Electrical grounding techniques

from

Ground Resistance Principles, Testing, Techniques & Applications

Table of Contents

LEM Instruments Palmersstrasse 2 A-2351 Wr. Neudorf Tel: +43/2236/691-0

Why Ground ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

What is a ground and what does it do ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ground Resistance Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

Fax: +43/2236/691 415 email: [email protected] http://www.lem.com

Types of Ground Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Resistance Testing - Soil Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resisting Testing 3 Pole Fall of Potential

4 4 7

Publication A 99415 E

Measuring Soil Resistivity 4 Existing Systems .Selective Clamp. -. On. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 8 5 Ground Resistance Testing - Pole Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Resistance Testing Existing Systems "Stakeless" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Printed in Austria

Ground Resistance Testing 2 - Pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Ground Impedance Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Measuring Ground Resistance at Substations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Measuring Ground Resistance at Central Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Measuring Ground Resistance at Cellular Sites/Microwave and Radio Towers 13 Measuring Ground Resistance at Remote Switching Sights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Measuring Ground Resistance for Lightning Protection Commercial/Industrial 15 Ground Testing Instruments - UNILAP GEO / GEO X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Ground Testing Instruments - SATURN GEO / Handy GEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

hy Ground ?

There are a number of good reasons to ground but primary among them is to ensure personnel safety. The following agencies and organizations all have recommendations and / or standards for grounding, to ensure

Ground resistance values

There is a good deal of confusion as to what constitutes a good ground and what the ground resistance value needs to be. Ideally a ground should be of zero ohms resistance. The

NEC has stated that "A single that personnel safety is being protected. The organizations that provide electrode consisting of a rod, pipe, Fire Protection Association (NFPA), American National Standards Institute guidelines/rules for grounding are: The International Electrotechnical (ANSI), Mine Safety Health Administration (MSHA), Occupational Safety resistance to ground of 25 ohms or Commission (IEC), European Committee for Electrotechnical Health Administration (OSHA), Telecommunications Industry Standard less shall be augmented by one Standardization (CENELEC), Underwriters Laboratories (UL), National (TIA) and others. additional electrode...". Once you have added the supplemental ground or plate which does not have a you have met the requirement for the NEC. This does not mean that the value of the ground now has to as a result of lightning or fault currents. Good grounding is not only for the safety of personnel but to provide for the protection of plants and equipment. A good ground system will improve the reliability of equipment and reduce the likelihood of damage often ohms or less. The ground be 25used 5 ohms or less as their The NEC, National Electrical Code defines a ground as: "a conducting value for grounding and bonding. The goal in ground resistance values is to achieve the lowest has Telecommunications industryground resistance value possible that makes sense economically and physically. resistance values objectives vary from industry to industry.

What is a ground and what does it do ?

connection, whether intentional or accidental between an electrical circuit grounding is an intentional connection from a circuit conductor usually or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in the neutral to a ground electrode placed in the earth. Equipment grounding place of the earth." When talking about grounding it is actually two is to ensure that operating equipment within a structure is properly different subjects, earth grounding and equipment grounding. Earth grounded. These two grounding systems are required to be kept separate except for a connection between the two systems to prevent differences in potential from a possible flashover from a lightning strike. The purpose of a ground besides the protection of people plants and equipment is to provide a safe path for the dissipation of Fault Currents, Lightning Strikes, Static Discharges, EMI and RFI signals and Interference.

round Electrodes

Sphere of influence:

consist of three basic components:

1 2

ground conductor the connection/bonding of the conductor to the ground electrode the ground electrode itself

The resistance of a ground electrode has 3 basic components:

A) The resistance of the ground electrode itself and the connections to the electrode. B) The contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode.

C) The resistance of the surrounding body of earth around the ground electrode.

Multiple ground electrodes - Interaction

A) The resistance of the ground 1. The ground Itself To assist you in installing a electrode and it's connection is 2. The length/depth of the ground ground rod that will meet your generally very low, ground rods are electrode specific resistance requiregenerally made of highly conductive/ 3. Diameter of the ground electrode. ments you can use the table low resistance material such as of ground resistances on page copper of copper clad. 5. Remember this is to be used only as a rule of thumb, because soil is in layers and is rarely homogenous, so the resistance values will vary greatly. paint, grease etc. and that the ground electrode is in firm contact with the earth. electrodes. In this system more than one electrode is driven into the ground and connected in parallel to lower the resistance. Each ground electrode has it's own sphere of influence and for additional electrodes to be effective the spacing of additional rods needs to be at least equal to the depth of the driven rod. Without proper spacing of the ground electrodes the spheres of influence will intersect and the lowering of the resistance will be minimal and of little value. Increasing the diameter of the ground electrode shall be installed so that it ground rods deeper, areas that are electrode of very little effect In is at least 2,4 m in length and in composedhas rock, granite etc. in B) The contact resistance of the earth these instances alternativeFor example lowering the resistance. methods contact with the soil. There are 3 to the electrode: The Bureau of of you could double the diameter of a a variables that affect the resistance such as grounding cement are Standards has shown this resistance viable alternative. and your resistance ground electrode a ground electrode: to be almost negligible providing that would only decrease by as much as the ground electrode is free from 10 %. Another system to lowering One very effective way of lowering ground resistance is through resistance is to drive ground electrodes deeper. Because the earth the use of multiple ground C) The resistance of the surrounding is in layers resistivity changes and earth: The ground electrode is varies considerably on the layer and surrounded by earth which is made the depth within that layer. Soil is not up of concentric shells all having the consistent in its resistivity but highly same thickness. Those shells closest unpredictable. With that in mind it is to the ground electrode have the of critical importance that when smallest amount of area resulting in installing the ground electrode that it the greatest degree of resistance. is below the frost line so that the Each subsequent shell incorporates resistance to ground will not be greatly a greater area resulting in lower increased by the freezing of the resistance. This finally reaches a point surrounding soil. Generally speaking where the additional shells offer little by doubling the length of the ground resistance to the ground surrounding electrode you can reduce the the ground electrode. resistance level by an additional 40 %. There are occasions where it The NEC specifies that the ground is physically impossible to drive

ypes of Ground Systems

There are two types of grounding systems, simple and complex. Simple consist of a single ground electrode driven into the ground. The use of a single ground electrode is the most common form of grounding and can be found outside your home or place of business. Complex grounding systems consist of multiple ground rods connected, mesh or grid networks, ground plates and ground loops. These systems are typically installed at power generating substations, central offices and cellsites.

Ground Resistance Testing- Soil Resistivity

Why measure soil resistivity?

The reason for measuring soil The second factor affecting soil resiAs shown in the table there can be resistivity when selecting a location stivity is moisture or the amount of a change in resistivity from top to for a sub-station or central office is water in the ground. Moisture content bottom by a factor of 50. to find a location that has the lowest changes seasonally, varies according possible resistance. Once a site has to the nature of the sub layers of earth been selected, measuring the soil and the depth of the permanent water resistivity will give you the information table. The table on page 5 shows necessary to design and build a different types of soil and the affects ground field that will meet your ground that moisture has on their resistivity. resistance requirements. There are a number of factors Since soil resistivity is so closely affectin g s oil resistivity, soil related to moisture and moisture is composition being one of them. Soil present in the soil we can logically is rarely homogenous and the assume that as moisture increases resistivity of the soil will vary resistivity will decrease and vice versa. geographically and at different depths.

Ground Resistance Values

Soil resistivity depends on soil composition, moisture and The formula is as follows: temperature. It stands to reason that soil resistivity will =2AR vary through out the year in those areas of the country Where: = the average soil resistivity to depth A where seasonal changes bring about a change in the moisture and temperature content of the soil. For a grounding system to be effective it should be designed to withstand the worst possible conditions. Since soil and water are generally more stable at deeper R = the measured resistance value in ohms in ohm - cm strata it is recommended that the ground rods be placed from the test instrument = is the constant 3.1416 as deep as possible into the earth, the water table if A = of distance between the possible. Ground rods should also be installed where The calculationthe this measurement can be electrodes in cm there is a stable temperature i.e. below the frost line. simplified by converting distance in cm to distance in feet giving you the following equation: = 191.5 A R Where: = the average soil resistivity to depth A in ohm - cm fields be checked at least annually. Although resistance A = the distance between electrodes in feet Caution! Soil that is low seasonally and over time corrosive to ground will change in resistivity is often highly any R = the measured resistance value in because of the presence of water andshouldandinvestigated increase resistance >20% or more salts, be this soil ohms from the test instrument can eat away at action taken andlower connections. That and corrective ground rods to their the resistance. is why it is highly recommended that grounds and ground to meter - ohms. For example, you have decided to install 3 m ground rods as part of your grounding system. To measure the soil resistivity at a depth of 3 m requires that Note: Divide ohm - centimeters by 100 to convert depth that the test electrodes is to be driven is A/20. To measure the soil resistivity start the GEO and The measuring procedure described below uses the universally accepted Wenner method developed by Dr. Soil Wenner of the US Bureau of Standards in 1915. the spacing between the test electrodes is 3 m. The Frank Resistivity (F. Wenner, A Method of Measuring Earth Resistivity;Bull, Measuring Soil Resistivity 4 - Pole Method = 2 x x 3 x 100 read the resistance value in ohms. Now if your 1915/16. = 1885 m
Soil resistivity

resistance Earthing resistance ()

10

reading is 100 ohms the soil resistivity

20

for one cubic meter would be:

m 3 6 10 5 National Bureau of Standards, Bull 12(4) 258, p. 478-496; Moist humus soil, 30 Farming soil Type of Soil loamy and clay Sandy clay soil Moisty sandy soi moor soil, swamp Dry sand soil Concrete 1: 5 s o ils Moist gravel Dry gravel Stoney soil
7

10

12

6 Earthing strip m

RE

Earthing rod m depth

150 300 1000

50 66 330 -

25 33 165

15 20 100 17 80 165 500

60 80 400 10 48 100 300 -

30 40 200

15 20 100

400 100 500 1000 30,000

33 160

40 160 20 80 10 40 200 100 50 200 600 100 300

330 1000

400 1200

Rock

10

oil Resistivity Testing

The ground stakes are positioned in a straight line equidistant from one another and at a distance between

tester as indicated. To test soil resistivity connect the ground

be measured. The ground stakes should be screwed in no deeper than 1/3 the distance from one another. A one another reflecting the depth known fixed current is generated by to the GEO between the two outer ground stakes and a drop in potential (which is a result of the resistance) is then measured automatically between the two inner ground stakes. The GEO then displays this resistance value in ohms. Because measurement results are often distorted and invalidated by underground pieces of metal, underground aquifers etc. additional measurements in which the stakes axis is turned 90 degrees is always recommended. By changing the depth and distance several times a profile is produced that can determine a suitable ground resistance system. Soil resistivity measurements are often corrupted and/or prevented by the existence of ground currents and their harmonics. To prevent this from occurring the GEO uses an Automatic Frequency Control System (AFC), that automatically selects the testing frequency with the least amount of noise enabling you to get a clear reading.

To test the accuracy of the Often the driving of a single results and to ensure that the ground rod into the earth does ground stakes are outside the not result in a resistance 'spheres of influence' reposition reading low enough or desired, ground stake P2 / S 3 ft in either this is especially true in direction and take a fresh substations and central offices Stake Setting measurement. If the measured where resistances of < 3 ohms To achieve the highest degree of value remains fairly constant are required. In this case the accuracy when performing a 3 - Pole the distance between the guidelines for setting your ground resistance it is essential that ground stakes is sufficient. If auxiliary ground stakes may the probe is placed outside the sphere there is a significant change in not get you outside the sphere of influence of the ground electrode the reading (30 %) you need to of the influence. Take the under test and the auxiliary earth. increase the distance between the maximum distance of the ground rod under test and P2/S and ground field either straight line C2/H until the measured values or diagonal and the spacing rem ain f ai rly c o ns ta n t wh en for the first reference stake to repositioning the P2/S ground stake. be twice the distance. The table can be utilized as a guide for setting reference stakes for complex ground systems. If you do not get outside the sphere Ground resistance measureof influence the effective areas of ments are often corrupted resistance will overlap and invalidate and / or prevented by the exiany measurements that you are The - Polefall of potential method 3 3 - pole Fall of Potential stence of ground currents and taking. is used to measure Testing f or the dissipation their harmonics. Complex capability of a single ground Ground Systems electrode, ground grids, foundation To prevent this from occurring grounds and other grounding the GEO uses an Automatic systems. Frequency Control System (AFC), that automatically selects the testing frequency with the least amount of noise enabling you to get a clear reading.

The following table is a guideline for setting probe (S/P2) and auxiliary ground (H/C2). The potential difference is measured
Approximate distance to auxiliary probes

by an ammeter internally by the GEO.

Depth of electrode under test C1/E 2 15 Distance to auxiliary probe C2/H

using the 62% method (in m) 3 20 6 10 Distance to 25 probe P2/S 30

with a voltmeter and the current flow 30 Connect the ground tester as shown in the picture below. Press START, Using Ohm's law:
40 50 value. This is the actual value of the R = E/I we can calculate R ground electrode under test. If this ground electrode is in parallel or series with other ground rods the RE value is the the RE, (resistance) and read out total value of all resistances.

25

round Resistance Testing Existing Systems 'Selective' Clamp-on

NO DISCONNECTION REQUIRED!

This unique exclusive LEM method

Diameter Ground Grid, or Distance to in m Distance to

eliminated from the measuring

electrodes in all types of grounded systems including ground grids and wired meshes as are common in has been created to measure substations, high voltage pylons with resistances of individual ground ground cabling, and commercial settings with multiple grounds. By using a specialized clamp-on current transformer the effects of parallel resistances are

20
of Field in m

30
Probe P2/S
-

50
Probe C2/H in m

30

70

100

70 25

130 50

200 80

special rectification method is used to isolate or 'digitally filter' out other currents to significantly increase process and therefore do not accuracy. As with the standard 3-Pole influence the measuring results. Fall of Potential testing the rules /A guidelines for the setting of ground stakes apply for both simple and complex grounds.

50

100

170

The "Ground Under Test" does not have to be disconnected!

Connect the ground tester as shown in the picture above. Press START, and read out the RE value. This is the actual value of the ground electrode under test.

To test the accuracy of the results and to ensure that the ground stakes are outside the 'spheres of influence' reposition ground stake P2/S 1 m in either direction and take a new measurement. If the measured value remains fairly constant the distance between the ground stakes is sufficient. If there is a significant change in the reading (30 %) you need to increase the distance between the ground rod under test and P2/S and C2/H until the measured values re ma in f ai rly c o ns ta nt w he n From the picture above we can see that the total resistance of an repositioning the P2/S ground stake individual tower is the parallel sum of all grounds. The tower has 4 1 m or so. individual grounds you must measure all 4, generating the individual Ground resistance measurements resistance and then calculate according to the formula above. are often corrupted and or prevented by the existence of ground currents and their harmonics. To prevent this from occurring the UNILAP GEO uses an Automatic Frequency Control System (AFC), that automatically selects the testing frequency with the least amount of noise enabling you to get a clear and accurate reading.

'Se le c tiv e ' M e as u ri ng of High Voltage Transmission Towers

Testing individual ground electrode resistances of high voltage transmission towers with overhead ground or static wire requires that these wires be disconnected. If a tower has more than one ground at it's base, these must also be disconnected one by one and tested.The UNILAP GEO X with the 31 cm diameter clamp-on current transformer can measure the individual resistances of each leg without disconnecting any ground leads or overhead static/ground wires.

round Resistance Testing

Existing Systems - 'Stakeless'

The UNILAP GEO X measures individual ground resistances in multi-grounded systems using two clampon current transformers, eliminating the dangerous and time consuming activity of disconnecting parallel grounds as well as the process of finding suitable locations for auxiliary ground stakes. How it Works... The GEO X works on the principle that in parallel / multigrounded systems the net resistance of all ground paths will be extremely low as compared to any single path (the one under test). So the net resistance of all the parallel return path resistances (R1...Rn) is effectively zero. It is reasonable to assume any resistance measured must be associated with the individual path to ground the clamp is around (Rx). Clamp-on technology only measures individual ground The first current transformer induces a voltage in the Ground Resistance Testing 2grounding systems. If rod resistances in parallel to earth - Pole circuit while the second current transformer measures the ground system is not straight parallel to earth then the actual current flowing allowing the GEO X to calculate you will either have an open circuit or be measuring the resistance of the ground path after synchronous ground loop resistance. rectification of current and voltage. To perform this test requires a good known ground such as an all metal water pipe. The water pipe should be extensive enough the driving of ground stakes is neither In situations whereand be metallic throughout without any insulating couplings the GEO does give you testers the practical or possible or flanges. Unlike many the ability to GEO pole ground test with relatively high voltage AC do 2 -performs this resistance/continuity measurements. with up to 250 mA of current.

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Ground

Impedance

Measurements

When attempting to calculate possible short circuit currents in power plants and other high voltage/current situations, determining the complex grounding impedance is important since both inductivity and resistivity are present. Because inductivity and resistivity are known in most cases actual impedance can be determined using a complex computation. Since impedance is frequency dependent, GEO uses a 55 Hz signal for this calculation to be close to mains as possible without corrupting the measurement. Accurate direct measurements of grounding impedance are possible. Power utilities testing high voltage transmission lines are interested in two things. The ground resistance in case A measurement that showed a great deviation to of a lightning strike and the impedance of the entire the other measurements is probably indicative of system in case of a short circuit on a specific point in the a problem that should be investigated. line. Short circuit in this case means an active wire breaks loose and touches the metal grid of a tower.

Measuring Substations

Ground

Resistance

at
To conduct a selective clamp-on test, keep in mind that the spacing requirements for the reference stakes are the same as with a standard fall of potential test. Make sure that you leave enough connection to connection. The results of this test slack in your leads and the test repeated at least should be recordedso you can move easily from

The first measurement to be taken is a "Stakeless" measurement. Use the GEO X to clamp around all grounding connections.
There are 3 separate types of ground measurements that are necessary to conduct when doing a grounding audit of

annually.

Approximate distance to auxiliary probes using the 62% method in m

a substation.

Depth of electrode 2 3 6

Distance to probe C1/E 15 20 25 30

Distance to auxilliary probe C2/H 25 40 50 30

First determine the nature of the ground system, i.e. mat, rods, water system, combination etc. Substations generally consist of high voltage transmission towers and grid. transformers that are connected and grounded to a ground Follow the rules / guidelines for stake setting to ensure that the measurement is accurate and has not been influenced by the effects of the grid. Reposition P2/S a yard or so and take a new measurement. If there is a deviation >30 % of measured value, reposition both P2 and C2 further from the ground under test and repeat. This value should then be recorded. These measurements should be repeated at least annually to detect any change within the ground grid. After having completed the 3-Pole test for the entire grid we to measure individual ground rods and their connections in the grid using the selective clamp-on method. We measure each connection separately without having to disconnect. The purpose of the selective clamp on is to ensure that the resistances within the grid are fairly uniform.

10

11

easuring Ground Resistance

When conducting a grounding audit of a central office there are 3 or 4 Measurements would be accurate but different measurements required. First locate the MGB (Master Ground Bar) would not show how the system within the central office to determine the type of ground. The MGB will have behaves as a network, because in a ground lead going to the MGN (MultiGrounded Neutral) or incoming service, a separate ground lead from the MGB to the real life in the event of a lightning ground field, strike or fault current everything is another ground lead stance of theTo prove this out you the connected. entire system. From can from the MGB calculations you leg separately measure each will see that you are connected to the water from 20 - 30 via the 3-pole method disconnected % off the total RE value. pipe and a ground lead The final way to measure Using and record each measurement.the Ohm's law again these measureconnected to structural resistances of the various legs of the ments is the 'Selective to the resior building steel. MGB should be equal Stakeless The first measurement Method'. It works similat to the to take is stakeless Stakeless Method but it differs in the measurement of all the way we use the two separate CT's. individual grounds coming off of the MGB. The purpose is to ensure that all the grounds are connected especially the MGN. It is important to note that you are not measuring the individual resistance rather the loop resistance of what you are clamped around. Connect the GEO X and measure the loop resistance of the MGN, the ground field the water pipe and the building steel. We clampsensing CT and clamp it Take the the inducing voltage CT around the cable going toleading out ground cable the MGB, and since the field (see below). When to the ground MGB is connected to the measure the resistance this is the we incoming power which is straight parallel to earth system we have actual resistance of the ground field achieved parallel path of the MGB plus the that requirement. which because it should be very low ohmically should have no real effecton the measured reading. This process can be repeated for the other legs of the Ground Bar i.e. water pipe and structural steel. To measure the MGB via the Stakeless Selective method

At Central Offices ...

by as much as a mile. lead going to the water pipe as the test should be repeated at least annually. resistance, your reading will be for the MGN only. clamp the inducing CT around the Record the measurement and this water pipe should have very low

12

... at Cellular Sites/Microwave and Radio Towers

There are 3 measurements required when conducting an audit at a cell site, microwave or radio tower. At most locations there is a 3 legged tower with each leg individually grounded. These grounds are then connected with a copper cable. Next to the tower is the Cell site building housing all the transmission equipment. Inside the building there is a halo ground and a MGB with the halo ground connected to the MGB. The cell site building is grounded at all 4 corners connected to the MGB via a copper cable the 4 corners are also interconnected via copper wire. There is also a connection between the This is mainly a continuity test building ground ring and the tower ground ring. to verify that we are grounded and do have an electrical connection and can pass current.

the otherones, the reason for this should be determined.

13

easuring Ground Resistance at

There are 3 key measurements when conducting tests at remote switching sites also known as slick sites, digital line concentrators and probably more. The remote site is generally grounded at either end of the cabinet and then will have a series of ground stakes around the cabinet connected by copper wire.

Remote Switching Sites ...

The second measurement to be

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... and for Lightning Protection

There are 3 ground resistance measurements required when conducting an audit of a lightning/fault current protection system. Most lightning fault current protection systems follow the design of having all 4 corners of the building grounded and these are usually connected via a copper cable. Depending on the size of the building and the resistance value that was tried to be obtained number of ground rods will vary.

Commercial / Industrial

Keep in mind the rules for stake setting. This measurement should be recorded and measurements should take place at least semi-annually.

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Ground Testing Instruments

Universal ground testing instruments for testing installations and lightning protection. All instruments operate with a battery, have automatic an switch-off, a display illumination, adjustable limits, and display probe and auxiliary earth resistances. Auto-ranging and parasitic current suppression provide reliable measuring results. For standard 3-pole measurements, many additional special functions are available. UNILAP GEO 3-pole measurement and additional 2-pole resistance measurements with AC. WinGEO Application software for PCs using

Suited for UNILAP GEO X (with RS232 interface or DOCU-PACK), measured data acquisition, remote control, logging, SETUP, DIAGNOSE. Windows , Windows 95, Windows NT. UNILAP GEO X Ground tester for measurements on single grounds or multi-loop systems without breaking into the circuits. Selective ground measurements without influence from parallel grounds, stakeless ground measurements for quick testing, measurements of the specific ground resistance towers. Technical Data Handy GEO 2-pole and 4-pole resistance measurements with DC (>200 mA) 2-pole resistance measurements with AC Measured value output via interface (to printer or PC) Storage or direct printout of the values via optional DOCU-PACK (RS232 interface required) Logging of measured values via

WinGEO SATURN GEO UNILAP GEO UNILAP GEO X 300 k , 2% 1 m 20/48 V 250 mA 55...128Hz, auto

Measuring range 2000 , 6% Ground impedance of 10 m high voltage Resolution Measuring voltage <25 V Test current max. >50 mA Frequency 128Hz 4-pole 2-pole 3-pole Selektive Stakeless meas. Accessories RS232 interface Software DOCU-PACK

300 k , 2% 300 k , 2% optional Windows software 1 m 1 m 20/48 V 20/48 V 250 mA 250 mA 55...128Hz, auto 55...128Hz, auto -

WinVIEW -

WinGEO

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Ground Testing Instruments

SATURN GEO Universal earth tester 4-pole ground measurement 3-pole ground measurement 2-pole resistance measurements Resistance measurements with AC Specific earth resistance Digital display Earth impedance of high voltage pylons Extremely rugged housing thanks to protective cover and carrying strap.

Handy GEO Small, handy ground tester 3-pole ground measurement 2-pole resistance measurements Digital display, bar graph Logging of the measured values via an optional RS 232 interface and PC software WinVIEW or directly via a printer.

Designation
Handy GEO base instrument Handy GEO incl. ground measuring kit + 2 ground stakes, 2cable reels (25m, 50m), carrying case Handy GEO base instrument + RS 232 interface and PC-software WinVIEW Ground measuring kit 2 stakes, 2 reels (25m, 50m), case SATURN GEO without accessories UNILAP GEO without accessories UNILAP GEO incl. ground measuring set: 4 ground stakes, 2 cable reels (25 m), 1 cable ree (50 m), case UNILAP GEO X incl. ground measuring set UNILAP GEO X incl. ground measuring set and RS232 UNILAP GEO X incl. ground measuring set and stakeless kit UNILAP GEOX with ground measuring set and DOCU-PACK WinGEO PC software for UNILAP GEO X with RS232/DOCU-PACK 12 1/2" split core transformer Earth/Ground measuring kit: 2 stakes, 2 reels (25m, 50m) in carrying case

Order No.
A 1885 03110 A 1885 03111 A 1885 03112 A 6030 03100 A 1885 06411 A 1885 06110 A 1885 06111

A 1885 06211 A 1885 06212 A 1885 06213 A 1885 06215 A 1885 00172 A 6805 06211 A 6045 10301

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LEM Instruments Palmersstrasse 2 A-2351 Wiener Neudorf TEL.: FAX: 0043 (0) 2236 691-0 0043 (0) 2236 691 415

Printed in Austria Technical modifications reserved. Publication A 99415 E (12.99)