MDCAT

4-WAVES

Lect: Muhammad Idrees Mahar

SUM ACADEMY
LARKANA
Wave:
 Disturbance of medium in which energy is transferred from one place to another without
transfer of matter. ( Momentum also transferred)
 In matter waves, matter is also transferred. (e.g. De-Broglie Waves)
Terms in waves:
Rarefaction:
 The region of longitudinal wave in which particles of the medium are away from each other.
 In this, Pressure → 𝐥𝐨𝐰, 𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 → 𝐥𝐨𝐰, 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐦𝐞 → 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡, 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 → 𝐥𝐨𝐰
Compression:
 The region of longitudinal wave in which particles of the medium are close to each other.
 In this, Pressure → 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡, 𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 → 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡, 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐦𝐞 → 𝐥𝐨𝐰, 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 → 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡
Crest:
 It is positive half cycle of wave in transvers wave.
Trough:
 It is negative half cycle of the wave in transvers wave.
 Characteristics of waves
Wavelength 𝝀 :
It is distance between two consecutive crests or troughs in transvers waves.
It is distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions in longitudinal waves.
It is distance of one wave. It S.I unit is meter (m).
Frequency (f or 𝝊):
It is number of waves completed per unit time.
It is reciprocal of time period.
𝟏
f=
𝑻
Wave speed (v):
It is distance travelled by wave per unit time.
It is product of wavelength(𝝀) and frequency (f).
𝑽 𝑽
V = 𝝀f → f = → 𝝀=
𝝀 𝒇
EM waves move with speed of light in vacuum ( c = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔).
All
Mechanical waves can not propagate through vacuum.
 Kinds of waves: Definition: Examples:
On The basis of particles Waves in which particles vibrate parallel Compressional spring
vibration: to direction of wave motion. waves, sound waves etc.
1) Longitudinal waves Waves in which particles vibrate All EM waves, water waves,
2) Transverse waves perpendicular to direction of wave motion. string waves etc.
On the basis of medium Waves which require medium for Sound waves, water waves,
requirement: propagation. string waves etc.
1) Mechanical waves Waves which do not require medium for Gamma, X-rays, U.V, Light,
2) Electromagnetic (EM) propagation. Infrared, Microwaves and
waves Radio waves
On the basis of energy Waves which transfer energy. Sound, light waves etc.
transformation:
1) Progressive waves Waves which do not transfer energy. Waves in string.
2) Standing (Stationary) waves Waves in organ pipes.
On the basis of dimension: Waves propagates linearly. Spring waves.
1) One dimensional wave Waves propagates along the plane. Water waves on surface.
2) Two dimensional wave
3) Three dimensional wave Waves propagates in space. Sound and light waves.
MCQs:
1) Which of the following property of wave does not change when enters from one
medium to another medium?
a) wavelength b) frequency c) speed d) direction
2) Which of the following has highest wavelength?
a) Red color b) Violet color c) Infrared waves d) Gamma waves
3) What is the wavelength of a electromagnetic wave whose frequency is 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝐇𝐳?
a) 3 m b) 0.3 m c) 3 cm d) 0.03 cm
4) A sinusoidal wave equation is 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝝅 𝒕 𝒄𝒎. The amplitude (A) and
frequency of this wave respectively is:
a) 4 cm, 150 Hz
b) 2 cm, 75 Hz
c) 4 cm, 75 Hz
d) 2 cm, 150 Hz
Ripple Tank:
It is an arrangement (device) used to study
the propagation and properties of wave.
Properties like interference, diffraction,
reflection and refraction.
In ripple tank:
Crest of wave act as a converging lens due
to which bright bands appear.
Trough of wave act as a diverging lens due
to which dark bands appear.
Energy and Power in waves:
Total energy (E) in waves remains constant or conserved.
E = K.E + P.E Power (P) =
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 Linear density (𝛍):
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝟏 𝟏
 It is mass per unit length.
E = 𝝁𝝀𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 P = 𝝁𝐯𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐦
𝟐 𝟐 𝛍= =
𝝁 = linear density 𝐯 = velocity 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝛌
𝝀 = wavelength A = amplitude  S.I unit kg/m
Principle of superposition of waves:
Itis phenomena in which two waves intersect (meet) with each other to make stronger
wave (support each other) or to make smaller or no any wave ( cancel their effect).
Waves in Phase Waves out of phase

Resultant amplitude is equal to sum of Resultant amplitude is equal to difference

amplitude of individual waves. of amplitude of individual waves.
Path difference: Time Phase difference Path difference
 It is difference in the path’s (distance) t = 0 𝟎𝟎 0
covered by waves. 𝑻 𝝅
t= 𝟎
𝟗𝟎 = rad 𝝀
 It is expressed in terms of “𝝀” of wave. 𝟒 𝟐
𝟒
Relation with Phase difference: 𝑻 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 =𝝅 rad 𝝀
t=
𝟐
In one complete wave: 𝟐
 Phase difference is = 2𝝅 → 𝒆𝒒: 𝟏 𝟑𝑻 𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝀
t= 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 = rad
𝟒 𝟐
 Path difference is = 𝝀 → 𝒆𝒒: (𝟐) 𝟒
t =T 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝝅 rad 𝝀
Divide eq: (1) by (2)

Phase difference 2𝝅
=
Path difference 𝝀
2𝝅
Phase difference = Path difference
𝝀
Node (N): MCQ:
The point on wave where displacement is zero.
The wavelength of standing wave
Antinode(A): in a string is 40 cm. The phase
The point on wave where displacement is maximum. difference between two particles
Distance between two consecutive nodes or antinodes: separated by distance 10 cm will
𝛌
𝐝 = → 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝛉 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 = 𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐬 be:
𝟐 𝝅 𝝅
Distance (d) between node to antinode: a) b)
𝛌 𝛑 𝟐 𝟒
𝐝 = → 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝛉 = 𝟗𝟎 = 𝟎 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐬 𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝟐 c) d)
𝟔 𝟖

Note:
 When wave reflects from denser
medium then it will changes its
phase by 18𝟎𝟎 = 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
 Crest become trough and vice versa.
Stationary (Standing) waves:
When two similar waves travelling in opposite direction form stationary waves.
For stationary waves, amplitude, frequency, wavelength and speed of individual waves
are same.
Displacement of wave travelling towards left,
𝒚𝟏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒌𝒙 + 𝝎𝒕)
Displacement of wave travelling towards right,
𝒚𝟐 = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕)
Resultant distance or wave function “y” of standing waves,
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟐𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒙 . 𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝝎𝒕)
Wave number (K):
It is the number of waves present per unit length.
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝟏 𝟐𝝅
𝑲= = =
𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝝀 𝝀
Its S.I unit is per meter (𝒎−𝟏 ).
Stationary waves (Fundamental Frequency or Harmonics) in string.
Let “L” be the length of string.
String can vibrate in “n” loops as shown in figure.
If string is plucked at half of its length:
It will vibrate in single loop.→ 1st mode of
Length of string is given as: vibration:
𝝀𝟏
L= → 𝝀𝟏 = 𝟐𝑳
𝟐
𝑽
But, 𝒇𝟏 =
𝝀𝟏
𝑽
𝒇𝟏 =
𝟐𝑳 Note:
𝑻 Frequency of stretched
For string waves, V = -: T = tension in string
𝝁 vibrating string can be
𝟏 𝑻 measured by using
𝒇𝟏 = -: 𝝁 = linear density sonometer.
𝟐𝑳 𝝁
 𝟏 𝟏
If string is plucked at 𝒕𝒉 of its length: If string is plucked at 𝒕𝒉 of its length:
𝟒 𝟔
It will vibrate in two loops.→ 2nd mode of It will vibrate in three loops.→ 3rd mode of
vibration: vibration

Length of string is given as:

𝝀𝟑 𝟑𝝀𝟑
L = 𝝀𝟑 + =
𝟐 𝟐
Length of string is given as: 𝟐𝑳
𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟐
𝝀𝟑 =
𝟑
L= + = 𝝀𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝑽 𝑽 𝟑𝑽 𝑽
𝑽 But, 𝒇𝟑 = = 𝟐𝑳 = −: = 𝟐𝒇𝟏
But, 𝒇𝟐 = 𝝀𝟑 𝟐𝑳 𝑳
𝝀𝟐 𝟑
𝑽 𝑽 𝟑
𝒇𝟐 = -: = 𝟐𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟑 = 𝟐𝒇𝟏
𝑳 𝑳 𝟐
𝒇𝟐 = 𝟐𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟑 = 𝟑𝒇𝟏
If string vibrates in “n” loops:
𝒇𝒏 = 𝒏𝒇𝟏
-: n = 1,2,3,4…….
𝒏𝑽
𝒇𝒏 =
𝟐𝑳

For wavelength of “n” loops

𝟐𝑳
𝝀𝒏 =
𝒏
MCQ:
Standing waves are produced in 10m long stretched string. If the string vibrates in 5
segments and wave velocity is 20m/s, its frequency is?
a) 2Hz b) 4Hz c) 5Hz d) 10Hz
Stationary waves in vibrating air columns:
 Consider sound waves are travelling through air columns (organ pipes).
 Organ pipes are like musical instruments (flute).
 Organ pipes are of two types through which stationary waves in vibrating air columns
can be explained.
1) Open organ pipe: 2) Closed organ pipe:
The pipe having both ends open. The pipe having one end open and other closed.

 At open ends of pipe, antinodes are formed.

 At closed ends of pipe, nodes are formed.
 Stationary waves in open organ pipe:
Let “L” be the length of organ pipe.
For 1st mode of vibration: For 2nd mode of vibration:

Length of organ pipe is given as:

Length of organ pipe is given as: 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟐 𝟐𝝀𝟐
𝝀𝟏 L= + = = 𝝀𝟐
L= 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝝀𝟏 = 𝟐𝑳 𝝀𝟐 = 𝑳
𝑽
But, 𝒇𝟏 =
𝑽 But, 𝒇𝟐 =
𝝀𝟐
𝝀𝟏
𝑽
𝒇𝟏 =
𝑽 𝒇𝟐 =
𝑳
𝟐𝑳
𝒇𝟐 = 𝟐𝒇𝟏
For nth mode of vibrations:
𝒇𝒏 = 𝒏𝒇𝟏
-: n = 1,2,3,4…….
𝒏𝑽
𝒇𝒏 =
𝟐𝑳

For wavelength:
𝟐𝑳
𝝀𝒏 =
𝒏

MCQ:
A pipe is open at both ends. What should be its length such that it resonates a 10Hz
source in the 2nd harmonic? Speed of sound in air = 340m/s.
a) 34m b) 68m c) 17m d) 51m
 Stationary waves in closed organ pipe:
Let “L” be the length of organ pipe.
For 1st mode of vibration: For 2nd mode of vibration:

Length of organ pipe is given as:

𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟐 𝝀𝟐 𝟑𝝀𝟐
Length of organ pipe is given as: L= + + =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝝀𝟏 𝟒𝑳
L= 𝝀𝟐 =
𝟒 𝟑
𝝀𝟏 = 𝟒𝑳 But, 𝒇𝟐 =
𝑽 𝑽
= 𝟒𝑳 =
𝟑𝑽 𝑽
-: = 𝟒𝒇𝟏
𝑽 𝝀𝟐 𝟒𝑳 𝑳
But, 𝒇𝟏 = 𝟑
𝟑
𝝀𝟏
𝒇𝟐 = 𝟒𝒇𝟏
𝑽 𝟒
𝒇𝟏 =
𝟒𝑳 𝒇𝟐 = 𝟑𝒇𝟏
For nth mode of vibrations:
-: n = 1,2,3,4,5……………
For Frequency: For wavelength:
𝒇𝒏 = (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒇𝟏 Note:
𝟒𝑳  In closed organ pipes only
𝝀𝒏 =
𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝑽 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) odd harmonics are formed.
𝒇𝒏 =  Open organ pipes are richer
𝟒𝑳
than closed organ pipes.
For nth harmonic:
-: n = 1,3,5,7,9……… MCQ:
For Frequency: For wavelength: If fundamental frequency in organ
pipe open at both ends is 30Hz
𝒇𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒇𝟏 then this fundamental frequency
𝟒𝑳 in pipe closed at one is equal to:
𝒏𝑽 𝝀𝒏 = a) 15Hz b) 30Hz
𝒇𝒏 = 𝒏
𝟒𝑳 c) 45Hz d) 60Hz
Acoustics:
It is study about properties and production of sound.
Sound:
It is a form of energy which produce sensation of hearing in ear.
It is emitted by vibrating body.
It is mechanical and longitudinal wave.
It does not exhibit the property of polarization.
Speed of sound waves:
The speed of sound waves depends upon the elasticity(E) and density (𝛒) (inertial
property) of the medium through which sound waves propagate.
𝐄𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐲 Elasticity (E):
V= Ability of a deformed material
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲
to return to its original shape
𝐄
V= and size when the forces causing
𝛒
the deformation are removed.
 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
In solids, E = Y (Young’s Modulus) = Note:
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
𝐘
V= Stress = 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 = 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞
𝛒 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
In Liquids and Gases, E = B (Bulk Modulus) = 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 Strain =
𝐁 ∆𝑷 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥
V= B=− ∆𝑽
𝛒 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
𝑽
Elastic Modulus =
According to Newton, when sound waves travel through air: 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
→Temperature of air remains constant.
→Process is isothermal.
→Boyle’s law can be applied ( PV = constant).
In isothermal process B = P (Pressure)
𝐏 Note: At STP.
V= P = 1 atm = 101325 N/𝐦𝟐
𝛒
𝛒 = 1.29 kg/𝐦𝟑
→V = 280 m/s → at STP.
Laplace correction:
According to Laplace, when sound waves travel through air, the compression and
rarefaction are formed rapidly. Therefore,
Temperature is not constant.
Process is not isothermal.
Energy is constant.
Process is adiabatic (No heat enters or leaves the system).
Boyle’s law can be written as "𝐏𝐕 𝛄 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭", 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆
B = 𝜸P Gamma (𝜸) =
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
𝜸𝐏 𝑪𝑷
V= (𝜸) = = 𝟏. 𝟒 → 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝛒 𝑪𝑽
V =333 m/s → at STP → very close to experimental value.
16% error in Newton’s formula.
By using general gas equation PV = nRT
𝛄𝐑𝐓
V=
𝐌
M = Molar mass
T = Temperature
R = 8.314 J/mol.K → Universal gas constant.
Effects on speed (V) of sound waves:
Independent of pressure (P).
Dependent of elasticity (E) of medium.
𝐄𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐬 > 𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝𝐬 > 𝐄𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
𝐕𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐬 > 𝐕𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝𝐬 > 𝐕𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
Directly proportional to square root of temperature.
V∝ 𝑻
Inversely proportional to square root of density and molar mass.
𝟏 𝟏
V∝ or V∝
𝝆 𝑴
For high temperature change: Hint:
𝐕𝟐
=
𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝟐 = 𝐧𝟐 𝐓𝟏
𝐕𝟏 𝐓𝟏
in Kelvin
For low temperature change:
𝐕𝐭 = 𝐕𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝐭
 "𝐕" increases 0.61 m/s = 61 cm/s at each degree rise in temperature.
 t = change in temperature from 𝟎𝐨 𝐂
 𝐕𝟎 = 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝐦/𝐬 → experimental value at 𝟎𝐨 𝐂
MCQs:
The approximately speed of sound in air at 1𝟎𝐨 𝐂 is:
a) 335 m/s b) 338 cm/s c) 340 m/s d) 338 m/s
At what temperature the speed of sound is doubled as the speed at 𝟐𝟕𝐨 𝐂.
a) 𝟓𝟒𝐨 𝐂. b) 𝟗𝟐𝟕𝐨 𝐂. c) 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐨 𝐂. d) 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝐨 𝐂.
The ratio of speed of sound in Hydrogen to Oxygen is:
a) 1:4 b) 4:1 c) 1:2 d) 2:1
 Categories of longitudinal waves on the basis of frequency:
Waves Frequency range Examples Points
Audible waves 20 Hz to 20 KHz Frequency of human Can be heard by human.
sound, musical
instruments etc.
Infrasonic waves Below 20 Hz Frequency of earth These waves can not heard by
quake waves. human.
Ultrasonic waves Above 20 KHz Frequency of Used to measure the depth of sea.
vibrations in quartz Harmful for human compared to
crystal above waves.
Musical sound and Noise:
 Sound which produces pleasant effect (symmetrical) (uniform) in ear is called musical sound.
e.g. Sound of Guitar, Piano etc.
 Sound which produces unpleasant effect (nonsymmetrical ) in ear is called noise.
e.g. Sound of traffic, students in class etc.
 Three characteristics of sound:
1) Loudness: 2) Pitch:
 It differentiate loud (high) and soft (faint) sound. It differentiate thin (shrill) and fat
 It is directly proportional to intensity. (grave) sound.
Intensity (I): Pitch depends upon frequency.
 It is energy (E) crossing per unit area (A) per unit time. Greater the frequency, greater the
𝑬 𝑷 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆 pitch (shrill sound of sparrow).
 𝐈= = → 𝑺. 𝑰 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝟐 = 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕/𝒎𝟐
𝑨×𝒕 𝑨 𝒎 .𝒔 Lower the frequency, lower the
−𝟑
 Loudly speaking intensity power = 𝟏𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕/𝒎 𝟐
pitch (grave sound of lamb).
 Weakly speaking intensity power = 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕/𝒎𝟐 Pitch of women is greater than men.
 A normal human can detect the least intense sound 3) Quality:
about 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕/𝒎𝟐 . The property of sound which
 The difference in loudness between two sources is differentiate two sounds of same
called intensity level. pitch and loudness is called quality.
 S.I unit of intensity level is Bel (B) or decibel (dB).
1Bel = 10dB
 Unit of loudness is sone. -:1 sone = 40 dB = 1000Hz
Interference of sound waves:
It is the phenomenon in which two waves (sounds) having
same frequency and travelling in same direction superpose
with each other to form a resultant wave of greater or lower
amplitude.
Two types of interference:
1) Constructive interference:
The interference in which resultant amplitude (loudness) of
two interfering sound waves is larger than amplitude of two
individual waves.
For constructive interference:
Compression lies on compression and rarefaction lies on
rarefaction of two different sound waves.
Loud sound is produced.
Path difference (∆𝑺) should be integer multiple of wavelength.
∆𝑺 = 𝒏𝝀 -: n = 0, ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟑, … … … …
Phase difference (∅) should be even multiple of "𝝅“.
∅ = 𝒏𝝅 -: n = 0, ±𝟐, ±𝟒, ±𝟔, … … … …
2) Destructive interference:
The interference in which resultant amplitude (loudness) of
two interfering sound waves is smaller than amplitude of two
individual waves.
For destructive interference:
Compression lies on rarefaction of two different sound waves.
Low (faint) or no sound is produced.
Path difference (∆𝑺) should be odd integer multiple of half of
wavelength.
𝝀
∆𝑺 = 𝒏 -: n = ±𝟏, ±𝟑, ±𝟓, … … … …
𝟐
Phase difference (∅) should be odd multiple of "𝝅“.
∅ = 𝒏𝝅 -: n = 1, ±𝟑, ±𝟓, … … … …
MCQs
The constructive interference occurs at:
𝝀 𝟒𝝀
I) II) III) 4𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
a) I only b) III only c) II and III only d) I, II and III
Doppler’s Effect (Shift):
The apparent change in frequency due to relative motion of source and observer is
called Doppler’s effect or Doppler’s shift.
e.g. Change in frequency in sound of moving ambulance as a source of wave (sound)
with respect to observer.
This effect is also applicable for EM waves (light).
In Doppler’s effect:
 V = speed of wave.
 𝑽𝒔 = speed of source.
 𝑽𝒐 = speed of observer.
 f = original frequency of wave.
 𝒇′ = increase or decrease in frequency of wave with respect to observer.
 𝝀 = original wavelength of wave.
 𝝀′ = increase or decrease in wavelength of wave with respect to observer.
 Case-I: When observer is moving and source is at rest:
𝑽 𝑽
When observer is at rest → 𝑽 = 𝝀𝒇 → 𝝀 = →𝒇=
𝒇 𝝀
When observer is moving towards source: When observer is moving away from source:
𝑽 𝑽
Wavelength remains same → 𝝀 = Wavelength remains same → 𝝀 =
𝒇 𝒇
Relative velocity 𝑽′ of wave and observer Relative velocity 𝑽′ of wave and observer
𝑽′ = 𝑽 + 𝑽𝒐 → increases 𝑽′ = 𝑽 − 𝑽𝒐 → decreases
Frequency observed by observer is given as: Frequency observed by observer is given as:
𝑽′ 𝑽 (𝑽 − 𝑽𝒐 )
𝒇′ =
𝝀
-: 𝑽′ = 𝑽 + 𝑽𝒐 and 𝝀 =
𝒇
𝒇′ = 𝒇
𝑽
𝑽 + 𝑽𝒐
𝒇′ = 𝑽 (𝑽−𝑽𝒐 )
𝒇 < 𝟏 Hence,
𝑽
(𝑽 + 𝑽𝒐 )
𝒇′ = 𝒇
𝑽
(𝑽 + 𝑽𝒐 ) 𝒇′ < 𝒇
>𝟏
𝑽 frequency decreases.
𝒇′ > 𝒇 → frequency increases.
 Case-II: When source is moving and observer is at rest:
𝑽 𝑽
When source is at rest → 𝑽 = 𝝀𝒇 → 𝝀 = →𝒇=
𝒇 𝝀
When source is moving towards observer: When source is moving away from observer:
Wavelength with respect to observer Wavelength with respect to observer
𝑽′ 𝑽 − 𝑽𝒔 𝑽′ 𝑽+ 𝑽𝒔
𝝀′ = = → decreases 𝝀′ = = → increases
𝒇 𝒇 𝒇 𝒇
Relative velocity 𝑽′ of wave and source Relative velocity 𝑽′ of wave and source
𝑽′ = 𝑽 − 𝑽𝒔 → decreases 𝑽′ = 𝑽 + 𝑽𝒔 → increases
But, ′ 𝑽
𝑽 𝑽
𝒇 = 𝒇
𝑽+ 𝑽𝒔
𝒇′ = = 𝑽 − 𝑽𝒔
𝝀′ 𝑽
𝒇 < 𝟏 Hence,
𝑽
𝑽+ 𝑽𝒔
𝒇′ = 𝒇
𝑽 − 𝑽𝒔
𝑽
> 𝟏 Hence, 𝒇′ < 𝒇
𝑽 − 𝑽𝒔
frequency decreases.
𝒇′ > 𝒇 → frequency increases.
Case-III: When both source and observer are moving: Applications of Doppler's effect
When both moving towards each other:  Tracing satellites and missiles.
𝑽+ 𝑽𝒐  Measuring the speed of automobiles.
𝒇′ = 𝒇 → frequency increases  Detecting aircraft by using RADAR.
𝑽− 𝑽𝒔
 Detecting stars in Astronomy.
When both moving away from each other:
 Detecting objects under water by
𝑽− 𝑽𝒐
𝒇′ = 𝒇 → frequency decreases using SONAR.
𝑽+ 𝑽𝒔  Red and Blue shift.
In General form: MCQs:
𝑽 ± 𝑽𝒐 A source of sound is moving away from a
𝒇′ = 𝒇 stationary observer with a speed equal to
𝑽 ∓ 𝑽𝒔
MCQs: speed of sound. The apparent frequency
heard by the observer will be:
The ratio of apparent to original frequency when
source is moving towards stationary observer with a) Same as original
one-tenth speed of wave is: b) Half of original
𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 c) one-fourth of original
a) b) c) d)
𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 d) Can not be observed