Kavanad Big Bang

KAVANAD, KOLLAM -691003
(Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education. New Delhi)
Affiliation No: 930823
PHYSICS PROJECT
NAME OF THE STUDENT :

CLASS :
CBSE ROLL NO. :
CBSE REG NO. :
YEAR OF STUDY :
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that has successfully completed his

project on the topic “To find the refractive indices of
(a) Water (b) Oil (transparent) using a plane mirror,
an equiconvex lens (made from the glass of known
refractive index) and an adjustable object needle” as
per the guidelines given by the Central Board of Secondary
Education.He has taken interest and has shown at most sincerity
in completion of this project.
I certify this Project up to my expectation & as per guidelines issued

by CBSE, NEW DELHI.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep sense of thanks and

gratitude to my project guide and teacher Mrs. Lekshmi
Manikandan for guiding me immensely through the course
of the project . She always kept an interest in my work .
Her constructive advice and constant motivation has been
responsible for the completion of this project.
My sincere thanks goes to our principal Mrs. Shyamala lal

for her coordination in extending every possible support
for the completion of this project.
I thank my parents for their motivation and support . I

must thank my classmates for the timely help and support
for the completion of this project.
INDEX
 INTRODUCTION
 AIM
 MATERIAL REQUIRED
 DIAGRAM
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 CALCULATIONS
 RESULTS
 PRECAUTIONS
 SOURCES OF ERRORS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index ‘µ’ of an optical medium is a
dimensionless number that describes how light or any other
radiation propagates through that medium. The refractive index
determines how much light is bent or refracted when entering a
material. The refractive indices also determine the amount of
light that is reflected when reaching the interface, as well as the
critical angle for total internal reflection. It varies with the
wavelength of light. The concept of refractive index is widely used
within the full electromagnetic spectrum from x-rays to radio
waves. It can also be used with wave phenomena such as sound.
AIM
To find the refractive indices of

(a) Water
(b) Oil (transparent)
using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from
the glass of
known refractive index) and an adjustable object
needle
MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Convex lens
 Plane Mirror
 Water
 Oil
 Clamp stand
 An Optical needle
 Plum line
 Knitting needle
 Half meter scale
 Glass Slab
 Spherometer
DIAGRAM
THEORY
1. If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex lens and liquid
lens and f be the focal length of their combination then
2. Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with R1=R and R2=∞

then by using lens make’s formula
Where,
µ= Refractive index of the liquid
R= the radius of the curvature of the convex lens.
3. The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by:
Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer

and h is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when
placed first on the convex lens and then on plane mirror.
PROCEDURE
For focal length of convex lens:
1) Find the rough focal length of the convex lens.

2) Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and
then a convex lens on the plane mirror.
3) Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the
stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and
its image.
4) Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by
using a plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance
between tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the
mean of the two readings. This means distance will be equal to the
focal length of the convex lens (f1).
For focal length of the combination.
5) Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the convex
lens over it with its same face above as before. The water spreads
in a form of layer and acts like a Plano-concave lens.
6) Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent focal length
of the combination.
7) Record the observation.
8) Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid (oil).
For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:
9) Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer.
10) Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the
spherometer on this lens surface.
11) All the three legs of the spherometer should be placed
symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw tip to
touch
the surface of the lens.
12) Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens and
place on the plane mirror surface and record the reading.
13) Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
14) Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the spherometer
on a paper and mark them and their average distance.
OBSERVATION
Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm

Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs :
1. AB = 3 cm
2. BC = 3 cm
3. CA = 3 cm
CALCULATION
 Mean distance between two legs
 Mean of h
 To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:
 Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil

1) With water between the convex lens and plane mirror
2) With water between the convex lens and plane mirror

PRECAUTIONS
1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface.

2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle
while
removing the parallax.
5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer should
be
thick.
6. The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.
7. The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one direction
only.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.

2. The parallax may not be fully removed.
3. The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical on the
surface of the convex lens.
4. The tip of the central screw should not just touch the surface of
lens
or mirror.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
➢ NCERT Text Book
➢ NCERT Physics Lab Manual
➢ www.google.com
➢ www.wikipedia.com

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KAVANAD, KOLLAM -691003

(Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education. New Delhi)

Affiliation No: 930823

NAME OF THE STUDENT :

This is to certify that has successfully completed his

I certify this Project up to my expectation & as per guidelines issued

Internal Examiner External Examiner

I would like to express my deep sense of thanks and

My sincere thanks goes to our principal Mrs. Shyamala lal

I thank my parents for their motivation and support . I

To find the refractive indices of

2. Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with R1=R and R2=∞

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer

For focal length of convex lens:

1) Find the rough focal length of the convex lens.

For focal length of the combination.

Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm

 To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:

 Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil

2) With water between the convex lens and plane mirror

1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface.

1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.

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