatory on the part of
supplier/manufacturer to provide AMC for at least 3 years after warranty period at
a reasonable cost to the beneficiary.
(iii) Necessary maintenance spares for 3 years trouble-free operation will be supplied
by the respective manufacturers/ suppliers of the systems.

11.0 Scope of Supply

11.1 Water Pumping Windmills (Wind Pumps)

The scope of supply will cover the design, manufacture, testing, supply,
transportation, installation commissioning and performance monitoring of the complete
water pumping windmills (comprising rotor, transmission, security mechanism, pump,
tower, GI delivery pipe of suitable diameter and length, mandatory spares for three years
trouble free operation, as identified by the manufacturer before supply) and user's tools &
tackles kit. The manufacturer/suppliers of water pumping windmills will also supply a copy
of a comprehensive manual to the user providing information on O&M and the
recommended Dos and Don’ts for trouble free operation of the system.

11.2 Aerogenerators and Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems

The scope of supply of aerogenerators/wind-solar hybrid systems will cover the

design of system-configuration, manufacture/supply, testing, transportation, installation,
commissioning and performance monitoring of the complete system comprising
aerogenerator, SPV modules, batteries, inverters, control systems, tower, cables,
necessary instrumentation for monitoring of the field performance etc. The
manufacturers/supplier will also supply spares for three year trouble free operation, user’s
tools & tackles kit, and a copy of comprehensive users manual providing information on
performance data, power curve, O&M and recommended Dos and Don’ts for trouble free
operation of the system. It has been noted that the suppliers do not take care of repair/
maintenance of the systems. Both the parties should, therefore, make necessary provision
in the Contract at the time of award of work so that trouble free operation of the system is
ensured. The critical spare parts like inverter card etc. must be supplied by manufacture at
the time of commissioning so that uninterrupted functioning of the system takes place.

Installation of Energy Meters

It has been noted that energy meter is installed only for the energy consumed from
the systems by the load i.e. after the storage system(Battery). This does not give the
information about the total energy generated by the system. It is therefore decided that one
additional energy meter will be installed which will measure the total energy generated by
the system.

Unique Identification Number (UIN)

It has been decided to introduce a Unique Identification Number (UIN) to be put on

every aerogenerator. Every manufacturer will have a UIN for every aerogenerator having

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five alphabets and ten digits (e.g. UD/MAH/0001/241209) as per following structure to be
issued to every aerogenerator and clearly and visibly displayed by painting it vertically on
the pole of the aerogenerator.

First two alphabets : Indicating manufacturer’s name (viz. UD,UE)

Next three alphabets : Indicating State’s name where it is installed (viz. Mah, Goa)
Next four digits : Indicating serial number of the machine supplied by
the manufacturer starting with 0001 (to begin with
effect from issue of this scheme)
Next six digits : Indicating date of commissioning (day-month- year)

12.0 Submission of Proposals and Project Implementation

12.1 Water Pumping Windmills (Wind Pumps)

(i) Proposals for installation of water pumping windmills will be taken up on project-
to-project basis received from State Nodal Agencies (SNAs).
(ii) Proposals must accompany commitment of SNAs / each beneficiary for meeting
the remaining part of the project cost other than MNRE’s CFA.
(iii) The SNAs will submit proposals as per the format given at Annexure - VI
(iv) After sanction of the projects by MNRE, the SNAs will complete the process of
awarding the work for manufacture, supply, installation and post installation
services of water pumping windmills within 4 months from the date of sanction,
and submit the copy of work order (s) and acceptance of manufacturer (s) to
MNRE for release of first installment of CFA.
(v) During project implementation, the SNAs will ensure, through regular field visits,
physical verification, and enforcing such terms and conditions that the quality-
standards are maintained by the manufacturers/suppliers during manufacturing,
supply, installation and handing over of the system to beneficiaries.
(vi) The SNAs will obtain feedback on performance/functioning of windmills regularly
through their field visits, etc., and send the same to MNRE quarterly.
(vii) The SNAs will arrange for immediate repair of the system, in the event of its
major break down, through manufacturers/ suppliers.
(viii) The SNAs will ensure that the project is completed with in 9 months after placing
the work order (s) and acceptance by supplier (s).

12.2 Aerogenerators and Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems

(i) SNAs/manufacturers/beneficiaries may send bundled proposals alongwith

Feasibility reports for deployment of the system in a “Project Mode” for different
users such as Tribal Hostels, Primary Health Care Centers, Nursing homes
Police Communication Centers, Anganvadis, Literacy Centers, Panchayati Raj
Institutions including private individuals & corporate sector etc. In a bundled
proposal, separate feasibility reports have to be submitted for separate
projects/sites.
(ii) Proposals must accompany a written commitment of SNAs /other government
bodies/ each beneficiary for meeting the remaining part of the project cost other
than MNRE’s CFA.
(iii) The manufacturers/SNAs will get prepared a feasibility report providing
information as per Annexure – VII and after verifying the suitability of the site

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 and system based on site visits considering the load requirements.The
manufacturers/SNAs will submit the proposals to MNRE along with feasibility
report.
(iv) The feasibility report will provide all technical details of aerogenerator, solar PV
modules, batteries, inverter, control system, cables and tower etc. and other
components covered under the project. In the case of battery storage, only
tubular plate lead acid batteries will be permitted.

(v) There could be following modes of submitting the proposal to MNRE :

(A) Implementation through Manufacturers

The manufacturers will identify suitable beneficiaries, prepare a bundled

proposal having a minimum cumulative capacity of 30 kW and a minimum
number of 3 systems and submit to MNRE. Proposal with higher capacity
(30 kW or more) with single beneficiary can also be considered. After
examining the proposal, the Ministry will issue an “in principle approval”
indicating the amount of subsidy for the project. The beneficiary in this
route will necessarily have to go for financing through banks/financial
institutions for meeting full/part of the cost of the project. The eligible
subsidy would be released after the concerned manufacturer obtains the
necessary documents regarding project completion report as per
Annexure VIII and Project Monitoring report for at least three months
period of the system as per the format given at Annexure IX from the
Bank/Financial Institution and submits the same to the Ministry. The
manufacturer will also ensure submission of quarterly monitoring reports
as per the Annexure IX for at least one year of the operation.

(B) Implementation through SNAs

The State Nodal Agencies could also submit proposals on a project mode
to the Ministry (bundled proposal having a minimum cumulative capacity
of 30 kW and a minimum number of 3 systems; proposal with higher
capacity (30 kW or more) with single beneficiary can also be considered).
In this case also, the Ministry would issue an approval in principle for the
eligible subsidy. The eligible subsidy will be released to the SNA for
onward transmission to the concerned beneficiary after commissioning of
the system and receipt of the prescribed documents regarding project
completion report as per Annexure VIII and Project Monitoring report for
at least three months period of the system as per the format given at
Annexure IX . The SNA will also ensure submission of quarterly
monitoring reports as per the Annexure IX for at least one year of the
operation. The stipulation contained in the earlier scheme to provide work
order by the State Nodal Agencies based on a competitive tender
procedure will not be required as the beneficiaries/beneficiary institutions
will be free to select the system from the list of the empanelled
manufacturers following their own purchase procedure.

An administrative charges @ 2% of CFA will be provided to SNAs at

the time of final release.

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 (C ) The manufacturers may also bundle the proposals for beneficiaries,
who do not wish to avail the Bank Loan and submit to Ministry through
SNAs ( with an advance copy to Ministry). The SNAs may forward the
same to Ministry. The Ministry may consider issuing an approval in
principle for the proposal, for such cases even if the SNA does not forward
it after a reasonable time. The subsidy will be released to the Bank
Account of the beneficiary after commissioning of the system and based
on documents regarding project completion report as per Annexure VIII
and Project Monitoring report for at least three months period of the
system as per the format given at Annexure IX by a Designated Agency
(DA) including the SNAs. The Ministry will empanel the Designated
Agency in due course and suitable service charges will be paid to the
services of such DA. The DA will also ensure submission of quarterly
monitoring reports as per the Annexure IX for at least one year of the
operation.

(D) Ministry may also consider the proposals in “Project Mode” directly
from Govt. organizations based on the above mentioned modalities.

(vi) In all above cases, the manufacturers/SNAs/beneficiary will complete the

project within one year after in principle sanction of the project is issued by
MNRE.

13.0 Submission of quarterly monitoring reports, completion reports, audited

Statements of Accounts

(i) After completion of the projects, the SNAs/manufacturers/DA/other implementing

agency are required to submit project monitoring reports to MNRE as per the
format given in Annexure IX on quarterly basis for at least one year. The
manufacturers/SNAs/DAs/other implementing agencies are also requested to
inform MNRE about difficulties, if any, faced by them and the proposed corrective
actions.
(ii) The SNAs/manufacturers will also submit an audited statement of expenditure on
entire project cost by the user as per format given in Annexure - XI.

14.0 Field Trials and Performance Evaluation of New designs/developments and

proto types

Field trials and performance evaluation of new designs of wind pumps, small
aerogenerator systems, hybrid systems and their sub systems, parts, components used in
such systems and proto-types when developed under a R&D project or independently
developed by a manufacturer through its own R&D efforts will be fully supported financially
by the Ministry. Field trials and evaluation of such new developments will be fully supported
by the Ministry in a project mode meeting all costs relevant to the project. In case of
systems/components developed by industry through their own R&D, the Ministry will meet
the cost of the small wind energy system and cost of the relevant monitoring equipment
and other expenses relating to the monitoring of the system. The remaining cost of the
project will be met by the user organization. A maximum of 5 units of a system/sub system/
proto type may be tried out under this arrangement in a year.

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 Annexure II

Pattern of Central Financial Assistance (CFA)

1. Water Pumping Windmills (Wind Pumps)

(a) The MNRE will meet up to 50% of the ex-works cost of water pumping windmills,
except for unelectrified islands & North eastern States including Sikkim for which up
to 90% of the ex-works cost, subject to the following upper ceilings for each
approved design of the windmill (wind pump):

Type of Windmill Maximum MNRE support

General Island
Area
(1) Direct drive gear-less windmills such as Rs.20,000/- Rs.30,000/-
Modified 12 PU 500 and similar other
Windmills
(2) Gear type windmill Rs.30,000/- Rs.50,000/-
(3) AV55 Auroville type windmill Rs.45,000/- Rs.80,000/-

(b) The Ministry will determine the CFA for other designs of water pumping
windmills at the time of evaluation of the performance of the new model/design.

(c) The MNRE will provide administrative charges of 2,500 per windmill (wind
pump) to the state agency.

2. Aerogenerators/Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems

(a) The MNRE support for aerogenerators/wind solar hybrid systems will be
provided on per kW basis. The support will be provided on the basis of type of users.
Following two slabs of CFA will be available:

Govt./Public/Charitable, R&D, academic Rs 1.50 Lakh per kW

and other non-profit making institutions

Other beneficiaries not covered above Rs 1.00 Lakh per kW

(Individuals and private/ corporate sector will
come under this category)

(b) The remaining cost of the system and all other expenditure related to
packing & forwarding, transportation, installation and commissioning of the
system will be a part of the system and will be met by the beneficiary of the
system.
(c) In case of installation of systems to be done through SNAs, an administrative
charge @ 2% of CFA will be provided to SNAs at the time of final release.

3. Other Activities
a) For the purpose of organizing awareness, training,
demonstration, seminars/workshops survey/assessment studies,

- 13 -
 preparation of DPRs for mini-grid concept etc, proposals for
financial support will be considered on case to case basis.
b) Financial support for 5 demonstration projects for monitoring of
SWES with a GPRS/SCADA/ Broad-band/other such
technologies based system may be provided on case to case
basis.
c) Demonstration projects of SWES in a grid-connected mode
(mini-grid) will be taken up. MNRE support for such projects may
be as per the provisions of the Technology Demonstration
Scheme under the R&D division of the Ministry (50% cost
sharing basis).
d) Financial support will also be provided to take up R&D projects
incorporating the possible improvements in the electronics and
other components of wind solar hybrid system, particularly to
make such systems workable in extreme and hazardous
conditions.

- 14 -
 Annexure III

Release of Central Financial Assistance

I. Water pumping windmills

(a) 80% of the CFA, and 50% of service charges to SNAs on receipt of a copy of work
order (s) along with its acceptance by the supplier (s) of the system (s), provided
Utilization Certificates for the earlier years/releases have been submitted to the
Ministry.

(b) Remaining 20% of the CFA, and 50% of the service charges on physical verification
of installation and commissioning of the systems by the SNAs as per DPR
norms/approved project proposal, and submission of Project completion report;
Utilization Certificates (Annexure – X), audited statement of expenditure Annexure-
XI.

(c) The SNAs will ensure that they have already sent the Utilization Certificates and
audited consolidated statement of expenditure for the programme of previous years
for settlement of accounts, before sending the request for release of the 20% CFA of
the projects as mentioned in point ‘(b)’ above. The MNRE will consider release of
the funds only after receipt the above documents relating to the projects of the
previous years.

II. Aerogenerator/Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems

(a) No release will be made alongwith the in principle approval.

(b) 100% CFA will be released after receipt of the required documents including project
completion/commissioning certificate, performance monitoring certificate, audited
statement of expenditure for the entire expenditure on the project as per the format
given as Annexure XI.

III. Other activities

For all other activities under the programme, release pattern will be decided on case
to case basis.

- 15 -
 Annexure IV

List of Eligible Manufacturers for Supply, Installation & Commissioning

of Water Pumping Windmills (Wind Pumps)

Sl. Name & address Tel No. Fax No. Type of

No. windmill
1 Kamal Engineering Works, Modified
Bhatt Market Block 'C', 12 PU 500
Bharopar, Ramchandrapur,
Biharsharif, Nalanda, Bihar
2 Nalanda Engineering Modified
Works, Bhainsasoor, 12 PU 500
Ranchi Road, Biharsharif,
Nalanda, Bihar
3 Sarvodaya Engineering 06112 - 222506 Modified
Works, Industrial Estate, 12 PU 500
Ramchandrapur, Opp.
Ajanta Cinema, Biharsharif
– 803 101 (Nalanda), Bihar
4 Vikas Engineering Works, Modified
At & P.O. Mirchaiganj, 12 PU 500
Nalanda, Bihar
5 Aureka, Aspiration 0413 – 2622278, 0413 - AV 55
Auroville, 605 101, 2622134, 2622651 2622274 Auroville
Tamilnadu. [email protected]
6 Amey Industries, W-77, 0253 – 0253- Gear type
MIDC, Additional Industrial 2381912,6565903 2381912
Area, Ambad – 422 010 mukundamey@rediffmail 2
.com
7 Om Engineering Works, Gear type
Near Ganga Gate, Near
Ambaji Temple, At & P.O.
Anjar, District Kutch,
Gujarat.
8 Prototype Development Gear type
Training Centre, Aji
Industrial Estate,
Bhavnagar Road, Rajkot,
Gujarat.
9 Rural Engineering School, 02847 – 294127 02847 - Gear type
At: Rojmal, Tal: Gadhada ( [email protected] 253535
Swa.) , District Bhavnagar om
– 364 750, Gujarat
10 Scientific Instrument Co. 2732644 2736235 Gear type
Ltd. B-1 Site 2, Loni 2732954
Road, Mohan Nagar, [email protected]
Ghaziabad – 201 007.

- 16 -
11 Wind Fab, 447 Avanashi 0422 – 2572079 Gear type
Road, Peelamedu,
Coimbatore-641004,
Tamilnadu
12 Shreeji Agro Industries, At 02877-222608 Gear type
Post: Ramlechi, Ta. Talala 09925729186 (M)
(Gir) – 362 150 zdist. [email protected]
Junagadh, Gujarat

- 17 -
 Annexure - V

Format for empanelment of the manufacturers of water pumping windmills in MNRE

The manufacturers will submit following information for empanelment :

I. Technical specifications of water pumping windmill/ aerogenerator with testing

report from independent testing agency/ foreign principals.

II. Performance characteristics of water pumping windmill under different total

pumping heads and varying wind speeds

III. Performance curve of aerogenerator for its operating range of wind speed.

IV. In case of technology transfer from abroad, copies of agreement/MOU entered into
with foreign company / collaborator.

V. Cost details of windmills/ aerogenerators.

VI. Copy of registration as SSI unit/ SIA registration.

VII. Details of infrastructure/ manufacturing/ assembly/ testing facilities/ marketing

network/ arrangement for after sales support available with the company.
Company to provide warranty details for the product.

VIII. Copies of support documents indicating performance of the products.

IX. Recommendation of state nodal agency on the following:

a) Infrastructure facilities available with the company.

b) Technical capabilities of the company.
c) Manufacturing / assembling/ testing facilities available with the company.
d) Marketing network of the company.
e) After sales support mechanism adopted by the company.
f) Over-all comment about accepting/ rejecting the proposal of the company.

- 18 -
 Annexure - VI

Format for submission of project proposals by SNAs (for windmills)

1. Name of State Nodal Agency:

2. No. of windmills proposed to be installed:
3. Type of windmills:
4. Site identification/selection: As per the Proforma enclosed (*).
5. Project cost:
(ii) Total estimated ex-works cost of the windmills:
(iii) Total estimated ex-works cost of the windmills including transportation,
installation, foundation, storage tank, insurance, etc.:

6. Cost sharing arrangements:

(i) Central Financial Assistance (CFA):
(ii) State Government share:
(iii) Beneficiaries’ share:
7. Proposed Methodology of implementation:
8. Project duration (maximum 9 months):
9. Installation in cluster/dispersed mode:
10. Monitoring arrangements:
11. Post installation services/repair & maintenance arrangements proposed:

(*) Proforma for site selection

Sl. Name Amount Wat Type Annu Purpose Type of Provisi Estimated
No of of er of al of windmil on of cost of
. benefici Beneficia tabl water avera windmills l storag windmill
ary and ries e sourc ge (drinking propos e tank Ex- Tota
site contributi dept e wind water, ed and wor l
address on to be h (open/ speed minor capacit k cost
deposited borew irrigation, y cost
with SNA ell/ salt
pond) farming,
etc.)

- 19 -
 Annexure VII

Proforma for Feasibility Report for Aerogenerator/

Wind Solar Hybrid Systems

1. Title of the project and the details of the project site:

- Name of the organization:

- Address of site with Taluk/ distinct etc.
- Name of the contact person with telephone number, fax no. email etc.
- Type of establishment : Please provide brief details of the establishment.
- Category of the beneficiary : Profit making/ Not profit making

2. Wind and Solar resources data of the identified site:

Month Air Daily Atmosp Wind Heating Cooling

temperat solar heric speed degree- degree-
ure radiation pressur * days days
horizontal e
o
C KWh/m2/d kPa M/s o
C-d o
C-d
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Annual
Measured
at (M agl)

* Please enclose the supporting details verifying the wind data (report by C-WET/ other
institution)

3. Estimated Energy Requirement at the proposed site:

TYPE OF LOAD USAGE TIME Hrs. QTY. PER DAY ENERGY
REQUIREMENT
(kWh)

4. System Design Details.

Battery Bank
Total Energy Consumption /day
Voltage configuration
Power factor

- 20 -
 Battery efficiency
Depth of discharge
Battery capacity required
Inverter
Total Load
Power factor
Inverter efficiency
Inverter capacity required

5. Final design configuration of the kW capacity wind-solar

hybrid system:

a) Number, Capacity, specification and power curve of Aerogenerator

proposed:
Aerogenerator
Capacity
Make & Model No.
Type Test report available: Yes/No
Does this model appear in MNRE empanel: Yes/No
Rated wind speed
Peak power
Start generating wind speed
Survival wind speed
Propeller diameter
Propeller material & No. of blades
Generator
Weight
Voltage controller
Over speed protection
No. of machines

b) Number & specification of SPV Modules

SPV Modules
Capacity
Make
Peak power per module
Weight
Dimension W x H x D
Temperature
Wind Load
Humidity
No. of SPV Modules

c) Details of various equipment/ sub-systems

d) Monitoring of system and spares.

6. Methodology of project implementation.

- 21 -
7. Details of the estimated cost of the system:
Sl. Item Cost
No. (Rs. in lakhs)
1. Aerogenerators
2. Photovoltaic Panels
3. Cabling from SPV module to control center and
cabling from Aerogenerator to control center
4. Invertors *** KVS
5. Tower & Erection material
6. Batteries **v/*** Ah
7. Photovoltaic Panels structure with fencing
8. Instrumentation (ammeter, voltmeter, energy
meter, wind and solar monitoring equipment, Ah
meter, battery level indicator)
9. Wind charge controller and solar photovoltaic
charge controller
10. Ex-Work Cost Total (total of1 to 9)
11. Transportation
12. System, Design, Erection, Testing,
Commissioning
13. Civil Work
14. Total (total of 11 to 13)
15. Grand Total (10+14)

8. Proposed Sources of financial assistance.

Sl. Details Cost

No. (Rs. in lakhs)
(i) MNRE support
(i) State govt subsidy, if any*
(ii) User share*
Total
* Please enclose the necessary letters from the supporting agency/user

10. Project Implementation Schedule.

The project implementation schedule to be given indicating different stages of

implementation with dates. The project has to be completed within one year from date
of sanction of the project by MNRE.

- 22 -
 ANNEXURE-VIII

PROFORMA FOR PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT OF AEROGENERATOR/WIND-

SOLAR HYBRID SYSTEM

1. System Details
(a) MNRE Sanction No. and date:
(b) Capacity of the system (kW)
Aerogenerator Component (kW)
SPV Component (kW)
c) Name of Manufacturer/ Supplier
d) Commissioning Date
e) System’s design (line sketch)
f) System’s photograph (at least 5)
2. Estimated Energy Requirement
a) Type of Load
b) Usage time (Hours)
c) Quantity
d) Per Day Energy Requirement (kWh)
3. Technical Details of the System Installed
a) Aerogenerator
Total capacity
Capacity of single machine
No. of machines
Make & Model No.
MNRE’s reference number/ date of issue of inclusion
in MNRE list
Rated wind speed
Rated Peak power
UIN of each aerogenerator
Generator Specification
Voltage controller
Over speed protection
b) SPV Modules
Total capacity
Capacity of each Module
Nos. of SPV Modules
Make
Peak power per module
Weight
Dimension W x H x D
Temperature
Wind Load
c) Number and Place of Installation of Energy
Meters
d) Battery Bank
Total Energy Consumption /day
Voltage configuration
Power factor
Battery efficiency
Depth of discharge

- 23 -
 Battery capacity required
e) Inverter
Total Load
Power factor
Inverter efficiency
Inverter capacity required
f) Balance of System (give details)
g) Details of spares provided
4. Training Details
a) Whether training provided by manufacturer/ Supplier to the user Yes/No.
b) Whether documents provided by manufacturer / Supplier to the user Yes/No.
c) Whether system is properly maintained by the user Yes/No.
d) Overall satisfaction of the user

Signature . Signature ._____

Name Name ______ .
Designation . Designation_______ .
Head of State Nodal Agency/ Manufacture User Agency/ Beneficiary. _
with seal
Date_______________________ Date________________________

Signature .
Name .
Designation .
Bank or Financial Institution/Designated Agency
for monitoring with Seal
Date-------------------------------

- 24 -
 ANNEXURE-IX

PROFORMA FOR PROJECT MONITORING REPORT OF AEROGENERATOR/WIND-

SOLAR HYBRID SYSTEM

1. System Details
(a) MNRE Sanction No. and date:
(b) * TotalCapacity of the system (kW)
* Nos/unit capacity of aerogenerator
* Total Aerogenerator Capacity (kW)
* UINs of aerogenerator
* Nos of module/unit capacity of a module
* Total SPV Capacity (kW)
c) Name of Manufacturer/ Supplier
d) Commissioning Date
Performance Details
Aerogenerator SPV Total No. Total No.
Month/Year Average Wind No. of Average No. of of Units of Units
Speed Units solar Units (kWh) (kWh)
(KWh) insolation (KWh) generated consumed
generated generated

Are all the aerogenerators/SPV modules are functioning ?

Whether system is properly maintained by the user
Overall satisfaction of the user
Satisfaction of Monitoring Team about the performance
Any other information to be provided

Signature . Signature ._____

Name Name ______ .
Designation . Designation_______ .
Head of State Nodal Agency/ Manufacture User Agency/ Beneficiary. _
with seal
Date_______________________ Date________________________

Signature .
Name .
Designation .
Bank or Financial Institution/Designated Agency
for monitoring with Seal
Date-------------------------------

- 25 -
 Annexure X
GRF 19-A
[See Rule 212(1)]

Format of Utilization Certificate

Sl. No. Letter No. and date Amount

Total

Certified that out of Rs. of Grants-in-Aid sanctioned during the year

in favour of (Name of SNA) under this Ministry Department letter No. given in
the margin and Rs. on account of unspent balance of the previous year, a
sum of Rs. has been utilized for the purpose of (programmes Name)
for which it was sanctioned and that the balance of Rs. Remain un-utilized at
the end of the year has been surrender to Government (Vide No…. dated…)/ will be
adjusted towards the Grants-in-aid payable during the next year.

2. Certified that I have satisfied myself that the conditions on which the Grants-in-aid
was sanctioned have been duly fulfilled/ are being fulfilled and that I have exercised the
following checks to see that the money was actually utilized for the purpose for which it was
sanctioned.

Kinds of checks exercised.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Signature:
Name :
Designation of the head of the institutuion:
Dated:

- 26 -
 Annexure XI

Proforma for submitting the audited Statement of Expenditure

Statement of Expenditure

( on the letter head of the Chartered accountant indicating his registration number)

MNRE Sanction No. ……………….. dated ……………………….

NAME OF THE PROJECT SITE :

System Details , capacity etc. :

Break-up of the total Expenditure on the project is as under:

Sl. Item Expenditure

No. (Rs.)

Total

This is to certify that a total expenditure of Rs………………..has been made/is to be

made on the project, out of which Rs…………….has already been released to the
manufacturer/supplier and remaining Rs…………..will be released after receipt of the
MNRE support. ( enclose supporting documents ).

Name and Signature of the Chartered Accountatnt with his seal

- 27 -
 Annexure II

Pattern of Central Financial Assistance (CFA)

1. Water Pumping Windmills (Wind Pumps)

(a) The MNRE will meet up to 50% of the ex-works cost of water pumping windmills,
except for unelectrified islands & North eastern States including Sikkim for which up
to 90% of the ex-works cost, subject to the following upper ceilings for each
approved design of the windmill (wind pump):

Type of Windmill Maximum MNRE support

General Island
Area
(1) Direct drive gear-less windmills such as Rs.20,000/- Rs.30,000/-
Modified 12 PU 500 and similar other
Windmills
(2) Gear type windmill Rs.30,000/- Rs.50,000/-
(3) AV55 Auroville type windmill Rs.45,000/- Rs.80,000/-

(b) The Ministry will determine the CFA for other designs of water pumping
windmills at the time of evaluation of the performance of the new model/design.

(c) The MNRE will provide administrative charges of 2,500 per windmill (wind
pump) to the state agency.

2. Aerogenerators/Wind-Solar Hybrid Systems

(a) The MNRE support for aerogenerators/wind solar hybrid systems will be
provided on per kW basis. The support will be provided on the basis of type of users.
Following two slabs of CFA will be available:

Govt./Public/Charitable, R&D, academic Rs 1.50 Lakh per kW

and other non-profit making institutions

Other beneficiaries not covered above Rs 1.00 Lakh per kW

(Individuals and private/ corporate sector will
come under this category)

(b) The remaining cost of the system and all other expenditure related to
packing & forwarding, transportation, installation and commissioning of the
system will be a part of the system and will be met by the beneficiary of the
system.
(c) In case of installation of systems to be done through SNAs, an administrative
charge @ 2% of CFA will be provided to SNAs at the time of final release.

3. Other Activities
a) For the purpose of organizing awareness, training,
demonstration, seminars/workshops survey/assessment studies,
 preparation of DPRs for mini-grid concept etc, proposals for
financial support will be considered on case to case basis.
b) Financial support for 5 demonstration projects for monitoring of
SWES with a GPRS/SCADA/ Broad-band/other such
technologies based system may be provided on case to case
basis.
c) Demonstration projects of SWES in a grid-connected mode
(mini-grid) will be taken up. MNRE support for such projects may
be as per the provisions of the Technology Demonstration
Scheme under the R&D division of the Ministry (50% cost
sharing basis).
d) Financial support will also be provided to take up R&D projects
incorporating the possible improvements in the electronics and
other components of wind solar hybrid system, particularly to
make such systems workable in extreme and hazardous
conditions.

-2-
 No.66/53/2006-WE
Government of India
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(Wind Power Division)

Block No.14, CGO Complex,

Lodhi Road, New Delhi-11003

Date: 08.12.2009

Sub: Revised Guidelines for Wind Power Projects – Self Certification regarding.

In super-cession to this Ministry’s Circular of even number dated 06.7.2006

regarding Revised Guidelines for Wind Power Projects and subsequent modifications,
revisions and clarification issued from time to time, it has been decided to extend the
facility of self-certification for the machines, which are already under type-testing and
certification by the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) or Internationally
Accredited Type-Testing and Certifying Agencies, and any other machines that may be
offered and are taken up for testing and certification with the above organizations,
subject to the following conditions:

(i) The manufacturer(s) need(s) to meet the requirement as referred in

technical note of C-WET prior to signing of agreement for type testing and
certification. The Technical note of C-WET shall be published on the
website of C-WET.

(ii) In case the agreement for type testing and certification is signed with a
body other than C-WET, then the type certification scheme shall be in
accordance with one of the recognized certification scheme in vogue of
TAPS-2000-amended. Further, the manufacturer(s) need(s) also to meet
the requirement as per Annexure prior to signing of the agreement for type
testing and certification.

(iii) C-WET would evaluate the eligibility of the manufacturer(s), who

approaches for Type testing and Certification, as per the evaluation
criteria, which is being followed by C-WET.

(iv) Self-Certification facility would be available for a maximum period of 18

months from the date of signing of the agreement for type testing and
certification with C-WET / Internationally Accredited Type-Testing and
Certifying Agency. Those wind turbine can be included in the Revised List
of Models and Manufacturers (RLMM) under Table-B i.e. “Model under
testing and certification of C-WET / Internationally Accredited Type-
Testing and Certifying Agency” in the list to be issued by C-WET.

1
 (v) In case the manufactures fail to submit necessary documentation as per
the agreed schedule/time limit with C-WET/Internationally Accredited Type
-Testing and Certifying Agency, the specific models of such
manufacture(s) would be kept in a separate category “C”, in the “Revised
List of Models and Manufacturers thereof” withdrawing their entitlement for
commercial deployment of machines.

(vi) Indian manufacturing facility shall be inspected by C-WET/RLMM

Committee for verification of adequacy of facilities, prior to inclusion in
RLMM.

2. The number of wind turbine models allowed under self certification shall be for
two categories of manufacturers i.e. for existing manufacturers and for new
manufacturers. The eligibility criteria for existing and new manufacturers and the
number of machines allowed for installation / commissioning under the self certification
scheme respectively will be as under:

2 (I) For existing manufacturers

a. Qualifying criteria*

 Having own manufacturing facility in India and is in operation for past

five years.

 Has obtained ISO-9001 certificate and has capacity to provide full

fledged after sales service.

 Has a track record of installation of atleast 100 MW wind power

projects in India.

 Atleast one model has been tested and certified by C-WET or any
recognized international agency.

*The decision of C-WET/ Revised List of Models and Manufacturers (RLMM)

committee shall be final on the matter.

b. Number of machines allowed to be installed

The existing manufacturers shall be permitted to install and commission.

50 no. of machines on commercial basis from the date of signing of agreement
for type testing and certification with C-WET / internationally accredited type
testing and certifying agency (after completing the requirements as given in
Annexure-III and Annexure-IV respectively of the Technical note to be prepared
by C-WET – Refer Para 1 (i) above).

2
2 (II) For new manufacturers

a. Qualifying criteria**
 Should have own manufacturing facilities in India

 Should obtain ISO-9001 certification within a period of six months from

date of signing of agreement for type testing and certification with C-
WET / internationally accredited certifying agency.

 Should provide confirmation on quality after sales service to C-WET /

Revised List of Models and Manufacturers (RLMM) committee.

**The decision of C-WET/ Revised List of Models and Manufacturers (RLMM)

committee shall be final on the matter.

b. Number of machines allowed to be installed

The new manufacturer shall be permitted to install and commission. 20 no.

of machines on commercial basis from the date of signing of agreement for type
testing and certification with C-WET / internationally accredited certifying agency
(after completing the requirements as given in Annexure-III and Annexure-IV
respectively of the Technical note to be prepared by C-WET – Refer Para 1 (i)
above).

3. C-WET would undertake evaluation of the Wind Turbines set up under Self-
Certification by following the procedure as given below and send recommendations to
the Ministry to consider the continuation of models’ entitlement for Self-Certification
facility.

(i) The manufacturer shall make full particulars of all installations including
performance guarantees provided to the C-WET and the Ministry. The
company shall also submit reports annually on all such installations
analyzing the performance and failure reports with reasons thereof.

(ii) The manufacturers shall give full particulars of the customers. The Ministry
or its assigned establishment may also directly obtain details from the
customers wherever required. A standardized questionnaire shall be
prepared and used for obtaining details.

4. The above guidelines are being issued with the approval of the competent
authority in the Ministry and shall continue until further orders.

(G. UPADHYAY)
Director

To
All concerned.
3
 ANNEXURE

REQUIREMENTS FOR INDIAN WIND TURBINE MANUFACTURER, SIGNING

AGREEMENTS WITH FOREIGN TYPE TESTING AND TYPE CERTIFICATION
BODIES (OTHER THAN C-WET)

This guideline document is applicable for the Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers those who
signed the projects for the Type Testing and Type Certification under the recognized Type
Certification schemes (in vogue) as per TAPS-2000 (amended) with any International Accredited
Type Testing and Certification Body other than C-WET and seeking inclusion in RLMM list
under Self Certification as per the MNRE guidelines.

1. The following minimum requirements to be fulfilled by a wind turbine manufacturer

prior to inclusion in RLMM:

i. The wind turbine manufacturer shall submit the following documentation to the
Type Certification Body, as a minimum, prior to signing of the agreement.
 Wind Turbine description
 Detailed Technical specifications including the make, model and source of
the major components
 External condition and wind turbine design class
 Loads and load cases document including the details of Design Load Cases
(DLCs).
 Control and safety philosophy including braking programs with their
timings.
 RAM dump / Set point list.
 Description and Schematics of Electrical Power and Control Systems.
 Description and Schematics of Hydraulic / Pneumatics system.
 List of Measurement Load Cases (MLCs).

The wind turbine manufacturer shall submit a letter issued by the Type
Certification Body regarding the status of submission of the above said
documentation.

ii. Copy of the agreements signed for Type Testing and Certification including Time
Schedule details.

2. After signing the agreement, the wind turbine manufacturer shall submit all the required
documentation for Type Certification within the time schedule or extension, if any as per
the MNRE guidelines. The wind turbine manufacturer shall submit a letter issued by the
Type Certification Body regarding the status of submission of the all the required
documentation for Type Certification within the time schedule or extension, if any.
Similarly, a letter issued by the type testing body regarding the status of type testing shall
be submitted.

4
 National Wind Resource Assessment Programme
Year 200_- 200_
____________________________________________________________

Guidelines for
WIND RESOURCE ASSESMENT
IN UNCOVERED / NEW AREAS
( FOR STATE NODAL AGENCY)
1. BACKGROUND

1. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy [MNRE] launched a National

Programme of Wind Resource Assessment way back in 1986 using dedicated
20/25m tall masts and automated instrumentation. The programme was
taken up to assess the wind potential in the country especially in the known
windy states. Subsequently the programme was extended to all the states
and union territories. In 2003 the programme was rechristened to Wind
Resource Assessment in uncovered /new areas to enable to cover those areas
or states hitherto uncovered in the earlier programmes. Under this
programme fifty metre tall tubular masts are employed with speed and
direction sensors at 10, 30 and 50 magl. The Ministry has been sanctioning
projects every year since 2003-2004 and details are given below. Apart from
this the Ministry has sanctioned an exclusive programme for Northeastern
states also.
Sl. WRA programme No. Of States/UT No. Of stations
No considered sanctioned
1 2003-2004 12 22
[Including Goa]
2 2004-2005 10 20
3 2005-2006 17 50
4 2006-2007 13 43
5 2006-2007- NE 8 20
states

1.1. The Ministry is planning to continue the program with the modified
implementation methodology. Details are given below.

Page 1 of 15
 National Wind Resource Assessment Programme
Year 200_- 200_
____________________________________________________________

2. IMPLEMENTATION METHODLOGY
2.1. The SNA shall prepare a project proposal as per their requirements in
the format attached herewith and send to C-WET for the recommendation.
The CWET will review the proposal and forward it to the Ministry with their
recommendations. The final approval will be given by the Ministry.
The responsibility assigned to the C-WET and SNAs are given below.
2.2. Responsibility –SNA
• Send the proposal with number of stations required, details of proposed
sites and the fund requirement, positively in the given format.
• Clearance of the sites for taking up the project.
• Procure necessary masts (50m or 80m) as per the design and
specification approved by a competent authority. The procurement has to
be done as per Government rules/guidelines/procedure in force. The
masts already available under earlier projects could also be utilized if it is
in good condition.
• Transport the mast materials to the site, civil works and installation of the
mast with instruments.
• Safe keeping of the masts and instruments including watch & ward,
insurance coverage, fencing etc. during entire project period.
• Lowering of the masts during the course of data collection for rectification
work if any. C-WET will provide necessary instruments/sensors for
replacement. Any other hard wares if required are to be procured by the
SNAs.
• Monthly MSD (Memory Storage Device) collection from the stations
including battery replacement.
• Send MSDs to C-WET regularly.
• Send statements of expenditure and UC to C-WET every year.
• Dismantling of the mast at the end of the data collection and safe keeping
of masts and instruments.

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2.3. Responsibility –C-WET

• Examine and forward the proposals received from the SNAs to the Ministry
with recommendation.
• Selection/finalization of sites with active participation of the SNAs.
• Procure necessary instruments and hand over it to the SNAs at the time of
installation.
• Provide necessary blank MSDs to SNAs regularly for data collection
• Process MSDs received from the SNAs, compile data and prepare report at
the end of the specified data collection period.
• Impart training to the officials of SNAs for handling the instruments and
the routine O & M of the stations.
• Release of necessary funds to the SNAs for the implementation of the
project on submission of Utilization certificates and request for release of
fund.
2.4. As the wind measurements have to be made close to the hub height of
the wind turbines in use, the SNAs have a choice (50m or 80m) to take action
to procure masts. The measurements levels will be three viz 10, 30 and 50 in
the case of a 50m tall mast and 30, 50 and 80 m in the case of 80 m tall
mast. For standardization and declaration of potential sites, 50m level
measurement is a mandatory.
2.5. The location for study could be hilly or plain, island or coastal areas.
However it is to be made sure that the areas suggested are generally
unrepresented. The basic data that will be collected would be the time series
data on wind speed, direction and standard deviation based on ten minutes /
one hour average. The data sampling will be at 0.5Hz. Apart from wind
measurement, temperature and solar radiation data collection could also be a
part of the programme as an exclusive mast is used with a data logger that
has provision for multichannel reception. Manual replacement of MSD is

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 National Wind Resource Assessment Programme
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envisaged as it will make ensure the health of the entire wind monitoring
systems as the sites are visited on a regular basis.
2.6. Tubular masts / Lattice towers (appropriate height) with guy wires are
proposed for installation. However tubular masts are preferred. Brand new
masts with ease of transportation, civil works and installation/dismantling
would be suggested under the programme. Masts available from the earlier
programes would also be utilized in the programme if it is well fit for
utilization. The instruments will be procured from the reputed manufactures
based on their technical and cost consideration.
3.0 BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS
The programme will be implemented in a cost-sharing ratio of 80:20 with
80% (Central Finance Assistance-CFA) and 20% SNA share. The Ministry would
release eighty percent of the CFA share to C-WET in a phased manner. Twenty
percent of the project cost has to be shared by SNAs from their own source. The
state share is for the operation and maintenance of the stations as per the
responsibilities allocated to them and no need to release to C-WET. C-WET will
coordinate the programme with the active co-operation of the state nodal
agencies.
The details are given below.
I-INSTRUMENTS
(Scope of CWET- CWET will provide the budgetary details to the Ministry
along with the proposal)
SL. No Description Remarks
1 Data loggers (with spares) To be procured from standard
instruments suppliers. If instruments are
available from the earlier projects the
total numbers to be procured should be
reduced accordingly
2 Anemometers (with spares) ,,
For 2 years of operation only.
3 Wind Vane (with spares) ,,
4 Pyranometer (with spares) ,,
5 Temperature sensor with shield ,,
(with spares)

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6 SCM card for Pyranometer (with ,,
spares)
7 SCM card for temperature sensor ,,
(with spares)
8 Data kit for data down loading and ,,
processing (with spares)
9 Memory cards ,,
10 Other requirements ,,
(Infrastructure etc)

II- COST OF MAST, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF STATION

(Scope of SNA) [SNAs shall provide the budget details]
Sl Description Remarks
No
1 Procurement of mast with all Masts to be procured as per the criteria /
accessories, transportation, civil Guidelines.
works& installation (Can be a
package)
2 TA/DA in connection with site All the locations are expected to be visited
inspection/ civil works / installation / once in a month for data collection and
memory device collection/dismantling inspection.
3 Cost of battery Battery to be replaced every month
4 Watch and ward Security guard is expected to be in place
at all the stations.
5 Lowering& hauling up of mast for From previous experience, it is seen that
rectification of defects during course at one or two locations, some technical
of data collection problem could crop up during data
collection that may lead to the lowering of
the mast and it’s hauling up.
6 Dismantling of the mast at end of At the end of data collection the mast is to
data collection and transportation to be lowered, dismantled and transported to
a safer location. a secured place for storage for further use.
If the mast materials are not fit for further
use it is to be condemned as per the
procedure.
7 Fencing Fencing is expected to be in place at all
the Stations
8 Insurance of mast & instruments The masts and instruments are to be
insured
9 Other requirements In case masts are available from the
earlier programmes this has to be utilized.
So necessary hardwares are to be
procured and transported to a new site for
its utilization.

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The C-WET would release the fund to the respective nodal agencies at
the following three stages
1. Rs. 1.50 lakhs per station along with the sanction order.
2. The next installment will be released after submitting statement of
expenditure along with order copy of the procurement of wind mast by
the SNAs.
3. Balance will be based on the progress report, statement of expenditure
and Utilization certificate by 30th June of the financial year as given in the
annexure.

4.0 DURATION OF THE PROJECT

The data collection will be for a continuous period of 24 months with a

total project period of 30 months. Four months are given prefix and two months
are given suffix to the 24 months for necessary groundwork and data processing
respectively. Detailed time schedule is given in the annexure

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FORMAT FOR THE PROJECT PROPOSAL

1 Name of the State

2 Name of the Agency with
full address/Phone/fax nos
3 Details of the last three No. of stations No. of stations
WRA projects (MNRE) approved by commissioned
MNRE
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
4 Name of the Principal
Investigator

Signature of Signature of
Principal Investigator Director

Office Seal

Date:

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Annexure-I

1. Details of the proposed locations

Sl Name of Village/Taluka / Latitude, Name & Latitude,

No proposed District Longitude and Longitude and
station. Elevation Elevation of nearest
WM station
Village: Lat: N Name:
Taluka: Long: E Lat: N
District: Elev: masl Long: E
Elev: masl

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1 A) A site inspection report is to be submitted for each site.

SITE INSPECTION REPORT

1 Site name
2 Tehsil/ district / State
3 Date of visit
4 Team of officials visited Name of the officials

and agency represented

Latitude (0 N) Longitude (0 E) Elevation (masl)

5 GPS details / SOI details map

6 Topo-Sheet No.
7 Any land marks
8 Nearest Town/City
9 Nearest Railway station / Airport
10 Type of road to reach the site from the
nearest town/city and accessibility
11 Topography of the site/Exposure of the site
and ownership of site
12 Details of wind farm nearby, if any
13 Details of photograph taken.
23 Remarks

Inspected By: Name :

Designation :
Signature :

Name and Signature of Principal Investigator

With office seal

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Annexure-II
2) Cost of instruments [This will be filled by C-WET]

SL. Description Unit price Quantity Total

No (Rs) Required Amount (Rs)
1 Data loggers - (with25%
spares)
2 Anemometer (with spares)

3 Wind Vane (with spares)

4 Pyranometer (with spares)

5 Temperature sensor with

shield (with spares)
6 SCM card for temperature
sensor( with spares)
7 SCM card for Pyranometer
(with spares)
8 Data kit (with spares)- for
data downloading&
processing
9 Memory devices (with
spares)
10 Other requirements
(Infrastructure etc)
Sub Total

Contingency

Grand Total

Name and Signature of Principal Investigator

With office seal

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Annexure-III
3) Cost of Mast, Operation & maintenance of the stations [This will be
filled by the SNA]

Sl. Details Unit price Quantity Total

No (Rs)
Required Amount
(Rs)
1 Tubular masts with all accessories
including instrument support systems,
cables, lightning kit, data logger housing,
transportation, civil works and installation
(To be considered as a package))
2 TA/DA in connection with site
inspection/civil works/ installation/memory
device collection/dismantling
3 Cost of battery
4 Watch & ward
5 Lowering& hauling up of mast for
rectification of defects during course of
data collection
6 Dismantling of the mast at the end of data
collection and transportation to another
location
7 Fencing
8 Insurance of mast & instruments
9 Other requirements (reconditioning of
available mast, procurement of hardware’s
for the utilization of available mast etc)
Sub total

Contingency

Grand Total

Name and Signature of Principal Investigator

With office seal

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Annexure-IV

TIME SCHEDULE CHART FORMAT

Project Name: National Wind Resource Assessment Programme 200_ - 200_
Name of the SNA:
Months
1 2 3 4 5-10 11 12-16 17 18-22 23 24-27 28 29 30
Sl
Description
No

1 Sanction / Order
2 Receipt of advance
3 Final Site Selection
4 Procurement of Instrument/accs.
5 Procurement of mast/accs.
6 Completion of civil works
7 Commissioning of Stations
8 Chip Collection
9 Inspection visit
10 Submission of Interim report (CWET)
11 Decommissioning of Stations
12 Submission of final report (CWET)

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GUIDELINES FOR SITE SELECTION

1. The site can be in any orographical region – homogeneous or heterogeneous

topography
2. It should have open environment all around or at least to the sectors of prevailing
wind direction so that the data collected will be representative of the area under
consideration.
3. The site should not be in forest area with very high roughness that retards wind.
Also forest areas with open appearance that subsequently may not be available for
power project should not be considered. However such areas in case available can
be considered for assessment of the wind potential in the region as a whole for
academic reason.
4. Sites with enough area for commissioning of power projects of mw capacity needs
to be given preference.
5. In case of sites being selected in non-flat terrain, sites needs to be located in
probable locations which have the advantages of accelerated flow due to the
complexity of the region. The probable locations in such region could be ridges,
hills, and mountains that are suitably oriented to the prevailing wind direction.
Passes, gaps and valleys that can enhance winds also can be considered.
6. Sites prone to environmental hazards such as frequent thunderstorms, severe icing
and snow, floods, land slides, severe salt spray and areas of blowing dust, earth
quake etc can be avoided to a certain extent if better alternatives are not available
7. Areas of high turbulence, strong wind shear and extreme winds are to be
considered with caution
8. Easy accessibility to the site is an important criterion. In case a site offers good
potential with considerable area availability but lacks accessibility in the beginning,
this is to be considered as road formation at a later stage may be viable
9. The area considered needs to be near a load Centre and have facility to evacuate
power generated at a later stage with out much expense.
10 The area considered should not be very close to habitation to avoid flying objects
causing damages to life and property when wind farms come up
11 Consideration of ecological indicators like the deformation of vegetation by winds in
regions where there is no wind data available can be used to locate windy sites.
12. Analysis of all available data of the region considered along with contour maps are
to be studied to locate probable windy locations for detailed wind monitoring
13. Feed back on the winds from the inhabitants of the region under consideration is
also to considered before finalizing a site for wind monitoring

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STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE

NAME OF THE ORGANISATION :

PROJECT TITLE :

STATUS AS ON 31.03.200_ :
Attach a status report separately

(Amount in Rs.)
Sl.
Sanctioned budgeted outlay Item wise Budget Head Total
No. Expenditure
Unspent balance 1.

2.
Less: Grants-in-aid utilized
Balance of Grants-in-aid as on Total

Principal Investigator Head (Finance) Director

Name & Signature Name & Signature Name & Signature

(Office Seal)

Signature of Nominated Chartered Accountant of SNA with Name, Full Address & Seal

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UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDING

31ST MARCH 200_

1. Title of the Project – Scheme (Central Financial Assistance)

2. Name of the Organization
3. Principal Investigator
4. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
sanction no. and date

5. Amount brought forward from the previous Rs.

financial year quoting CWET/ MNRE letter No.
and date in which the authority to carry forward
the said amount was given.

6. Amount received from CWET/MNRE during the

financial year (please give no. & date of
sanctions showing the amount paid
7. Refund to the CWET/Ministry

8. Total amount that was available for expenditure

(excluding commitment) incurred during the
financial year i.e. Sl. No. 8.
9. Actual expenditure (excluding commitment)
incurred during the financial year
10. Unspent balance refunded, if any, (please give
details of cheque no. etc.)
11. Balance amount available at the end of the
financial year
12. Amount allowed to be carried forwarded to the
next financial year vide their no.

Date:

Principal Investigator Head (Finance) Director

Name & Signature Name & Signature Name & Signature

Signature of Nominated Chartered Accountant of SNA:………………………………………

Name:
Full Address & Seal:
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