DCN Unit 2 (1)

UNIT 2 DCN
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ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS SEPARATELY IN DETAIL

"Q1. State and explain with a neat diagram guided transmission media?
Q2. State and explain with a neat diagram unguided transmission media?
Q3. Compare coaxial cable, optical fibre, and twisted pair cables in terms of speed, cost, and
use cases.
Q4. Explain Broadband standards: Cable modem, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Hybrid
Fiber – Coaxial HFC?
Q5. State and explain different types networking hardware?
Q6. Explain the functionality and usage of bridges? Explain Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,
Ethernet Mac Sub layer, data link layer switching & use of bridges?"
ChatGPT said:
Here are the detailed answers to your questions:
Q1. State and explain with a neat diagram guided transmission media.
Guided Transmission Media refers to transmission systems that use a physical path for the
transmission of data. This type of media confines the signals within a solid medium such as cables or
wires. Guided transmission media includes three main types: Twisted Pair Cable, Coaxial Cable, and
Optical Fiber.
Types of Guided Transmission Media:
1. Twisted Pair Cable:

Consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together.
Used extensively in telephone networks and local area networks (LANs).
Low cost and easy installation but has limited bandwidth and is susceptible to
electromagnetic interference.
2. Coaxial Cable:
Consists of a central copper conductor, an insulating layer, a metallic shield, and an outer
insulating layer.
Provides higher bandwidth than twisted pair cables.
Used in cable television networks, internet services, and long-distance telephone
transmission.
3. Optical Fiber:
Uses light pulses to transmit data.
Offers very high data transmission rates, large bandwidth, and is immune to
electromagnetic interference.
Used in high-speed internet connections, cable television, and telecommunications.
Printed using Save ChatGPT as PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 1/4
Diagram of Guided Transmission Media:
Twisted Pair Cable:

Coaxial Cable:
Optical Fiber:
Q2. State and explain with a neat diagram unguided transmission media.
Unguided Transmission Media refers to transmission systems that transmit data without using a
physical medium. It uses electromagnetic waves to transmit data through the air, vacuum, or water.
Unguided media can cover larger areas and are ideal for wireless communication.
Types of Unguided Transmission Media:
1. Radio Waves:
Used for short and medium-range wireless communications such as mobile phones, Wi-Fi,
and radio broadcasting.
Can penetrate through buildings and obstacles but are subject to interference.
2. Microwaves:
Used for point-to-point communication and satellite communications.
Requires line-of-sight transmission; affected by weather conditions and obstacles.
3. Infrared Waves:
Used for short-range communication such as remote controls and certain wireless devices.
Cannot penetrate through walls or obstacles and is susceptible to environmental
interference.
Diagram of Unguided Transmission Media:
Radio Waves:
Microwaves:
Infrared Waves:
Q3. Compare coaxial cable, optical fibre, and twisted pair cables in terms of speed,
cost, and use cases.
Feature Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber Twisted Pair Cable
Moderate (up to 10 Very High (up to 100 Gbps and Low to Moderate (up to 100
Speed
Mbps to 1 Gbps) beyond) Mbps to 10 Gbps)
Cost Moderate to High High Low

Cable TV, internet, and High-speed internet, Telephones, LANs, and
Use Cases some local area telecommunications, and cable other low-cost network
networks TV solutions
Better shielding and

Extremely high speed, large Inexpensive and easy to
Advantages higher capacity than
bandwidth, and secure install
twisted pair
Bulkier, less flexible, and Expensive and requires special Susceptible to interference
Disadvantages
moderate cost equipment and distance limitations
Q4. Explain Broadband standards: Cable modem, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), and
Hybrid Fiber – Coaxial (HFC).
1. Cable Modem:
Utilizes the existing coaxial cable television network to provide high-speed internet access.
Allows simultaneous use of internet and cable TV.
Supports speeds from 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
Suitable for home and small business users.
2. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL):
Uses existing telephone lines to provide high-speed internet.

Different types include ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), SDSL (Symmetric DSL), and VDSL (Very-high-bit-
rate DSL).
Offers varying speeds, typically ranging from 1 Mbps to 100 Mbps.
Commonly used in residential and small office setups.
3. Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC):
Combines fiber optic and coaxial cables to provide broadband services.

Uses fiber optic cables for long-distance transmission and coaxial cables for the "last mile" to
homes and businesses.
Supports high speeds, usually above 100 Mbps to several Gbps.
Used by ISPs to deliver internet, television, and voice services.
Q5. State and explain different types of networking hardware.
1. Router:
Connects multiple networks and directs data packets between them.
Used in homes and businesses to connect to the internet.
2. Switch:
Connects multiple devices on a single network, typically within the same building.
Operates at the data link layer and uses MAC addresses to forward data.
3. Hub:
A basic networking device that connects multiple Ethernet devices.
Transmits data to all devices on the network, leading to possible congestion.
4. Bridge:
Connects two or more separate networks and forwards data between them.
Operates at the data link layer and reduces traffic by filtering.
5. Modem:
Converts digital data from a computer to analog for transmission over telephone lines and
vice versa.
Required for internet access through telephone lines.
6. Access Point:
Extends wireless coverage of a network by acting as a transmitter and receiver.
Commonly used in Wi-Fi networks to provide wireless internet access.
7. Network Interface Card (NIC):
A hardware component that allows a computer to connect to a network.
Can be wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi).
Q6. Explain the functionality and usage of bridges? Explain Ethernet, Gigabit
Ethernet, Ethernet MAC Sublayer, Data Link Layer Switching & use of bridges?
Bridges:
Functionality: A bridge connects two or more network segments and forwards data between
them, filtering traffic to reduce collisions and improve performance.
Usage: Used in Local Area Networks (LANs) to divide large networks into smaller, manageable
segments, and to connect different network topologies.
Ethernet:
A widely used networking technology for LANs, offering data rates ranging from 10 Mbps
(Ethernet) to 1 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet) and beyond.
Uses a protocol known as CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) for data
transmission.
Gigabit Ethernet:
An extension of Ethernet technology that supports data rates of 1 Gbps.

Provides high-speed network connectivity for servers, workstations, and switches.
Ethernet MAC Sublayer:
The Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer is part of the Data Link Layer responsible for
controlling how devices on a network gain access to the medium and permission to transmit
data.
Handles framing, addressing, and error detection.
Data Link Layer Switching:
Operates at the data link layer to switch data frames between devices on the same network.
Uses MAC addresses to make forwarding decisions, offering improved network performance by
reducing unnecessary traffic.
Use of Bridges:
Bridges are used to extend networks, improve performance by reducing collisions, and connect
different network segments or topologies (e.g., connecting a wireless network to a wired
network).
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UNIT 2 DCN

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS SEPARATELY IN DETAIL

Here are the detailed answers to your questions:

Types of Guided Transmission Media:

1. Twisted Pair Cable:

Twisted Pair Cable:

Types of Unguided Transmission Media:

Diagram of Unguided Transmission Media:

Feature Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber Twisted Pair Cable

Cost Moderate to High High Low

Better shielding and

2. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL):

Uses existing telephone lines to provide high-speed internet.

3. Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC):

Combines fiber optic and coaxial cables to provide broadband services.

Q5. State and explain different types of networking hardware.

An extension of Ethernet technology that supports data rates of 1 Gbps.

Ethernet MAC Sublayer:

Data Link Layer Switching:

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