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    Physics 8

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    Physics 8

    Uploaded by

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    Physics 8

    Uploaded by

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    of 18

    M E L AYANAM B AK K AM

    INVE STIG ATO R Y


    PR O JE C T R E PO R T

    I n p a r t i a l fu l fi l m e n t o f A I S S C E 2 0 2 2 - 2 0 2 3
    p h y sics p r oject

    A PR O JE C T R E PO R T O N

    T o fi n d t h e r e fr a c t i v e i n d e x o f w a t e r , o i l
    u si n g a p lan e m i r r o r an d an e q u i c o n v e x
    le n s an d an ad ju st ab le o b je c t n e e d le .

    M AD E B Y
    K G .T H A R IN IS H
    C L A S S X II
    CHEENA PUBLIC SCHOOL

    DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

    CERTIFICATE
    This is to certify that Ashish a student of class XII
    has successfully completed the research on the
    below mentioned project under the guidance of Mr
    Amit Yadav during the year 2024-2025 in partial
    fulfillment of physics practical conducted by
    AISSCE as per CBSE.

    PHYSICS TEACHER EXTERNAL EXAMINER


    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    I would like to express my special thanks of
    gratitude to my physics teacher Mr. Amit
    Yadav, as well as our senior principal, and
    Vice principal Sir for providing me with the
    opportunity to work on this beautiful project.
    Secondly, I would also like to thank my
    parents and friends who helped me to finish
    this project within the limited time frame.
    Finally, I would like to thank everyone
    without whose help I could not have
    completed my project successfully.
    INDEX
     Introduction
     Objective

     Materials Required

     Theory

     Procedure

     Observation

     Calculation

     Results

     Precautions

     Sources of error
    INTRODUCTION
    In optics, the refractive index (a.k.a. refraction
    index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless
    number that indicates the light-bending ability of
    that medium.

    The refractive index


    determines how much the
    path of light is bent, or
    refracted when entering a
    material. This is described by Snell's law of
    refraction, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2, where θ1 and θ2
    are the angles of incidence and refraction,
    respectively, of a ray crossing the interface
    between two media with refractive indices n1 and
    n2.
    OBJECTIVE
    To find the refractive index of water, oil using a
    plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and an
    adjustable object needle.
    MATERIAL REQUIRED
     Convex lens
     Plane mirror

     Water

     Oil

     Clamp stand

     An Optical needle

     Plumb line

     Knitting needle

     Half meter scale

     Glass slab

     Spherometer
    THEORY
    If f1 and f2 be the focal length of glass convex
    lens and liquid lens and F be the focal length of
    their combination then,

    Liquid lens formed is a planoconcave lens with R1=


    R (radius of curvature of convex lens surface), R2
    =∞
    Where
    n=Refractive index of the liquid
    R=The radius of the curvature of the convex lens.
    The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens
    is given by:

    Here, l is the average distance


    between the legs of the spherometer and h is the
    difference in the reading of the spherometer when
    placed first on the convex lens and then on plane
    mirror.

    Fig: Focal length of glass convex les and liquid lens


    combination
    PROCEDURE
    For focal length of convex lens
    1. Take any one convex lens and find its rough
    focal length.
    2.Take a plane mirror and place it on the
    horizontal base of the iron stand.
    3.Place the convex lens on the plane mirror.
    4.Screw tight the optical needle in the clamp of the
    stand and hold it horizontally above the lens at
    distance equal to its rough focal length.
    5.Bring the tip of the needle at the vertical
    principal axis of the lens, so that tip of the
    needle appears touching the tip of its image.
    6.Move the needle up and down and remove
    parallax between tips of the needle and its image.
    7.Measure distance between tip and upper surface
    of the lens by using a plumb line and half metre
    scale.
    8.Also measure distance between tip and the
    surface of its plane mirror.
    For focal length of the combination
    1. Take a few drops of transparent liquid on the

    plane mirror and put the convex lens over it


    with its same face above as before (A piano
    concave liquid lens is formed between plane
    mirror and convex lens).
    2. Repeat steps 6, 7 and 8.

    3. Record your observations as given below.

    For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:


    1. Determine the pitch and the least count of the

    spherometer.
    2. Remove the convex lens and dry incompletely.

    Put the spherometer on this lens surface.


    3. All the three legs of the spherometer should be
    placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust
    the central screw tip to touch the surface of
    the lens.
    4. Remove the spherometer from the surface of

    the lens and place on the plane mirror surface


    and record the reading.
    5. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.

    6. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the

    spherometer on a paper and mark them and


    their average distance.
    OBSERVATION
    Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm
    Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
    Distance between the legs:
    (1) AB = 3 cm
    (2) BC = 3 cm
    (3) CA = 3 cm
    CALCULATION
    Mean distance between two legs

    Mean of h
    = (0.555+0.6)/2 =0.5775 cm

    To find the radius of the curvature of the convex lens:


    2
    R = l /6h + h/2 = 2.8861 cm

    Measurement of refractive index of water and oil

    1)with water between the convex lens and the plane


    mirror:
    2) With oil between the convex lens and plane mirror

    RESULTS
    The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.0831
    The refractive index of oil is µ2 = 1.2886
    Precautions
    1.The plane mirror should be clean and fully
    shining surface.
    2.The liquid taken should be transparent.
    3.The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
    4.The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm
    from the needle while removing the parallax.
    5.Only few drops of liquid should be taken so
    that its layer should be thick.
    6.The legs of the spherometer should be
    vertical.
    7.The centre leg of the spherometer should
    turn in one direction only.
    Sources of error

    1.Liquid may not be quite transparent.


    2.The parallax may not be fully removed.
    3.The spherometer legs should be placed
    symmetrical on the surface of the convexlens.
    4.The tip of the central screw should not just
    touch the surface of lens or mirror.

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