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    pyq4 digital

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    pyq4 digital

    Uploaded by

    Sid1
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    3 views6 pages

    pyq4 digital

    Uploaded by

    Sid1

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Q1: Attempt any five

    a) Define bit rate:

     The bit rate is the number of bits transmitted per second in a


    communication system.
     Measured in bits per second (bps).
     For example, a system transmitting 1000 bits per second has a bit rate
    of 1 kbps.

    b) What is modulation?

     Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal's properties


    (amplitude, frequency, or phase) in proportion to the information
    signal.
     Types:
    o Amplitude Modulation (AM)
    o Frequency Modulation (FM)
    o Phase Modulation (PM)

    c) What is TDMA?

     Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a communication technique


    that divides the frequency channel into time slots.
     Each user is allocated a specific time slot to transmit data, avoiding
    interference.
     Applications: GSM mobile communication systems.

    d) How many voice channels are multiplexed together in the basic group of FDM?

     In Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), 12 voice channels are


    multiplexed together to form the basic group.

    e) What is MAN?
     MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a network that spans a city or a
    large campus.
     It is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
     Examples: Cable TV networks, citywide internet services.

    f) In which topology are networking devices connected together at a center point?

     Star topology: In this topology, all devices are connected to a central


    hub or switch.

    Q2: Answer the following

    a) Explain with block diagram electronic communication system:

    1. Components:
    o Transmitter: Converts the input signal (voice/data) into a
    transmittable format.
    o Channel: Medium through which the signal travels (e.g., air,
    cable).
    o Receiver: Recovers the original signal from the transmitted
    signal.
    o Noise: Any unwanted signal that affects the communication
    process.

    2. Diagram:
    [Draw a block diagram with Transmitter, Channel, Receiver, and Noise clearly labeled.]

    b) Differentiate between Asynchronous and Synchronous transmission:

    Asynchronous Synchronous
    Aspect
    Transmission Transmission

    Requires a common clock


    Timing No common clock signal.
    signal.

    Data sent in small Data sent as a continuous


    Data Units
    packets. stream.

    Start/Stop Start and Stop bits are No start/stop bits.


    Asynchronous Synchronous
    Aspect
    Transmission Transmission

    Bits used.

    Speed Slower due to extra bits. Faster as it avoids extra bits.

    Example Email transmission. Video streaming.

    Q3: Answer the following

    a) Explain QPSK modulator:

     Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a digital modulation


    technique.
     It encodes two bits per symbol by shifting the phase of the carrier
    wave to one of four values (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°).
     Advantages:
    o Efficient bandwidth usage.
    o High data rate compared to BPSK.

    b) Give any five features of FDMA:

    1. Each user is assigned a unique frequency channel.


    2. Suitable for analog and digital signals.
    3. No synchronization required between users.
    4. Simple implementation.
    5. Used in radio broadcasting and satellite communication.

    Q4: Answer the following

    a) Explain FDM technique used in communication systems:

     Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) divides the total bandwidth into


    smaller frequency bands.
     Each user occupies a unique frequency band for simultaneous
    communication.
     Applications:
    o Telephony
    o Cable TV systems
    b) What is networking devices? Explain router and hub:

     Networking devices: Hardware components used to connect,


    manage, and transfer data between computers or networks.

    1. Router:
    o Operates at Layer 3 (Network Layer) of the OSI model.
    o Directs data packets between networks.
    o Determines the best path for data transfer.

    2. Hub:
    o Operates at Layer 1 (Physical Layer).
    o Broadcasts data to all connected devices.
    o Does not differentiate between devices, leading to possible data
    collisions.

    Q5: Write short notes on any four of the following


    a) Modulation Index

     The modulation index indicates the extent of modulation in a signal. It


    is the ratio of the change in amplitude, frequency, or phase of the
    modulated signal to the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier
    signal.
     In Amplitude Modulation (AM): m=Am/Ac ,Where Am is the
    maximum amplitude of the message signal and Ac is the carrier
    amplitude.
     In Frequency Modulation (FM): m=Δf/fm , Where Δ f is the
    frequency deviation, and fm is the maximum frequency of the
    modulating signal.
     Importance:
    o m>1m > 1: Overmodulation (causes distortion).
    o m=1m = 1: Full modulation (optimal).
    o m<1m < 1: Undermodulation (signal is weak).

    b) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)

     Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a method of spread-


    spectrum communication where the transmitted signal is spread across
    a wider bandwidth.
     How It Works:
    o The data signal is multiplied by a pseudo-random noise code,
    spreading it over a wide frequency range.
    o At the receiver, the same code is used to de-spread the signal
    and recover the data.
     Features:

    1. Reduces interference and noise.


    2. Provides security, as unauthorized users cannot easily decode
    the signal.
    3. Widely used in CDMA and Wi-Fi systems.

    c) Ring Topology

     A type of network topology in which each device is connected to two


    other devices, forming a circular structure.
     Data travels in a single direction (unidirectional) or both directions
    (bidirectional).
     Advantages:
    1. Easy to set up and troubleshoot.
    2. Equal opportunity for all devices to access the network.
    3. Prevents collision by following token-passing protocol.
     Disadvantages:
    1. Failure in one device disrupts the entire network.
    2. Adding or removing devices is complex.

    d) CSMA Protocol

    Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a network protocol used to reduce collisions in
    shared communication channels.

     Types:
    1. CSMA/CD (Collision Detection):
     Used in wired networks like Ethernet.
     Devices sense the channel before transmitting data and
    detect collisions to resend data.
    2. CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance):
     Used in wireless networks.
     Devices check if the channel is free before transmitting to
    avoid collisions.

     Advantages:

    o Reduces data collisions.


    o Improves network performance.

    e) Types of Noise

    Noise is any unwanted signal that interferes with communication.

     Internal Noise:
    1. Thermal Noise: Caused by the random motion of electrons in a
    conductor.
    2. Shot Noise: Due to the random arrival of electrons at a junction.
     External Noise:
    1. Atmospheric Noise: Caused by natural phenomena like
    lightning.
    2. Man-Made Noise: Generated by electrical devices like motors
    and appliances.
     Effects: Noise degrades signal quality and can cause communication
    errors.

    f) Networking Device: Switch

     A network switch is a device that connects multiple devices in a LAN


    (Local Area Network) and uses MAC addresses to forward data to the
    correct device.
     Features:
    1. Operates at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
    2. Reduces network congestion by sending data only to the
    intended recipient.
    3. Supports VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) for network
    segmentation.
     Advantages:
    1. Efficient data transfer.
    2. Enhances security through VLANs.
    3. Scalable for large networks.

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