-by Chanducharsi

Protein Chemistry:
1. Primary structure of proteins.x3
2. Essential amino acids. x2
3. Biologically important peptides. x3
4. Marasmus
5. Structure and function of proteins.
6. Difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. x2
7. Heparin and its importance x2
8. Classification of Amino acids
9. Kwashiorkor
Enzymes:
1. Case of cardiac enzymes x6
2. Early cardiac markers in serum
3. Isoenzymes- definition, examples, utility x4
4. Justify whether serum AST and ALT can be used as early cardiac markers or
not x3
5. Therapeutic utility of enzymes x2
6. Competitive enzyme inhibition and its medical uses x3
7. Coenzymes x2
8. Plasma specific and non specific enzymes and how are the latter useful
9. Role of troponin in diagnosis of AMI.x2
10. Types of enzymes inhibition and applied uses.x2
11. Non-enzyme cardiac markers.
12. Enzyme classification x2
13. Factors affecting enzyme reactions. x3
14. Km value and its significance.
15. Enzymes in Diagnosis of MI and pattern of rise in AMI.
16. Specificity of enzymes
17. Free radical scavenging enzymes
18. Non-competitive enzyme inhibition
19. Enzyme profile for pancreatitis.

Carbohydrates Chemistry:
1. Classification
2. Mucopolysaccharides x4
3. Collagen
4. Chondroitin sulphate
5. Glucose is reducing in nature but sucrose is not. Explain.
6. Digestion, absorption and transport of carbohydrates.
7. Polysaccharides
 8. Difference between insulin and inulin.
Lipid Chemistry:
1. Phospholipidsx2
2. Types and functions x2
3. Lipid digestion and absorption x6
4. Phospholipids having specific roles in lungs.
5. Saturated fatty acids.
6. Low lecithin level leads to RDS. Why?
7. Why are TFA considered to be injurious to health?
8. Odd and even chain fatty acid oxidation.x3
9. Essential fatty acids.
Metabolic Pathways of Glucose:
1. Gluconeogenesis- steps, significance, regulation. x3
2. Significance of HMP shunt pathway.x4
3. Gluconeogenesis from alanine.
4. Regulation of glycogenolysis.
5. TCA cycle is an amphibolic pathway. Comment.
6. Transport mechanism of glucose x3
7. Substances from which succinyl CoA is generated?
8. Energy releasing step of citric acid cycle.
9. Cori cycle x2
10. TCA cycle
11. Fate of acetyl CoA x2
12. Sources of Acetyl CoA.
Regulation of Blood Glucose, Insulin, Diabetes Mellitus:
1. Case of diabetes mellitus x3
2. Describe major types of DM
3. Significance of glyco Hb test x2
4. Polyurea, polydipsia, polyphagia, angiopathy, nephropathy, retinopathy,
neuropathy- definitions.x4
5. GTT x3
6. Insulin is antiketogenic. Comment.
7. Diabetics are at a higher risk of developing atherosclerosis. Comment.
8. Metabolic alterations in acute and chronic complications of DM.x6
9. Essential to maintain Blood glucose level. Comment.
10. Significance of HbA1C x4
11. Metabolic syndrome definition x2
12. Actions of Insulins x2
13. Renal threshold for Glucose
14. Impaired blood glucose level
15. Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level x2
16. Laboratory investigations of suspected DM
Carbohydrate Metabolism:
1. Glycolysis regulation.
 2. Glycolysis and its energetics in aerobic and anaerobic conditions x2
3. Glycogen storage disorders
4. Glycogen metabolism
5. Lactose intolerance
6. One carbon metabolism
7. Function of muscle glycogen and liver glycogen.
Fatty Acid Metabolism:
1. Certain Fatty Acids are essential in diet. Comment.
2. Carnitine is essential for beta oxidation of fatty acids. Comment.x3
3. Beta oxidation of fatty acids, ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. X6
4. Name ketone bodies. Condition characterised by excessive production of
ketone bodies & Metabolic derangement and consequences of ketosis
5. Ketosis and ketogenesis.

Cholesterol and Lipoproteins:

1. Metabolism of various lipoproteins and associated disorders including
atherosclerosis.x6
2. Elevated levels of LDL are injurious to health, Comment
3. Essential fatty acids x2
4. Lecithin
5. What is bad cholesterol and why so? x2
6. Importance of PUFA in cholesterol metabolism
7. Case on Atherosclerosis
8. Risk factors associated with atherosclerosis
9. Hyperlipoproteinemia
10. Importance of HDL.
11. Why does serum appear milky after diet?
Prostaglandins:
1. PGs have different functions in the body. Comment.
2. Thromboxane A2 and Prostacyclin.
3. Prostaglandins short note.
4. Aspirin is useful in prevention of heart attack. Explain.
Amino Acid Metabolism:
1. Enzyme disorders in urea synthesis can cause a toxic state. Comment.
2. Phenylketonuria x4
3. Formation and detoxification of ammonia x2
4. Serotonin has important functions in the body. Comment.
5. Deficiency of methionine leading to fatty liver. Comment.
6. Urea cycle x2
7. Alkaptonuria x2
8. Transamination reaction
9. Homocystinuria
10. Important compound derived from tyrosine x3
11. Why is ammonia toxic to the brain?
 12. Trans deamination reaction
13. Special products of tryptophan
14. Case on uraemia
15. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for CVD
16. Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.
ETC:
1. Inhibitor of ETC
2. Component of ETC x3
Heme and Hemoglobin:
1. HbF is replaced by HbA in the first few weeks of life. Comment.
2. Hemoglobinopathies in thalassaemias.x4
3. Types of Jaundice and their Diagnosis.x3
4. G6PD deficiency can cause haemolytic disease. Commentx2
5. Conjugation of bilirubin is of great significance. Comment. x2
6. Thalassaemia may be of two types. Comment.x2
7. Sickle Cell anaemia/ disease x4
8. Case on jaundice.
9. Vanden Bergh test. x2
10. Formation and fate of Urobilinogen.
11. Free bilirubin is not water insoluble. Comment.
12. Diagnostic utility of serum G6PD
13. Oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin.
14. G6PD can have different fates. Comment.
15. Jaundice short note. x3
16. Serum Bilirubin estimation method
17. Role of 2,3-BPG in high altitude. x2
18. How many molecules of O2 can bind with Hb?
19. Hyperbilirubinemia
20. Hepatic and metabolic disorders.
21. Why should bilirubin be protected from light?
22. Bilirubin synthesis x2
23. Hemoglobin degradation and metabolic disorders.
LFT, RFT:
1. Diagnostic use of serum lipase and amylase
2. Fatty liver x5
3. Diagnostic use of serum enzymes in jaundice
4. Serum creatinine and urea serve as renal function tests, comment
5. Gamma glutamyl transferase
6. Inulin Clearance test
7. Case on LFT
8. Tests included in RFT
9. Tests included in thyroid function test.
Plasma Proteins:
1. Types, functions and disorders of Plasma Proteins x5
 2. Albumin has transport functions also. Comment
3. Functions of Plasma albumin x3
4. Prothrombin time and its clinical utility.
5. Albumin globulin ratio is reversed in which condition?
6. Cause of hypoalbuminemia
7. Alpha 1 antitrypsin x2
Acid Base balance:
1. Blood buffers x4
2. Maintenance of acid base balance in the body x2
3. Case on acid-base imbalance
4. Anion gap
5. How are non-volatile acids cleared from the body?
6. Acidosis is associated with hyperkalemia. Explain.
7. Role of kidney in acid base disorders, metabolic acidosis.
8. Renal regulation of blood pH.
Vitamins:
1. Ascorbic acid is essential for collagen maturation. Comment. x3
2. Calcitriol has important functions in the body. Comment. x5
3. Retinoids
4. Methyl Folate trap.x3
5. Antioxidant vitamin x4
6. Coenzymes are derived from water soluble vitamins. Comment.
7. Vitamin B1
8. Vitamin A is important for vision. Comment.
9. Vitamin C- Source, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations.
10. Biological role of vitamin K. x2
11. Functions of Vitamin E
12. Functions of Vitamin A x3
13. Function and deficiency manifestation of Vitamin B12 and folic acid.
14. Vitamin D as an enzyme.
15. Sources of vitamin B12

Molecular Biology:
1. Plasmids are used as vectors. Comment.x2
2. PCR and its applications.x9
3. Blot techniques x3
4. Gout x3
5. DNA replication, damage, repair mechanism and associated disorders. x6
6. Post Transcriptional changes. x7
7. Telomerase.
8. DNA replication required several enzymes, comment
9. Genetic code is unambiguous but degenerate, Comment
 10. RNA
11. Case on gout x3
12. Preferred drug for gout and its mechanism of action.x2
13. Different forms of uric acid and their clinical significance.
14. Nucleoside analogs can be employed as anticancer agents. Comment.
15. Vitamin K in post translational modification.
16. Alcohol is bad for patients of gout. Comment.
17. Tumor marker x2
18. What is a codon? x3
19. Gene therapy x3
20. Structure of DNA
21. Nucleotides
22. Stop codons
23. Enzymes in protein translation
24. Purine salvage pathways.
25. Topoisomerase function
26. Mutation, mutagens, point mutation, frameshift mutation
27. Recombinant DNA technology, applications of the technique.
28. HGPRTase deficiency may cause hyperuricemia. Comment.

Minerals:
1. Blood calcium level and calcium homeostasis.x2
2. Iron absorption
3. Iron metabolism x2
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
1. IgG
2. SCID- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.
3. Enumerate different Igs & Describe the structure and compare salient features
of different classes.x2

Miscellaneous
1. BMR and factors affecting BMR
2. Mitochondria is the powerhouse of cell. Comment
3. Cell membrane structure.
4. Balanced diet x2
5. Free radicals and associated diseases x2
6. Specific dynamic action.
7. Biochemical aspect of cancer.