Physics Project

Sri Chaitanya School
Techno Curriculum
2022-2023
Optical Instruments
Physics Project
MOHAMMED ISMAIL | CLASS 12 | CBSE
TABLE OF CONTENT
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Serial.No CONTENT Pg.No
1 Acknowledgement 3
2 Optical Instruments 4
3 Introduction 5
4 Applications 5
5 Microscopes 5-9
6 Telescopes 9-13
7 Conclusion 14
8 Bibliography 15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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First of all, I would like to express my sincere
gratitude and indebtedness to
Mr. Sumedh Reddy Sir, Principal of Sri
Chaitanya College, Nagarbhavi for the constant
guidance and Support for the project.
It is my humble to acknowledge my deep sense of
gratitude to physics teacher’s
Mr.Sumedh Sir
For their valuable support, constant help and
guidance at each and every stage, without which it
wouldn’t have been possible to complete this
project.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Optical instruments are the devices that process

light waves to enhance an image for a clearer
view. The use of optical instruments, such as a
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magnifying lens or any complicated device like a
microscope or telescope, usually makes things
bigger and helps us see in a more detailed manner.
The use of converging lenses makes things appear
larger, and on the other hand, diverging lenses
always give smaller images.
INTRODUCTION
While using a converging lens, it’s important to

remember that if an object is at a larger distance,
then the image is diminished and will be very
nearer to the focal point. While the object keeps on
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moving in the direction of the lens, the image
moves beyond the focal point and enlarges.
When the object is placed at 2F, which is two
times the focal distance from the lens, the image
and object become of the same size. When the
object moves from 2F towards the focal point (F),
its image keeps moving out of the lens and
enlarges till it goes to infinity when the object
reaches the focal point, F.
As the object moves closer to the lens, the image
moves in the direction of the lens from negative
infinity and gets smaller when the object gets
closer to the lens.
APPLICATIONS
There are many devices like telescopes and

microscopes, which use multiple lenses to create
images. Analysing any system having multiple
lenses shows that it works in stages where each
lens forms an image of the object. The original
object will work as the object for the first lens and
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creates an image. This new image will be the
object for the second lens and so on. You can see
this with these examples.
Microscope
A microscope has two converging lenses. This is
because it is easier to get higher magnification
with two lenses rather than just one. Using one
lens can magnify 5 times more and using a second
will magnify 7 times, and you will get an overall
magnification of 35, which is not possible with
one lens. It’s an easy procedure to get
magnification by a factor of 35 with a single lens.
A ray diagram of the microscope arrangement is
given below. Here you can see the image is the
object for the second lens and the image formed by
the second lens is the image that you would see
when you looked through the microscope.
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Microscope
1. Simple Microscope or Magnifying

Glass:
A simple microscope is used for observing
magnified images of tiny objects. It consists
of a converging lens of small focal length. A
virtual, erect and magnified image of the
object is formed at the least distance of
distinct vision from the eye held close to the
lens. That is why the simple microscope is
also called a magnifying glass.
Magnifying power of a simple microscope is
defined as the ratio of the angles subtended
by the image and the object on the eye, when
both are at the least distance of distinct
vision from the eye.
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Magnifying Glass
2. Compound Microscope:
A compound microscope is an optical
instrument used for observing highly
magnified images of tiny objects.
Construction : A compound microscope
consists of two converging lenses (or lens
system); an objective lens O of very small
focal length and short aperture and an eye
piece E of moderate focal length and large
aperture. RAY OPTICS Magnifying power
of a compound microscope is defined as the
ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the
final image to the angle subtended at the eye
by the object, when both the final image and
the object are situated at the least distance of
distinct vision from the eye.
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Compound Microscope
Telescopes
As we use a telescope to view an object that is in a
very distant place, a telescope needs at least two
lenses. The first lens forms a diminished image
that is nearer to its focal point.
This device is designed in a way so that the real
and inverted image formed by the first lens is just
nearer to the second lens than its focal length.
With the help of a magnifying glass, we get an
enlarged image that is virtual. The final image is
then inverted with respect to the object. This
doesn’t really matter with the astronomical
telescope. While observing an object that is on
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earth, we usually prefer a straight image that is
obtained using the third lens.
Refractive Telescope(Astronomical)
1. Astronomical Telescope:
An astronomical telescope is an optical
instrument which is used for observing
distinct image of heavenly bodies like stars,
planets etc. It consists of two lenses (or lens
systems), the objective lens, which is of
large focal length and large aperture and the
eye lens, which has a small focal length and
small aperture. The two lenses are mounted
co-axially at the free ends of the two tubes.
However, in astronomical telescope, final
image being inverted with respect to the
object does not matter, as the astronomical
objects are usually spherical. Magnifying
Power of an astronomical telescope in
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normal adjustment is defined as the ratio of
the angle subtended at the eye by the final
image to the angle subtended at the eye, by
the object directly, when the final image and
the object both lie at infinite distance from
the eye.
Working of an Astronomical Telescope
2. Galilean Telescope: The Galilean or

terrestrial telescope uses a positive objective
and a negative eyepiece. It gives erect
images and is shorter than the astronomical
telescope with the same power. It's angular
magnification is -fo/fe.
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The image below shows parallel rays from
two helium-neon lasers passing through a
Galilean telescope made from an objective
with f=30cm and an eyepiece with f=-10cm.
With the lenses placed 20 cm = fo+fe apart,

the parallel input rays are rendered parallel
again by the eyepiece lens, giving an image
at infinity. This shows one of the uses of
Galilean telescopes.It is useful as a
collimator that takes a large beam of parallel
light and reduces the size of the beam,
keeping the rays parallel. The angular
magnification of this Galilean telescope is 3.
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The beams of the helium-neon lasers were
made visible with a spray can of artificial
smoke.
CONCLUSION
Based on the property of reflection and refraction

many optical instruments have been designed to
understand the behaviour of light more better.
Based on the total internal reflection, the
phenomenon like Mirage, Transmission through
optical fibre, and property of Diamonds could be
well understood. Likewise other optical
instruments like microscope, telescope, etc. has
been designed to help in advancement of
technology and research studies.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.byjus.com
 www.toppr.com
 www.track2training.com
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Sri Chaitanya School

MOHAMMED ISMAIL | CLASS 12 | CBSE

Optical instruments are the devices that process

While using a converging lens, it’s important to

There are many devices like telescopes and

1. Simple Microscope or Magnifying

Working of an Astronomical Telescope

2. Galilean Telescope: The Galilean or

With the lenses placed 20 cm = fo+fe apart,

Based on the property of reflection and refraction

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