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InformatIon teCHnology
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Due:It DePartment

for:abebeCH agonafer Date: 02/04/2017

unguIDeD (wIreless)meDIa
Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physicalconductor. This type ofcommunication

is often referred to as wirelesscommunication. Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are

available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them.

Unguided signals can travel from a given source to its destination in severalways: ground propagation, sky

propagation and line-of-sight propagation. In-ground propagation, radio waves travel through the lowest portion

of the atmosphere, hugging the earth. These low-frequency signals emanate in all directions from the

transmitting antenna and follow the curvature of the planet.Distance depends on the amount of power in the

signal. The greater the power,the greater the distance will be.

In sky propagation, higher-frequency radio waves radiate upward into the

ionosphere (the layer of the atmosphere where particles exist as ions) where they
are reflected on earth. This type of transmission allows for greater distances with

lower output power.

In line-of-sight propagation, very high-frequency signals are transmitted in straight lines directly from antenna to

antenna. Antennas must be directional, facing each other and either tall enough or close enough together not to

be affected by the curvature of the earth. Line-of-sight propagation is tricky because radio transmissions cannot

be completely focused.

a. Radio Waves

Although there is no clear-cut demarcation between radio waves and microwaves,electromagnetic waves

ranging in frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 GHz arenormally called radio waves; waves ranging in frequencies

between 1 and 300GHz are called microwaves. However, the behavior of the waves, rather than the

frequencies, is a better criterion for classification. Radio waves, for most parts, are omnidirectional. When an

antenna transmits radio waves, they are propagated in all directions. This means that the sending and receiving

antennas do not have to be aligned. A sending antenna sends waves that can be received by any receiving

antenna. The omnidirectional property has a disadvantage too. The radio waves transmitted by one antenna are

susceptible to interference by another antenna that may send signals using the same frequency or band. Radio

waves, particularly those that propagate in the sky mode, can travel long distances. This makes radio waves a

good candidate for long-distance broadcasting such as AM radio.

Omnidirectional Antenna

Radio waves use omnidirectional antennas that send out signals in all directions.Based on the wavelength,

strength and purpose of transmission, we can have several types of antennas.

The omnidirectional characteristics of radio waves make them useful for multicasting, in which there is one

sender but many receivers. AM and FMradio, television, maritime radio, cordless phones and paging are

examples of multicasting.

b. Microwaves

A microwave is a line-of-sight wireless communication technology that uses high-frequency beams of radio

waves to provide high-speed wireless connections that can send and receive voice, video and data information.

Microwaves are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits microwaves, it can be narrowly focused. This means

that the sending and the receiving antennas need to be aligned. The unidirectional property has an obvious

advantage. A pair of antennas can be aligned without interfering with another pair of aligned antennas.

Unidirectional Antenna

Microwaves need unidirectional antennas that send out signals in one direction.Two types of antennas are used

for microwave communications: parabolic dish and horn

A parabolic dish antenna is based on the geometry of the parabola where every line is parallel to the line of

symmetry (line of sight).the curve at angles such that all the lines intersect in a common point called the focus.

The parabolic dish works as a funnel, catching a wide range of waves and directing them to a common point.

More of the signal is recovered in this way than a single-point receiver.

In microwave communications, line-of-sight devices must be placed inrelatively high locations. Information is

converted to a microwave signal, sent through the air to a receiver, and recovered. A horn antenna looks like a

gigantic scoop. Outgoing transmissions are broadcast up a stem (resembling a handle) and deflected outward in

a series of narrow parallel beams by the curved head. Received transmissions are collected

by the scooped shape of the horn, like the parabolic dish, and are deflected downinto the stem.Applications of

Microwave Technologies Microwaves, due to their unidirectional properties, are very useful when unicast(one-

to-one) communication is needed between the sender and the receiver. They are used in cellular phones,

satellite networks and wireless LANs (which will be discussed in the next sections of this unit).

c. Infrared Waves

Infrared, which is sometimes called infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than

those of visible lights. It is therefore invisible to the human eye. For example, you use infrared light waves to

change channels on your TV.

summery

**Unguided media**, also known as wireless transmission, refers to communication methods that transmit data

through the air or space without using physical connectors like cables or optical fibers. Instead, data is

transmitted using electromagnetic waves. Here are the key points:

### **Types of Unguided Media:**

1. **Radio Waves**: Used for broadcasting (radio, TV) and wireless networking (Wi-Fi).

2. **Microwaves**: Used for point-to-point communication links, satellite communications, and wireless

broadband.

3. **Infrared**: Used for short-range communication such as remote controls and some wireless devices.
### **Characteristics:**

- **Wireless Communication**: No need for physical connection, allowing flexible and mobile communication.

- **Frequency Variations**: Different frequencies are used for different applications (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,

mobile networks).

- **Coverage**: Ranges from local (Wi-Fi) to wide-area (satellite communication).

### **Applications:**

- **Wi-Fi**: For local area networks.

- **Bluetooth**: For short-range device communication.

- **Cellular Networks**: For mobile telephony and data services.

### **Advantages:**

- **Mobility**: Enables portable and mobile device connectivity.

- **Flexibility**: Easier to expand and reconfigure compared to wired systems.

- **Cost-Effective**: Reduces the need for extensive cabling infrastructure.

### **Disadvantages:**

- **Interference**: Prone to interference from other signals and obstacles.

- **Security Risks**: Increased vulnerability to eavesdropping and unauthorized access.

- **Weather Sensitivity**: Some wireless signals can be affected by weather conditions.

Unguided media plays a crucial role in modern communication systems, providing essential connectivity for

personal, professional, and industrial use.