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    Paper 2

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    Bharath Raj
    This document contains questions for an exam on topics related to biochemistry including heme synthesis and breakdown, nucleic acid chemistry, protein chemistry and metabolism, molecular biology, acid-base balance, cancer biochemistry, organ function tests, free radicals, xenobiotics and detoxification, clinical chemistry, hormones, and water and electrolyte balance. It includes essay questions, short notes, and very short answer questions on these topics.

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    Paper 2

    Uploaded by

    Bharath Raj
    19 views11 pages
    This document contains questions for an exam on topics related to biochemistry including heme synthesis and breakdown, nucleic acid chemistry, protein chemistry and metabolism, molecular biology, acid-base balance, cancer biochemistry, organ function tests, free radicals, xenobiotics and detoxification, clinical chemistry, hormones, and water and electrolyte balance. It includes essay questions, short notes, and very short answer questions on these topics.

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    This document contains questions for an exam on topics related to biochemistry including heme synthesis and breakdown, nucleic acid chemistry, protein chemistry and metabolism, molecular biology, acid-base balance, cancer biochemistry, organ function tests, free radicals, xenobiotics and detoxification, clinical chemistry, hormones, and water and electrolyte balance. It includes essay questions, short notes, and very short answer questions on these topics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    19 views11 pages

    Paper 2

    Uploaded by

    Bharath Raj
    This document contains questions for an exam on topics related to biochemistry including heme synthesis and breakdown, nucleic acid chemistry, protein chemistry and metabolism, molecular biology, acid-base balance, cancer biochemistry, organ function tests, free radicals, xenobiotics and detoxification, clinical chemistry, hormones, and water and electrolyte balance. It includes essay questions, short notes, and very short answer questions on these topics.

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    ACS MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL

    DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
    PAPER – II
    IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
    HEME SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN
    SHORT NOTE
    1. Discuss biochemical alteration seen in blood & urine in different types of
    jaundice.
    2. Vanderberg reaction.
    3. Heme synthesis & its regulation
    4. Neonatal jaundice
    5. What is porphyria? Classify different types of porphyria.
    6. Acute intermittent porphyria
    7. Degradation of heme
    8. Jaundice
    9. Hemoglobinopathies
    10. Structure & function of hemoglobin
    11. Sickle cell hemoglobin
    12. Thalassemias
    13. Oxygen dissociation curve (ODC)

    VERY SHORT ANSWER


    1. Acquired porphyria
    2. Dubin Johnson syndrome
    3. Crigler Najjar syndrome
    4. Gilbert’s syndrome
    5. Rotor syndrome
    6. Bohr effect
    7. Met hemoglobin
    8. Chloride shift
    9. Drug induced hemolyic anemia
    10. Enterohepatic circulation
    NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY

    ESSAY

    1. Give a detailed account on structure and organization of DNA.

    SHORT NOTES

    1. Biologically important nucleotides


    2. Difference between DNA & RNA
    3. Different types of RNA & their functions
    4. De novo synthesis of Purine nucleotides.
    5. De novo synthesis of Pyrimidine nucleotides.
    6. Purine degradation (or) Catabolism of purine nucleotide
    7. Gout – normal values, causes, clinical features & treatment of uric acid.
    8. Mechanism of action of Allopurinol & Probenocid.
    9. Salvage pathway of purines & its importance

    VERY SHORT ANSWERS

    1. Synthetic nucleotide analogs


    2. Ribozyme
    3. Structure of tRNA
    4. Difference between nuclear & mitochondrial DNA
    5. Role of folic acid in purine synthesis.
    6. Source of purine ring ( or) compounds contributing to the formation of
    purine ring.
    7. Source of pyrimidine ring ( or) compounds contributing to the formation of
    pyrimidine ring.
    8. Lesch nyhan syndrome.
    9. Mechanism of action anti cancer drugs (a) methrotrexate,(b) 5- fluorouracil.
    10. Define nucleotides & its function
    11. Orotic aciduria

    PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM


    ESSAY
    1. Classify aminoacids based on side chain, polarity, nutritional significance
    and metabolic fate
    2. Classify proteins with suitable examples
    3. Give a detailed account on structural organization of proteins
    4. Give the detail account on transamination, deamination & detoxification of
    ammonia (Or) Give the detail account on the formation & disposal of ammonia
    (Or) urea cycle & its enzyme defect.
    5. Metabolism of phenylalanine &its associated disorders
    6. Metabolism of tyrosine & its disorders( tyrosinemia, alkaptonuria, albinism)
    7. Metabolism of tryptophan & disorders
    SHORT NOTES
    1. Essential aminoacids
    2. Denaturation of proteins
    3. Precipitation of proteins – techniques used
    4. Secondary structure of proteins
    5. Biologically important peptides
    6. Digestion and absorption of proteins & the disorders associated with it.
    7. Special products from tyrosine
    8. Phenyl ketonuria
    9. Special products from tryptophan
    10. One carbon metabolism.
    11. Special products from glycine.
    12. Transamination
    13. Deamination
    14. Transdeamination
    15. Metabolism of methionine & homocysteine.
    16. Biogenic amines / polyamines / decarboxylation of aminoacid ( refer page no
    147 in Satyanarayana )

    VERY SHORT ANSWERS


    1. Semi – essential aminoacids
    2. Conjugated protein
    3. Isoelectric pH & its importance
    4. Zwitterion
    5. Peptide bond
    6. Structure of Myoglobin
    7. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
    8. Alkaptonuria
    9. Tyrosinemia
    10. Albinism
    11. Methyl malonic aciduria.
    12. Disorders of glycine metabolism.
    13. Serotonin
    14. Source of ammonia.
    15. Mention the normal urea level & BUN level. Add a note on Hepatic coma
    (or) hepatic encephalopathy.
    16. Transmethylation reaction.
    17. SAM ( or) Role of folic acid, B12 in methionine metabolism
    18. Cystinuria/homocystinuria.
    19. Homocysteine (hcy) as risk factor of CVD (or) role of Homocysteine in
    Cardiovascular disease.
    20. Neurotransmitter/ GABA (or) Special products formed from glutamate,
    histidine , arginine

    21. Hartnup’s disease.


    22. Miester cycle

    IMMUNOLOGY

    SHORT NOTES
    1. Types, properties & functions of different classes of Immunoglobulins.

    VERY SHORT ANSWERS


    1. Haptoglobin

    PLASMA PROTEINS
    SHORT NOTES
    1. Function of albumin
    2. Electrophoretic pattern of plasma protein/ liver cirrhosis multiple myeloma ,
    malnutrition / nephrotic syndrome
    3. Transport proteins in plasma

    VERY SHORT ANSWERS


    1. Normal level – total protein, albumin,globulin, A: G ratio
    2. A: G ratio normal value & its clinical significance
    3. Classification of plasma protein based on electrophoretic pattern
    4. Multiple myeloma – clinical features, electrophoretic pattern, biochemical
    findings
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    ESSAY
    1. DNA synthesis (replication) & inhibitors of replication
    2. Transcription – definition, steps, post transcriptional modifications &
    inhibitors in eukaryotes.
    3. Translation – definition , steps, post translational modifications & inhibitors

    SHORT NOTES
    1. DNA damage repair mechanisms.
    2. Xeroderma pigmentosum.
    3. Definition & effects of mutation
    4. Regulation of gene expression
    5. Post transcriptional modification
    6. Genetic code
    7. Types of mutation
    8. Importance & application of recombinant DNA technology
    9. Post translational modification
    10. Function of aminoacyl tRNA synthase
    11. Cell cycle
    12. Okazaki fragments
    13. DNA organisation
    14. PCR & its applications
    15. Replication fork
    16. tRNA structure
    17. Wobble hypothesis
    18. Lac operon
    19. Human genome project
    20. Protein targeting – Signals, defects
    VERY SHORT ANSWERS
    1. Telomeres & telomerase
    2. Translation inhibitors
    3. Blotting techniques
    4. RFLP
    5. Gene therapy
    6. Genetic counselling
    7. cDNA & genomic library
    8. Mutagens
    9. Restriction endonuclease
    10. Vectors for cloning
    11. Cell cycle.
    12. Okazaki fragments.
    13. Chargaff’s rule
    14. DNA finger printing
    15. DNA sequencing
    16. Microarray
    17. FISH
    18. Transgenic animals
    19. Mutation in sickle cell anemia & chronic myeloid leukemia.
    20. Chaperones
    21. Anticodon
    22. Plasmids
    23. Reverse transcription

    ACID BASE BALANCE


    ESSAY
    1. What is the normal pH of blood? Explain the role of plasma buffers & renal
    mechanism in the maintenance of acid base balance of the body
    2. What is the normal pH of blood? Explain the respiratory mechanism in the
    maintenance of acid base balance of the body
    SHORT NOTES
    1. Respiratory acidosis
    2. Respiratory alkalosis
    3. Metabolic alkalosis
    4. Buffer – definition & types
    5. Metabolic acidosis causes & its compensatory mechanism
    6. Bicarbonate buffer system
    7. Henderson Hasselbach equation

    VERY SHORT ANSWERS


    1. Alkali reserve
    2. Titrable acidity
    3. Anion gap

    BIOCHEMISTRY OF CANCER
    SHORT NOTES
    1. Tumour markers.

    VERY SHORT ANSWERS


    1. Oncogenes
    2. Oncofetal antigen
    3. Tumor suppressor gene
    4. carcinoid tumors
    5. Carcinogenes

    ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS


    SHORT NOTES
    1. Liver function test
    2. Thyroid function test
    3. Renal function test
    VERY SHORT ANSWERS
    1. Urea clearance & its importance
    2. Creatinine clearance & its importance
    3. Renal tubular acidosis
    4. Renal acidification of urine.

    FREE RADICALS
    VERY SHORT ANSWERS
    1. Vitamins with antioxidant property
    2. Glutathione peroxidase & SOD

    XENOBIOTICS AND DETOXIFICATION


    SHORT NOTES
    1. Detoxification – phase 1 & 2

    VERY SHORT ANSWERS


    1. Detoxification by conjugation

    CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
    SHORT NOTES
    1. Principle, types & technique of Chromatography
    2. Principle, types & technique of Electrophoresis

    VERY SHORT ANSWERS


    1. Neonatal screening of inborn errors of metabolism

    HORMONES
    SHORT NOTES
    1. Classification of hormones
    VERY SHORT ANSWERS
    1. cAMP
    2. second messengers

    WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE


    1. Normal level & functions of Sodium. Clinical features of Hypernatremia
    and hyponatremia
    2. Normal level & functions of Potassium. Clinical features of Hyperkalemia
    and hypokalemia
    3. Chloride

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