phy final (1)

ST.
XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL,

MEENAKSHI NAGAR, BERHAMPUR
BERHAMPUR
PHYSICS
PROJECT
Session: 2024-25
Project Title- To find The Refractive Index of
Water, Oil Using a Plane Mirror and A
Equiconvex Lens and An Adjustable Object
Needle.
Submitted by- Tilak Raj Patro
Class-XII
Roll No-
Under the guidance of
Dr. Basanta Kumar

Parida
PGT Physics
Certificate
This is to certify that TILAK RAJ PATRO student of class XII (Science)
has successfully prepared the report on the Project entitled
“To find The Refractive Index of Water, Oil Using a Plane Mirror and
A Equiconvex Lens and An Adjustable Object Needle”
under the guidance of
Dr. Basanta Kumar Parida (PGT Physics).
The report is the result of his/her efforts & endeavours. The report is
found worthy of acceptance as final Project report for the subject
Physics of class XII (Science).
Signature of PGT Physics Signature of External

Examiner
------------------------------ ---------------------------
Signature of Principal
-------------------------
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work
entitled finding The Refractive Index of Water,
Oil Using a Plane Mirror and A Equiconvex Lens
and An Adjustable Object Needle
submitted to St, Xavier High School,

Meenakshinagar, Berhampur, is prepared by
me.
Name :- TILAK RAJ PATRO

Class: XII (Science)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my physics teacher Dr. Basanta
Kumar Parida.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me to finish
this project within the limited time frame.
Finally, I would like to thank everyone without

whose help I could not have completed my
project successfully.
INDEX
 Introduction
 Objective
 Materials Required
 Theory
 Procedure
 Observation
 Calculation
 Results
 Precautions
 Sources of error
INTRODUCION
In optics, the refractive index of an optical medium

is a dimensionless number that indicates the light-
bending ability of that medium.
The refractive index determine shows much the
path of light is bent, or refracted when entering a
material. This is described by Snell's law of
refraction,
N1 sin θ1 = N2 sin θ2
where θ1 and θ2 are the angles of incidence and
refraction, respectively, of a ray crossing the
interface between two media with refractive indices
N1 and N2.
OBJECTIVE
To find the refractive index of water, oil

using a plane mirror rand an
equiconvex lens and an adjustable
object needle
MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Convex lens
 Plane mirror
 Water
 Oil
 Clamp stand
 Optical needle
 Plumb line
 Knitting needle
 Half meter scale
 Glass slab
 spherometer
THEORY
If f1 and f2 be the focal length of glass convex

lens and liquid lens and F be the focal length
of their combination then
Liquid lens formed is a plano concave lens

with R1= R(radius of curvature of convex lens
surface), R2 =∞
Where,
n=Refractive index of the liquid
R=The radius of the curvature of the convex
lens.
The radius of the lower surface of the convex

lens is given by :
Here, l is the average distance between the

legs of the spherometer and h is the
difference in the reading of the
spherometer when placed first on the
convex lens and the non plane mirror.
PROCEDURE
 For focal length of convex lens :-
1) Take any one convex lens and and
its rough focal length.
2) Take a plane mirror and place it on
the horizontal base of the iron stand.
3) Place the convex lens on the plane
mirror.
4) Screw tight the optical needle in
the clamp of the standard hold it
horizontally above the lens at distance
equal to its rough focal length.
5) Bring the top of the needle at the
vertical principal axis of the lens, so
that tip of the needle appears touching
the top of its image.
6) Move the needle up and down and
remove parallax between tips of the
needle and its image.
7) Measure distance between tip and
upper surface of the lens by using a
plumb line and half meter scale.
8) Also measure distance between tip
and the surface of its plane mirror.
 For focal length of the combination :-

1) Take a few drops of transparent
liquid on the plane mirror and put the
convex lens over it with its same face
above as before (A piano concave
liquid lens is formed between plane
mirror and convex lens).
2) Repeat step 6,7 and 8.
3) Record your observations as given
below.
 For radius of curvature of convex lens :-

1) Determine the pitch and the
least count of the spherometer.
2) Remove the convex lens and dry
incompletely. Put the spherometer
on this lens surface.
3) All the three legs of the
spherometer should be placed
symmetrically on the lens and
adjust the central screw tip to touch
the surface of the lens.
4) Remove the spherometer from
the surface of the lens and place on
the plane mirror surface and record
the reading.
5) Repeat the step 10 and 11 three
times.
6) Obtain the impressions of the
three legs of the spherometer on a
paper and mark them and their
average distance.
OBSERVATION
Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm
Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
1) AB = 3 cm
2) BC = 3 cm
3) CA = 3 cm
Table for calculation of ‘h’

To measure focal length ‘f’ of convex lens
CALCULATION
 Mean distance between two legs :-
L=(AB+BC+CA)/3 = 3 cm
 Mean of h :-
=(0.555+0.6)/2 = 0.5775 cm
 To find the radius of the curvature of the
convex lens:-
R = l2/6h + h/2 = 2.8861 cm
 Measurement of refractive index of water
and oil :-
1. With water between the convex lens
and the plane mirror -
µ1 = 1+R/f2 = 1+2.8861/34.7 =
1.0831
2. With oil between the convex lens and

plane mirror –
µ2 = 1+R/f2 = 1+2.8861/10 = 1.2889
CONCLUSION
 The refractive index of

water(µ1) is = 1.0831
 The refractive index of

oil(µ2) is =1.2886
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Help from Internet

2) Help from teachers
3) NCERT textbook
4) NCERT lab manual
5) www.google.com
6) www.scribd.com
7) www.wikipedia.com
THANK YOU

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ST.

XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL,

Dr. Basanta Kumar

has successfully prepared the report on the Project entitled

A Equiconvex Lens and An Adjustable Object Needle”

under the guidance of

Dr. Basanta Kumar Parida (PGT Physics).

found worthy of acceptance as final Project report for the subject

Physics of class XII (Science).

Signature of PGT Physics Signature of External

entitled finding The Refractive Index of Water,

Oil Using a Plane Mirror and A Equiconvex Lens

and An Adjustable Object Needle

submitted to St, Xavier High School,

Name :- TILAK RAJ PATRO

I would like to express my special thanks of

Secondly, I would also like to thank my

Finally, I would like to thank everyone without

In optics, the refractive index of an optical medium

To find the refractive index of water, oil

If f1 and f2 be the focal length of glass convex

Liquid lens formed is a plano concave lens

The radius of the lower surface of the convex

Here, l is the average distance between the

 For focal length of the combination :-

 For radius of curvature of convex lens :-

Table for calculation of ‘h’

2. With oil between the convex lens and

 The refractive index of

 The refractive index of

1) Help from Internet

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