CHEM 11: Inorganic & Organic Chemistry

UNIT 3: Introduction to Atomic Theory

MRS. ROSALIA BAGO CABALZA COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
BSPH 1A 1ST SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2022-2023

latter has no definite outer

boundary, so neither does the
INTRODUCTION TO ATOMIC THEORY atom. The radius of an atom must
 Atoms be defined arbitrarily, such as the
o indivisible particles. boundary in which the electron
can be found with 95% probability.
o They are extremely important structures
Atomic radii are typically 30-300
that make up all of the materials that we
pm.
see and use daily.
 All matter contain negatively
o Atoms are found in the human body and
charged electrons as well as
they bond together to form molecules, positively charged protons which
which make up matter. are electrically neutral, must also
THE NUCLEAR ATOM AND THE SUB-ATOMIC contain positive charges to
balance the negative ones.
PARTICLES
Thomson proposed that the
 Nuclear Atom electrons were embedded in a
o The precise physical nature of atoms uniform sphere that contained
finally emerged from a series of both the positive charge and most
experiments carried out by scientists of the mass of the atom, the
between 1895 and 1915. structure being likened to
o The most notable of these achievements chocolate chips in a cookie.
was Ernest Rutherford's famous alpha-ray
scattering experiment, which established
that:
 Almost all of the mass of an atom
is contained within a tiny (and
therefore extremely dense)
nucleus which carries a positive
electric charge whose value
identifies each element and is
known as the atomic number of
the element.
 Almost all of the volume of an
atom consists of empty space in
Fig. 5: The structure of the nuclear atom with a central
which electrons, the fundamental
nucleus and surrounding electrons.
carriers of negative electric
charge, reside. The extremely Subatomic Particles:
small mass of the electron (1/1840
the mass of the hydrogen nucleus)  Atoms
causes it to behave as a quantum o are the basic units of matter and the
particle, which means that its defining structure of elements.
location at any moment cannot be o The term “atom" comes from the Greek
specified; the best we can do is word for indivisible, because it was once
describe its behavior in terms of thought that atoms were the smallest
the probability of its manifesting things in the universe and could not be
itself at any point in space. It is divided.
common (but somewhat o A typical atom consists of three
misleading) to describe the subatomic particles: protons, neutrons,
volume of space in which the and electrons. Other particles exist as
electrons of an atom have a well, such as alpha and beta particles.
significant probability of being  Nucleus
found as the electron cloud. The
CHEM 11: Inorganic & Organic Chemistry
UNIT 3: Introduction to Atomic Theory
MRS. ROSALIA BAGO CABALZA COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
BSPH 1A 1ST SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2022-2023

o The center of the atom o Sir John Joseph Thomson who discovered
 Bohr model of the Helium Atom the electrons in 1897 after conducting
o Shows the three basic subatomic particles several experiments involving cathode
in a simple manner rays, J.J. Thomson demonstrated the ratio
 Nucleus of mass to electric charge of cathode rays.
o Most of an atom’s mass can be found here o In his study, he confirmed that cathode
o This is a small, dense area at the center of rays are fundamental particles that are
every atom, composed of nucleons negatively-charged. These cathode rays
o All the positive charge of an atom is are known as electrons.
contained in the nucleus o Electron Cloud
o Nucleons  The area surrounding the nucleus
 Include protons and neutrons of the atom
o Protons  It is in this area where the
 Positive charge that originates electrons are located.
here but is contained in the o The electrons, with the symbol e-, have
nucleus the greater probability of being located
o Neutrons near the nucleus of the atom.
 Are neutrally-charged o Electrons
o Electrons  have a negative charge that is
 Negatively-charged equal in magnitude to the positive
 Located outside of the nucleus charge of the protons.
 However, their mass is
The Bohr model depicts the three basic subatomic considerably less than that of a
particles in a comprehensible manner. proton or neutron, but is usually
considered insignificant.
 If the amount of protons is not
equal to the amount of electrons,
we produce charged particles
called IONS.
 Neutrons
o In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the
neutrons. In his experiment, he
demonstrated that penetrating radiation
incorporated beams of neutral particles.
Along with the protons, neutrons are
located in the nucleus, making up almost
all of the mass of the atom.
 Proton o Neutron number
o The conduct of the gold foil experiment by  Number of neutrons
Ernest Rutherford in 1919 led to the  This can be determined by
discovery of the protons. subtracting the proton number
o He projected alpha particles at gold foil, from the atomic mass number.
and the positive alpha particles were The neutrons in an element
deflected. determine the isotope of an atom,
o This result made him conclude that and often its stability.
protons exist in the nucleus and have a
positive nuclear charge.
o The atomic number, which determines an
element, is the number of protons present
in an atom.
 Electrons
CHEM 11: Inorganic & Organic Chemistry
UNIT 3: Introduction to Atomic Theory
MRS. ROSALIA BAGO CABALZA COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
BSPH 1A 1ST SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2022-2023

reason why the concept of atomic weight is important.

It is almost always impossible to count the atoms
involved directly, so that chemists measure reactants
and products by weighing and reach their conclusions
through calculations involving atomic weights.

Summary: Summary:
 Atoms are indivisible particles that make up all the  The atom consists of discrete particles that govern
materials that we see and use everyday. its chemical and physical behavior. Atoms, the
 Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller smallest particles of an element that exhibit the
than the atom. properties of that element, consist of negatively
 Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three charged electrons around a central nucleus
main subatomic particles found in an atom. composed of more massive positively charged
 Protons have a positive (+) charge. An easy way protons and electrically neutral neutrons.
to remember this is to remember that both proton  Subatomic Particles are particles smaller than the
and positive start with the letter "P." atom that includes the protons, electrons and
 Neutrons have no electrical charge. An easy way neutrons.
to remember this is to remember that both neutron  In the simplest terms, without atoms there would
and no electrical charge start with the letter "N." not be a functioning world. Atoms make up matter,
and matter makes up everything in the world, with
ATOMIC WEIGHTS (MASS NUMBER)
some few exceptions.
 Atomic Weight  Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical
o also called relative atomic mass, refers to the element which differ in neutron number, and
ratio of the average mass of the atoms of a consequently in nucleon number. All isotopes of a
chemical element. given element have the same number of protons
o Atomic weight is represented by the symbol A. but different numbers of neutrons in each atom.
o Atomic Weight or Mass Number = p+ + n0  Atomic weight, also called relative atomic mass,
 For example, the number of protons or refers to the ratio of the average mass of a
chemical element's atoms to some standard
the atomic number of an element is 6
 Atomic Weight refers to the number of protons and
and its number of neutrons is 6, the
atomic weight of that element is 12. In neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom
the periodic table, this element is  In solving for the atomic weight of an element, the
Carbon. One of the isotopes of carbon formula is: A= p ++n0
has an atomic number of 6 and the ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODIC
number of neutrons is 7. The atomic
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS
weight of that carbon isotope is 13.
Electromagnetic Energy

Historical Events:

 Isaac Newton
o Experimented with lenses and prisms in
the seventeenth century and was able to
show that white light is made up of the
distinct hues of the rainbow mixed
together
 Christiaan Huygens
Most chemical reactions take place in accordance with
simple numerical relationships among atoms, the
CHEM 11: Inorganic & Organic Chemistry
UNIT 3: Introduction to Atomic Theory
MRS. ROSALIA BAGO CABALZA COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
BSPH 1A 1ST SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2022-2023

o Had demonstrated in the seventeenth

century that optical phenomena such as
reflection and refraction could be equally
well explained in terms of light as high-
speed waves
 Thomas Young
o Demonstrated in the nineteenth century
that light travelling through narrow,
closely spaced slits produced
interference patterns that could not be
explained using Newtonian particles but
were simply explained using waves.
 James Clerk
o Maxwell developed his theory of
electromagnetic radiation and
demonstrated that light was the visible
part of a huge spectrum of
electromagnetic waves.
 Wave
o Is an oscillation or periodic movement The link between wavelength, frequency, and speed
that can transport energy from one point can be seen in one-dimensional sinusoidal waves. The
in space to another. frequency of the wave with the shortest wavelength is
the highest. The amplitude of a wave is one-half its
Waves are characterized by: height from peak to trough.
 Wavelength  The product of a wave's wavelength (λ) and its
o Denoted by λ, the lowercase Greek letter frequency (ν), λν, is the speed of the wave.
lambda c = 2.998 × 108 ms−1 = λν
o The wavelength is the distance between  Wavelength and frequency are inversely
two consecutive peaks or troughs in a proportional
wave (measured in meters in the SI
system).
 Frequency
o Denoted by ν, the lowercase Greek letter
nu
o The frequency is the number of wave
cycles that pass a specified point in
space in a specified amount of time (in
the SI system, this is measured in
Portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are shown
seconds).
in order of decreasing frequency and increasing
 Amplitude
wavelength. Examples of some applications for various
o Corresponds to the magnitude of the
wavelengths include positron emission tomography
wave’s displacement
(PET) scans, X-ray imaging, remote controls, wireless
Internet, cellular telephones, and radios. (credit
“Cosmic ray": modification of work by NASA; credit
“PET scan": modification of work by the National
Institute of Health; credit “Xray": modification of work
by Dr. Jochen Lengerke; credit “Dental curing":
modification of work by the Department of the Navy;
credit “Night vision": modification of work by the
Department of the Army; credit “Remote": modification
CHEM 11: Inorganic & Organic Chemistry
UNIT 3: Introduction to Atomic Theory
MRS. ROSALIA BAGO CABALZA COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
BSPH 1A 1ST SEMESTER ~ A.Y 2022-2023

of work by Emilian Robert Vicol; credit “Cell phone": o Prize motivation: "for her determinations
modification of work by Brett Jordan; credit “Microwave by X-ray techniques of the structures of
oven": modification of work by Billy Mabray; credit important biochemical substances."
“Ultrasound": modification of work by Jane Whitney;
credit “AM radio": modification of work by Dave
Clausen)

 Molecular model of penicillin by Dorothy Hodgkin,

c.1945.

Figure 6.7 A vibrating string shows some one-

dimensional standing waves. Since the two end points
of the string are held fixed, only waves having an
integer number of half-wavelengths can form. The
points on the string between the end points that are
not moving are called the nodes.

Figure 6.6 Interference fringe patterns are shown for  Standing Waves
light passing through two closely spaced, narrow slits. o Also known as stationary waves
The spacing of the fringes depends on the wavelength,
with the fringes being more closely spaced for the
shorter wavelength blue light.

 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

o The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964
o Born: 12 May 1910, Cairo, Egypt
o Died: 29 July 1994, Shipston-on-Stour,
United Kingdom
o Affiliation at the time of the award:
University of Oxford, Royal Society,
Oxford, United Kingdom