Phy Project (XII - I)

Submitted by:
Class: XII-I
Gr.No:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude
and sincere thanks to sir “Mr. Sreejith
SV” for his encouragement and for all
the facilities he provided for this
project work. I sincerely appreciate
this management by taking me into
his fold for which I shall remain
indebted to her. I can’t forget to offer
my sincere thanks to my parents and
my friends who helped me to carry
out this project work successfully and
valuable advice received from them.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that , student of class
XII - I has successfully completed their
Physics project on ''Combination of
Different Lenses'' under the guidance
of Mr.Sreejith SV.
_____________ ____________
Mr. Sreejith SV
INDEX
S.NO CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Application of Combination
of lenses
3. Experiment – Aim
4. Materials Required
5. Theory
6. Formula Used
7. Procedure
8. Observations
9. Calculations
10. Result
11. Precautions
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Many Optical tasks require several lenses in
order to achieve an acceptable level of
performance. One such possible approach to
lens combination is to consider each image
formed by each lens as the object for the
next lens and so on. This is a valid approach,
but it is time consuming and unnecessary.
The various optical instruments, two or more

lens are combined to:-
i. Increase the magnification of the image.
ii. Make the final image erect w.r.t. the
object.
iii. Reduce certain Aberrations.
It is much simpler to calculate the effective
(combined) focal length and principle point
locations and then use the results in any
subsequent paraxial calculations.
APPLICATION OF COMBINATION OF
LENSES
• Photography and Videography:
Zoom Lenses: Compound lenses are often used
in zoom lenses to allow variable focal lengths
without sacrificing image quality.
Prime lenses: Even in prime lenses, compound
designs help in correcting optical aberrations
like chromatic aberration and spherical
aberration, leading to sharper images.
• Microscopy:
Compound lenses are crucial in
microscope objectives to provide high
magnification and resolution, enabling detailed
examination of microscopic structures.
• Telescopes:
Similar to microscopes,
compound lenses in telescopes are used in
objective lenses to gather light effectively and
provide clear, magnified views of distant
celestial objects.
• Eyeglasses and Corrective Optics:
Compound lenses are used in
eyeglasses and other corrective optics to
correct vision problems such as near
sightedness , far sightedness, and
astigmatism.
EXPERIMENT
Aim:
to verify the expression of focal length
of combination of lenses.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
• An optical bench with three uprights(central
upright fixed, two outer upright with
lateral movement).
• Two lens holder
• Two optical needles
• Half meter scale

Theory
• Power of lens
The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the rays passing
through it is called the power of the lens. A lens with a
smaller focal length has greater ability to converge or
diverge the rays passing through it and vice-versa. The
power of the lens is reciprocal of focal length and is given
by the following equation.
𝟏
p=
𝐅(𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬)
the unit of power is diopter (D).

Focal Length and Power of Lens Combination
When two or more lenses are placed in such a way that
they are close to each other, and their principal axes fall
on the same line then the arrangement is called a lens
combination. If f1, f2, f3, …fn be the focal lengths of
individual lenses then f be the focal length of the
combination then
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + +⋯
𝒇 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐 𝒇𝟑 𝒇𝒏
𝟏
Since is equal to power of the lens hence power of
𝒇
combinations of lenses can be given by the following
equation:
P=P1+P2+P3+…..Pn
We have to select second lens such that the combination
of two lenses given a single lens of specified focal length.
FORMULA USED
• Two thin lenses of focal length f 1and
f 2 respectively which are in closed
contact, then effective focal length of
the combination is given by:-
1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2
• And the total magnification of the lens

combination will be given by:
M = m1*m2
• If the lens of focal length are separated

by a small distance f, the focal length F
of the equivalent lens is given by:
1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 – d/f1.f2

PROCEDURE
Selection of appropriate lens
• From the specified focal length of lens f, calculate the
power of the combination of lens, P.
• Select the lens which has power smaller than power of
lens combination
• Calculate the power of unknown convex lens f2, which
is to be used with the lens of known focal length f1 to
obtain a combination of lens of focal length f.
Setting up the Apparatus
• Setup the optical bench on a horizontal table. Place
two uprights on the optical bench and place the lenses
on these uprights
• Adjust the collimator to direct parallel beam of light
along the optical bench
• Position the lenses on the uprights in such a way that
the lenses touch each other
• Keep the combination of lenses between the collimator
and a screen
• Adjust the combination of lenses so that you get a
sharp image of the source of light on the screen.
• Measure the distance between the lens and the screen
. This will give the focal length of the
combination of lenses.
OBSERVATION TABLE
S.NO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CALCULATIONS
RESULT
• The combined focal length of
one convex and one concave
lenses having focal length and
respectively and separated by
a distance of is
• So on combination of the one

convex and one concave lens
the effective focal length
increases and hence its
effective power decreases.
• The effective nature of the

combined lens system is
converging i.e. convex lens
since focal length for the
system comes out to be
positive.
PRECAUTIONS
• Tips of the object and image
needles should lie at the same
height at the N centre of the
lens.
• Parallax should be removed

from tip to tip by keeping eye at
a distance at least30cm away
from the needle.
• The object needle should be

placed at such a distance that
only real, inverted Image of it is
formed.
CONCLUSION
The combination of lenses involves arranging
multiple lenses in optical systems to manipulate
light rays and achieve specific optical effects. When
lenses are in contact, the image formed by the first
lens becomes the object for the second lens, and
so on. The combination of lenses can be replaced
by a single lens with an equivalent focal length,
which forms the image at the same position as the
original combination. The focal length of the
combined lenses can be determined using
formulas that take into account the focal lengths of
the individual lenses and the distance between
them. The combination of lenses has various
applications, such as in cameras, microscopes,
telescopes, magnifying glasses, and optical
instruments. Compound lenses, formed by
combining two or more lenses, are useful in the
formation of instruments like telescopes,
microscopes, and binoculars.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.sciencefare.com
• www.mycbseguide.com
• www.ibphysics.com
• NCERT Class XII Physics

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The various optical instruments, two or more

• Two lens holder

• Two optical needles

• Half meter scale

the unit of power is diopter (D).

• And the total magnification of the lens

• If the lens of focal length are separated

1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 – d/f1.f2

• So on combination of the one

• The effective nature of the

• Parallax should be removed

• The object needle should be

• NCERT Class XII Physics

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