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    Atomic-Structure

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    Lifesy 360

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Atomic-Structure

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    Lifesy 360
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    Atomic-Structure

    Uploaded by

    Lifesy 360

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 8

    Atomic Structure

    The atom, the fundamental building block of matter, is a fascinating world


    of tiny particles that govern the properties of everything around us. From
    the air we breathe to the water we drink, atoms are the foundation of all
    substances, both solid, liquid, and gas. Despite their incredibly small size
    (about 10−10 meters in diameter), atoms hold the key to understanding the
    behavior of elements and the intricate dance of chemical reactions.
    Why Study Atomic Structure?
    Chemical Reactions Bonding
    Understanding atomic Atomic structure explains why
    structure helps us unravel the some elements readily combine
    mysteries of how atoms while others resist, revealing
    interact to form new the secrets behind the
    substances, leading to the formation of molecules and
    creation of new materials and compounds.
    technologies.

    Periodic Trends
    The periodic table, a cornerstone of chemistry, is a direct
    consequence of atomic structure, revealing patterns and relationships
    between elements.
    Dalton's Atomic Theory: The
    First Step

    1 Indivisible Particles
    Dalton proposed that matter is composed of tiny,
    indivisible particles called atoms, laying the foundation for
    modern atomic theory.

    2 Identical Atoms
    Dalton believed that atoms of a specific element are
    identical in mass and properties, a concept that later
    proved to be more complex.

    3 Fixed Ratios
    Dalton's theory stated that compounds are formed when
    atoms combine in fixed whole-number ratios, explaining
    the consistent composition of chemical substances.

    4 Rearrangement of Atoms
    Dalton proposed that chemical reactions involve the
    rearrangement of atoms, but not their creation or
    destruction, a fundamental principle of chemistry.
    Thomson's Plum Pudding Model: A Step Towards the
    Nucleus
    Discovery of Electrons Model Description Limitations

    Thomson's cathode ray experiments Thomson envisioned the atom as a Thomson's model failed to explain the
    revealed that atoms are not indivisible sphere of positive charge with presence of a dense nucleus and the
    but contain negatively charged negatively charged electrons stability of atoms, paving the way for
    particles, now known as electrons. embedded randomly, like plums in a further discoveries.
    pudding.
    Rutherford's Nuclear Model:
    Unveiling the Nucleus
    Gold Foil Experiment
    Rutherford bombarded a thin sheet of gold foil with alpha
    1
    particles, observing that most passed straight through,
    indicating that atoms are mostly empty space.

    Dense Nucleus
    Some alpha particles were deflected at large angles,
    2
    revealing the presence of a dense, positively charged
    nucleus within the atom.

    Key Features
    Rutherford proposed that atoms consist of a small, dense
    3
    nucleus containing protons, with electrons orbiting around
    it.
    Bohr's Model: Quantized
    Energy Levels

    1 Energy Levels 2 Specific Energy


    Bohr refined Rutherford's Each shell has a specific
    model by introducing energy energy level, and electrons
    levels for electrons, can only exist in these
    suggesting that electrons discrete energy states.
    orbit the nucleus in fixed
    paths or shells.

    3 Energy Absorption and 4 Achievements


    Emission Bohr's model successfully
    Bohr's model explained that explained the emission
    energy is absorbed or spectrum of hydrogen, a
    emitted when electrons significant breakthrough in
    move between shells, leading understanding atomic
    to the emission of light at behavior.
    specific wavelengths.
    Subatomic Particles: The Building Blocks of Atoms
    Particle Symbol Location Charge Mass

    Proton + Nucleus +1 1 amu

    Neutron 0 Nucleus 0 1 amu

    Electron − Outside nucleus −1 1/1836 amu


    Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes

    Atomic Number (Z) Mass Number (A) Isotopes


    The number of protons in an atom, The total number of protons and Atoms of the same element with
    defining the element's identity. neutrons in an atom, representing its different mass numbers due to varying
    mass. numbers of neutrons.

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