Arc 124 Opening in Walls- WINDOWS 3_100529

Opening in walls- WINDOWS
 Window: Is an opening in a wall for the purpose of

providing daylight, vision and ventilation
 Functions:
 To admit and direct ventilation
 To admit daylight
 Make vision in or out possible
 The selection of size, shape , location and the number
of windows to be provided in a room depends upon
these:
 Size of the room
 Location of the room and its utility
 Direction of wind and its speed
 Climatic considerations of the site such as humidity,
temperature variation etc.
 Architectural treatment desired for the building
 Design of windows: Points to note-
 Size and number should be adequate to provide light
and ventilation
 Windows provided on the Northern sides permit
maximum daylight without glare
 Buildings in humid regions need special attention for
adequate ventilation. Should facilitate cross ventilation
past the bodies of occupants.
 Security; burglar-proofing to prevent forced entry.
Types of windows
 Hinged windows (casement windows)
 Side hung
 Top hung
 Bottom hung
 Pivoted windows
 Horizontally pivoted
 Vertically pivoted
 Louvres
Types of windows
 Sliding windows
 Vertically sliding
 Horizontally sliding
 Composite windows
 Side hung projected
 Top hung projected
 Bottom hung projected
 Sliding folding
Types of windows
 SIDE HUNG
 A casement consist of a square or rectangular window
frame of wood with the opening light or casement
hinged at one side of the frame to open in or out.
 A casement may have a DEAD LIGHT or FIXED

LIGHT. This window has a fixed glazing that cannot
be opened.
 Gorse casements
Types of windows
 PIVOTED WINDOWS
 The width of a casement window is limited by the
window frame’s ability to support the weight of the
casement.
 The advantage of a pivoted window is that the weight

of the frame and glass is balanced over the pivots that
are fixed centrally. ( Either vertically or horizontally
pivoted)
Types of windows
 Hori and verti gorse 369
Types of windows
 SLIDING WINDOWS
 Vertically sliding
 Due to the sliding action the sashes neither project
into or out of the building and close control ventilation
is possible.
 The disadvantage of this window is that it is not easy

to clean the glass on both sides from inside the
building.
Types of windows
 gorse
Types of windows
 COMPOSITE ACTION WINDOWS
 Composite action windows are designed to act like side-,
top-, or bottom-hung windows for normal ventilation
purposes.
 They open on pivots which can be locked so that the
pivots then slide in grooves in the frame and open on
hinged side stays
Composite action windows
 gorse
Types of windows
 SLIDING FOLDING WINDOWS
 The sashes in this type of window are hinged to each
other and fold horizontally to one or both sides of the
window.
 The sash is hung on a pivoted wheel that runs in an

overhead track at the top of the window frame
 The lower edge of each sash is fixed to a pivoted wheel

that runs in a track to guide movement and maintain it
in a vertical position
Types of windows
 SLIDING FOLDING WINDOWS
 gorse
Materials
 Timber (mostly tropical hardwoods) well seasoned and
treated with preservatives. Odum does not require paint for
protection. Others should be painted and varnished
 Metal; Steel windows require protection against corrosion

in humid area and along the coast
 Aluminum is lighter and does not normally require

protection.
 uPVC (unplasticated polyvinly chloride)

Fixing windows
 Traditional method of fixing windows in position in a
wall is to build solid walling around them as
construction proceeds ( window is said to be “built-in’)
 Advantages are that there is a good fit of the wall to the

window
 Window can be secured solidly in horizontal courses as
the wall is raised
Fixing windows
 The alternative method is to “fix-in” (fit) the window
after the wall has been built.
 The wall is constructed leaving an opening with extra

clearance for fitting the window.
 The window frames are secured in position in solid

walls by means of L shaped galvanized steel cramps
that are screwed to the back of the frame and built into
the brick or block courses.
Fixing windows
 gorse 381
Fixing windows
 gorse 382
.
 .Timber louvre
 With zig zag side
 frame
.
 .Timber louvre
with hardwood
pivots
.
.
.
.
Vertical & Horizontal protective
devices
 In a tropical environment, the desired indoor comfort
conditions can be achieved if the elevation of the
building can be shaded
 In single storey buildings, this can be done with

specific roof designs
 Portions of the building that cannot be protected can

be fitted with artificial shading devices or “sun-
breakers”
devices
 The sizes of these protective devices can be calculated
using the solar chart
devices
 SHADING DEVICES:
 Fixed vertical fins
 Fixed horizontal fins
 Combined fixed vertical and horizontal fins
 Movable vertical devices
 Movable horizontal devices
Shading devices
 These can be designed as part of the structural
framework of the building
 As a system of slender and protruding columns or thin

vertical reinforced concrete fins
 Fixed between cantilevered floor slabs either at right

angle to the wall or obliquely.
Shading devices
 Hanna 233/4
Shading devices
 Fixed Horizontal devices:
 These can be solid or partially solid overhangs,
horizontal or tilted fins, fixed between vertical supports.
Shading devices
 Combined Fixed vertical & horizontal devices:
 Also known as “ egg-crate’ device
 Appears as a perforated “curtain wall” in front of the

elevation, supported by part of the vertical and
horizontal structural framework of the building
Shading devices
 Combined Fixed vertical & horizontal devices:
Movable shading devices
 Some Metal window producing firms manufacture
different types of vertical and horizontal movable fins.
 These can shade openings or the whole wall by being

moved in the desired direction by vertical or
horizontal pivots
 Modern movable shading devices can be moved

automatically as the sun moves or can be electronically
moved.
.
.
Ironmongery
 These are the hardware used for fixing of windows.
Some of them are the hinges and others prevent the
windows from slamming backward or shut Eg Friction
stays, casement stays etc
Ironmongery
.
 END OF PRESENTATION

Arc 124 Opening in Walls- WINDOWS 3_100529

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Opening in walls- WINDOWS

 Window: Is an opening in a wall for the purpose of

 A casement may have a DEAD LIGHT or FIXED

 The advantage of a pivoted window is that the weight

 The disadvantage of this window is that it is not easy

 The sash is hung on a pivoted wheel that runs in an

 The lower edge of each sash is fixed to a pivoted wheel

 Metal; Steel windows require protection against corrosion

 Aluminum is lighter and does not normally require

 uPVC (unplasticated polyvinly chloride)

 Advantages are that there is a good fit of the wall to the

 The wall is constructed leaving an opening with extra

 The window frames are secured in position in solid

 In single storey buildings, this can be done with

 Portions of the building that cannot be protected can

 As a system of slender and protruding columns or thin

 Fixed between cantilevered floor slabs either at right

 Also known as “ egg-crate’ device

 Appears as a perforated “curtain wall” in front of the

 These can shade openings or the whole wall by being

 Modern movable shading devices can be moved

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