PRAVEENKUMAR PROJECT (1)

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
HERITAGE VIDHYALAYA SENIOR

SECONDARY SCHOOL,
KAVARKALPATTY
SESSION 2024-2025
TO DETERMINE THE COMBINED

FOCAL LENGHT OF LENS SYSTEM
BY
NAME:
REG.NO.:
1
CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that the project “To Determine The
Combined Focal Length Of The Lens System” is an original
and genuine investigation work carried out to investigate about
the subject matter and the related data collection and
investigation has been completed solely, sincerely
and satisfactorily by, PRAVEENKUMAR.M of class XII – A
as per the requirement for the CBSE Board Examination for the
year 2024 – 25.
Concerned Teacher Signature : Examiner Signature :
Principal Signature : School Stamp :
2
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am extremely thankful to my Physics teacher, Mrs.

M. Kavitha and our Principal, Mr.P.Sakthivel for
giving me this opportunity to accomplish this
important project on “To determine the combined
focal length of lens system” I am highly obliged and
gratified for their continuous and undying support
and encouragement while this project was being
made, and who helped me to complete this
wonderful and challenging task in the limited
period.
I have learnt a lot while researching on the given
topic for this project. I am thankful to all those,
because of whose support, guidance and
encouragement, this project was possible to
complete.
3
Table of content
 Aim
 Introduction
 Requirements
 Procedure
 Observations
 Calculations
 Precautions
 Sources Of Errors
 Bibliography
 Conclusion
4
AIM
To determine the combined focal length

of one Concave and one convex lenses
separated by a finite distance
5
INTRODUCTION
Many Optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve an
acceptable level of performance. One such possible approach to lens
combination is to consider each image formed by each lens as the object
for the next lens and so on. This is a valid approach, but it is time
consuming and unnecessary.
In various optical instruments, two or more lenses are combined to
1. Increase the magnification of the image,
2. Make the final image erect w.r.t the object,
3. Reduce certain aberrations.
It is much simpler to calculate the effective (combined) focal length and
principal point locations and then use the results in any subsequent
paraxial calculations. Two thin lenses of focal length f1 and f2
respectively which are in closed contact, then the effective focal length
of the combination will be given by
1/F= 1/f1 + 1/f2
And the total magnification of the lens combination will be given by
M = m1 * m2
If the lenses of focal length are separated by a finite distance d, the focal
length F of the equivalent lens is given by
1/F= 1/f1 + 1/f2 - d/f1.f2
6
APPLICATIONS OF COMBINATION OF CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENS
1. CHROMATIC ABBERATION
One common lens aberration is chromatic aberration. Ordinary light is a
mixture of light of many different colours, i.e. wavelengths. Because the
refractive index of glass to light differs according to its colour or wavelength,
the position in which the image is formed differs according to colour, creating
a blurring of colours. This chromatic aberration can be cancelled out by
combining convex and concave lenses of different refractive indices.
2. TELEPHOTO LENSES
Most optical devices make use of not just one lens, but of a combination of
convex and concave lenses. For example, combining a single convex lens
with a single concave lens enables distant objects to be seen in more detail.
This is because the light condensed by the convex lens is once more
refracted into parallel light by the concave lens. This arrangement made
possible the Galilean telescope, named after its 17th century inventor,
Galileo.
Adding a second convex lens to this combination produces a simple
telephoto lens, with the front convex and concave lens serving to magnify
the image, while the rear convex lens condenses it. Adding a further two
pairs of convex/concave lenses and a mechanism for adjusting the distance
between the single convex and concave lenses enables the modification of
magnification over a continuous range. This is how zoom lenses work.
REQUIREMENTS
7
 An optical bench with three uprights (central upright fixed, two
outer uprights with lateral movement)
 One convex lens
 One Concave lens
 Two lens holder
 Two optical needles
 Half metre scale
8
PROCEDURE
 Take one concave and convex lens.
 Find the rough focal length of the two lenses L1(convex) and
L2(concave) individually having focus length of f1 and f2 respectively.
 Keep the lenses in front of the window and obtain a sharp image of the
object placed at infinity.
 Measure the distance between lenses and the image formed with the
help of scale.
 Now find the accurate focal length of two lenses L1 and L2 by using the
experimental setup individually and calculate its focal length reading.
 With left eye closed, see with the right open eye from the other end of
the optical bench. An inverted & enlarged image of the object needle
will be seen. Tip of the image must lie in the middle of the lenses.
 Mount the thick optical needle in the fourth upright near the other end
of the optical bench.
 Adjust the height of the object needle so that its tip is seen in line with
the tip of the image when seen with the right open eye.
 Move the eye towards right. The tips will get separated. The image tip
and the image needle have parallax.
 Remove the parallax tip to tip as described.
 Combine the two lenses together with the help of two lens holder and
find its accurate combine focal length.
9
OBSERVATIONS
Serial Lenses Rough Radius of f=R/2

no. focal curvature(R) (cm)
length(cm)
1. Convex(L1) 9.5 20 10
2. Concave(L2) 8 18 -9
The separation between the two convex lenses = 7.2 cm
CALCULATIONS
1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 - d/f1f2
1/F = 1/10 + 1/(-9) - 7.2/(10)(-9)
1/F = -1/90 + 7.2/90 = 6.2/90
F = 90/6.2 cm
Therefore, F = 14.516 cm
10
PRECAUTIONS
 Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height
as the centre of the lens.
 Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a

distance at least 30cm away from the needle.
 The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only real,
inverted image of it is formed.
SOURCES OF ERROR
 The uprights may not be the vertical.
 Parallax removal may not be perfect.
BIBLOGRAPHY
 Comprehensive Pratical Physics Class XII

 NCERT Physics Part – II
 Experimental Physics
 www.wikipedia.com
11
CONCLUSION
1. The combined focal length of one convex and one

concave lenses having focal length 10 cm and 9 cm
respectively and separated by a distance of 7.2 cm is
14.516 cm.
2. So on combination of the one convex and one concave

lens the effective focal length increases and hence its
effective power decreases.
3. The effective nature of the combined lens system is

converging i.e. convex lens since focal length for the
system comes out to be positive.
12

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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

HERITAGE VIDHYALAYA SENIOR

TO DETERMINE THE COMBINED

Concerned Teacher Signature : Examiner Signature :

Principal Signature : School Stamp :

I am extremely thankful to my Physics teacher, Mrs.

To determine the combined focal length

Serial Lenses Rough Radius of f=R/2

The separation between the two convex lenses = 7.2 cm

 Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a

 The uprights may not be the vertical.

 Parallax removal may not be perfect.

 Comprehensive Pratical Physics Class XII

1. The combined focal length of one convex and one

2. So on combination of the one convex and one concave

3. The effective nature of the combined lens system is

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