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Integration
The table of derivatives

Types of Integration
Integration
Indefinite Definite
Integration Integration
Indefinite Integration
• The process of finding antiderivatives is called indefinite
Integration. We have a particular sign and set of symbols we use
to indicate integration:
� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
• We refer to the left side of the equation as “the indefinite integral

of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) with respect to 𝑥𝑥."
• The function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is called the integrand
• The constant C is called the constant of integration.
• The symbol 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 indicates that we are to integrate with respect to 𝑥𝑥.
We wrote the answer as 𝑥𝑥2 but why + 𝐶𝐶 ?
The derivative of 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒 is 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 , and the derivative

of 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 is also 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐, and so on!
The collection ∫ 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 makes infinitely many functions, so
we can't name them all. We abbreviate the entire collection
by writing
� 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝐶
Properties of Indefinite Integrals
1) ∫ 𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘 ∫ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , where 𝑘𝑘 is any
number.
2) ∫ − 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. This is really
the first property with 𝑘𝑘 = −1.
3) ∫[𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 ]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ± ∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Note that
1) ∫[𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 ]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≠ ∫ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⋅ ∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ∫ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2) ∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≠
∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Examples:
𝑑𝑑
sin 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ � cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
cos 𝑥𝑥 = − sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
⇒ ∫ − sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶

⇒ ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
Examples:
Examples:
Definite Integrals
Given a function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) that is continuous on the
interval [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] . Then the definite integral
of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) from 𝑎𝑎 to 𝑏𝑏 is
𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛
� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) ∆𝑥𝑥

𝑛𝑛→∞
𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖=1
The numbers 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are called the limits of integration

with 𝑎𝑎 referred to as the lower limit of integration while 𝑏𝑏 is
referred to as the upper limit of integration.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) is

any antiderivative of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥); then
𝑏𝑏
� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹 𝑏𝑏 − 𝐹𝐹(𝑎𝑎)
𝑎𝑎
• Properties of Definite Integrals
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
1) ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘 ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , where 𝑘𝑘 is any number.
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
2) ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ± ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎
3) ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
4) Change of variable of integration is immaterial as
long as the limits of integration remain the same, i.e.
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡
5) If the limits are interchanged, i.e. the upper limit
becomes the lower limit and vice versa, then
𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎
∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
6) If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is a piecewise continuous function, then the

integral is broken at the points of discontinuity or at
the points where the definition of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) changes, i.e.
𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 0 if 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is odd function
7)∫−𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑎𝑎
2 ∫0 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 if 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is even function
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Integration

The table of derivatives

• We refer to the left side of the equation as “the indefinite integral

The derivative of 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒 is 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 , and the derivative

⇒ ∫ − sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ∫ sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶

� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) ∆𝑥𝑥

The numbers 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are called the limits of integration

If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) is

6) If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is a piecewise continuous function, then the

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