Question Bank

Carbohydrate Metabolism
LAQS
1. Enumerate dietary carbohydrates and their sources. Describe how the

dietary carbohydrates are digested in the gastrointestinal tract
2. Define glycolysis , it’s location and end products. Outline the steps of
glycolysis with enzymes catalysing them. Indicate the net ATP yeild in it.
3. Define TCA cycle and explain why it is called a final common

pathway?
4. Briefly outline the steps of TCA cycle pathway explaining how acetyl
CoA is oxidised into CO2 , and H2O
5. Explain the energy yield of oxidation of a molecule of glucose into

TCA cycle.
6. Enumerate the regulatory steps of TCA cycle and explain how it is

regulated.
7. Define gluconeogenesis. Outline the pathway of gluconeogenesis and

explain its metabolic basis giving key reactions.
8. How is glycogen broken down in the body? Explain the hormonal

regulation of the pathway.
9. What is normal fasting plasma Glucose level? How is it regulated?
10. Enumerate the acute & chronic complications of Diabetes mellitus

and briefly describe diabetic ketoacidosis.
11. Explain diabetes mellitus under following headings.

- Defination
- It’s main types
- Characteristic features
- Acute & chronic complications
- Principle of management.
SAQS
1. GLUTS
2. Types of glucose transporters
3. Lactose intolerance
4. ORS
5. Regulatory and commited steps of glycolysis
6. Compare and contrast glucokinase and hexokinase
7. Rapaport- Leubering cycle
8. Significance of 2,3-BPG
9. Lactic acidosis
10. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
11. Malate Aspartate Shuttle
12. Glycerol Phosphate shuttle
13. Amphibolic role of TCA cycle
14. Anapleurotic reaction of TCA cycle
15. Glucose Alanine cycle & it’s significance
16. Cori’s cycle & it’s significance
17. Substrates for gluconeogenesis
18. Glycogenesis
19. Differences between glycogenolysis in Liver & skeletal muscles.
20. Enlist glycogen storage disesaes with their deficient enzymes.
21. Von Girke Disease
22. Significance of HMP shunt pathway
23. Galactosemia
24. Heriditary Fructose intolerance
25. Essential pentosuria
26. Sources & functions of NADPH
27. Metabolism of alcohol
28. Give the criteria (ADA guidelines) for diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.
29. Glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c)
30. Indications & significance of OGTT
31. Gestatinal diabetes mellitus.
Lipid Metabolism
LAQS
1. Name dietary lipids, their sources and describe their digestion in

intestine, highlighting the various enzymes.
2. Briefly describe the absorption of digested lipids and list their fates
3. Describe the steps of β- oxidation and the energy yeild of 1 molecule

of oxidation of palmitic acid.
4. Explain the oxidation of odd chain fatty acid by β- oxidation and the
fate of it’s end products.
5. Name ketone bodies and how are the ketone bodies synthesized &
utilised in our body. Add a note on it’s clinical significance.
6. Define Fatty liver and it’s common causes. Mention the consequences
of untreated fatty liver.
7. Classify lipoproteins. Explain their biological significance.
8. How are endogenously produced Triglycerides transported in plasma?

Explain the transport of them from liver. Indicate the abnormalities
associated with this process.
9. Describr the major steps of synthesis of cholesterol. Name the rate

limiting steps of cholesterol synthesis. Describe the role cholesterol in
Atherosclerosis.
10. Name major lipids present in plasma and identify those directly
related to risk of atherosclerosis. Define hypercholesterolemia, it’s
common causes and role in atherosclerosis
SAQS
1. TAG and it’s role in the body
2. Role of bile salts in lipid digestion
3. Role of different lipases in lipid digestion
4. Products of lipid digestion and their transport
5. Give the sources and fate of acetyl-CoA
6. Define ketosis, ketonemia and ketonuria.
7. Carnitine
8. Refsum disease
9. ω oxidation
10. Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis by de novo pathway.
11. Fatty acid synthase complex
12. Lipotropic factors
13. Hormone sensitive lipase
14. Effect of insulin on lipolysis
15. Role of brown adipose tissue
16. Name the prostaglandins. Enumerate their important biological action
and therapeutic uses.
17. Fish oils are cardioprotective.
18. Alcoholism and fatty liver
19. Hypertriglyceridaemia
20. Brown adipose tissue
21. Apoproteins and their functions
22. Good & bad cholesterol
23. Lipoprotein lipase
24. Reverse cholesterol trasport
25. Familial Hypercholesterolemia
26. Biologically important compounds derived from cholestrerol
27. Functions of cholesterol
28. Enterohepatic circulation of bile salts
29. Lipid profile
30. Lipid storage diseases
Protein Metabolism
LAQS
1. Explain the term transamination. Give suitable examples. What is the

metabolic importance of transaminatiob? What is the clinical application
of transaminase estimation.
2. Describe the reactions of urea cycle. Discuss the interrelation of urea
cycle & citric acid cycle.
3. Describe urea cycle-
- Reactions
- Regulation
- Energetics
- Urea cycle disorders
4. Describe the steps of catabolism of phenylalanine & tyrosine.Explain
clinical manifestations, metabolic defect & management of any one
inborn error associated with it.
SAQS
1. Digestion and absorption of proteins in gastrointestinal tract.

2. Transamination.
3. Deamination reactions.
4. Nitrogen balance.
5. How does the brain detoxify ammonia?
6. Give the sources and uses of one carbon groups.
7. Urea cycle defects.
8. What is uremia? Discuss the diagnostic significance of blood urea.
9. Hyperammonemias.
10. Enlist sources of ammonia.
11. Ammonia is toxic to brain- Explain.
12. Explain the metabolic basis of glucogenic and ketonic amino acids
with examples.
13. Write short note on specialized products derived from glycine.
14. Disorders of glycine metabolism.
15. What is the biochemical basis of homocyDiscuss the diagnostic
significance of creatinine.
16. Which is the better indicator of KFT between urea & creatinine?
Why?
17. Give 4 examples of transmethylation reactions.
18. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a CAD ( Coronary Artery Disorders) risk
factor.
19. Compare & contrast
A) Tyrosine & tryptophan
B) Melanin & Melatonin
20. Imprtant compounds derived from tyrosine.
21. Explain clinical manifestations, metabolic defect & management of
-
- Phenylketonuria
- Alkaptonuria
- Albinism
- Maple syrup urine disease
22. Tyrosinemias
23. Carcinoid syndrome
24. Hartnup’s disease
25. Parkinson’s disease
26. Pheochromocytoma
27. Cystinuria? What test you will do to diagnose homocystinuria?
28. Describe the steps by which creatine is synthesized.What is the
difference between creatine & creatinine?

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Carbohydrate Metabolism

1. Enumerate dietary carbohydrates and their sources. Describe how the

3. Define TCA cycle and explain why it is called a final common

5. Explain the energy yield of oxidation of a molecule of glucose into

6. Enumerate the regulatory steps of TCA cycle and explain how it is

7. Define gluconeogenesis. Outline the pathway of gluconeogenesis and

8. How is glycogen broken down in the body? Explain the hormonal

9. What is normal fasting plasma Glucose level? How is it regulated?

10. Enumerate the acute & chronic complications of Diabetes mellitus

11. Explain diabetes mellitus under following headings.

1. Name dietary lipids, their sources and describe their digestion in

3. Describe the steps of β- oxidation and the energy yeild of 1 molecule

7. Classify lipoproteins. Explain their biological significance.

8. How are endogenously produced Triglycerides transported in plasma?

9. Describr the major steps of synthesis of cholesterol. Name the rate

1. Explain the term transamination. Give suitable examples. What is the

1. Digestion and absorption of proteins in gastrointestinal tract.

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