Statics To Frames

Mechanics of Materials 1
Oyelade Akintoye.O.
(PhD)
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department,
University of Lagos.
Content
四个
重要思想
Rigid Bodies:
Plane Pin-
Statics of Equivalent
Introduction
Particles Systems of
Jointed Conclusion
Frames/Trusses
Forces
Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Textbooks
四个
重要思想
Statics and Mechanics of Materials
Ferdinand P. Beer, Ferdinand P. Beer, John T. DeWolf, David F. Mazurek
Examples in Structural Analysis

W.M.C.McKenzie
Structural and Stress Analysis

Jianqiao Ye

Introduction
四个
What is mechanics? 重要思想
Mechanics can be defined as that science which describes

and predicts the conditions of rest or motion of bodies under
the action of forces.
Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering sciences
and is an indispensable prerequisite to their study. However,
it does not have the empiricism found in some engineering
sciences, i.e., it does not rely on experience or observation
alone; by its rigor and the emphasis it places on deductive
reasoning, it resembles mathematics.
It is divided into three parts: mechanics of rigid bodies,

mechanics of deformable bodies, and mechanics of fluids.
Introduction
四个
The mechanics of rigid bodies is sub divided into 重要思想 and
statics
dynamics, the former dealing with bodies at rest, the latter
with bodies in motion.
In this part of the study of mechanics, bodies are assumed
to be perfectly rigid.
The mechanics of deformable bodies, structures and machines,

deform under the loads to which they are subjected.
The third division of mechanics, the mechanics of fluids, is

subdivided into the study of incompressible fluids and of
compressible fluids. An important subdivision of the study
of incompressible fluids is hydraulics, which deals with
problems involving water.
Introduction
Fundamental concepts and principles-Mechanics of rigid
四个
重要思想
bodies
A force is a measure of its tendency to cause a body to move or
translate in the direction of the force. A complete description of a
force includes its magnitude and direction.
In stress analysis, a force can be categorized as either external or

internal. External forces include, for example, applied surface loads,
force of gravity and support reactions, and the internal forces are the
resisting forces generated within loaded structural elements.

Introduction
四个
重要思想
bodies
The moment of a force is a measure of its tendency to cause a body
to rotate about a specific point or axis. In order to develop a moment
about, for example, a specific axis, a force must act such that the
body would begin to twist or bend about the axis.
The magnitude of the moment of a force acting about a point or axis

is directly proportional to the distance of the force from the point or
axis. It is defined as the product of the force and the lever arm.

Introduction
四个
重要思想
bodies
◼ normal force, F, which is perpendicular to the cross-section;

◼ shear force, V, which is parallel to the cross-section;
◼ bending moment, M, which bends the material; and
◼ twisting moment (torque), T, which twists the material about its
central axis.
Introduction
四个
Fundamental concepts and principles-Mechanics of重要思想
rigid
bodies
The Parallelogram Law for the Addition of Forces
This states that two forces acting on a particle may be replaced by a
single force, called their resultant , obtained by drawing the diagonal
of the parallelogram which has sides equal to the given forces
The Principle of Transmissibility.

This states that the conditions of equilibrium or of motion of a rigid
body will remain unchanged if a force acting at a given point of the
rigid body is replaced by a force of the same magnitude and same
direction, but acting at a different point, provided that the two forces
have the same line of action

Introduction
四个
Fundamental concepts and principles-Mechanics of重要思想
rigid
bodies
Newton’s Three Fundamental Laws
𝑭 = 𝑴𝒂
𝑮𝒎
𝑭= 𝟐
𝒓

Statics of Particles
四个
重要思想
The brain is wider than the sky
Emily Dickinson
四个
Force on a particle. Resultant of two forces 重要思想
A force represents the action of one body on another and is
generally characterized by its point of application , its
magnitude , and its direction.
Forces acting on a given particle, however, have the same
point of application. Each force can be completely defined
by its magnitude and direction

四个
◼ Experimental evidence shows that two forces P and Q

acting on a particle A can be replaced by a single force R
which has the same effect on the particle. This force is
called the resultant of the forces P and Q

四个
The two forces P and Q act on a bolt A . Determine their

resultant.
𝑅 = 97.73 𝑁
𝜃 = 15.04 0 + 20 0 = 35.04 0
四个
A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If the resultant of the

forces exerted by the tugboats is a 200kg force directed
along the axis of the barge, determine the tension in each of
the ropes knowing that α = 45
𝑇1 = 146.41 𝑘𝑔 𝑇2 = 103.53 𝑘𝑔
四个
Two structural members B and C are bolted to the重要思想
bracket A.
Knowing that the tension in member B is 250kg and that the
tension in C is 200kg, determine the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force acting on the bracket
𝑅2
= 2002 + 2502 − 2 ∗ 200
∗ 250 cos(125)
= 400 𝑘𝑔
𝜃 = 40 − 30.8 = 9.2
四个
Rectangular components of a force:UNIT VECTORS
重要思想
F has been resolved into a component 𝐹𝑥 along the x

axis and a component 𝐹𝑦 along the y axis.
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑥 𝒊 + 𝐹𝑦 𝒋
四个
Rectangular components of a force:UNIT VECTORS
重要思想
𝐹𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Tan 𝜃 =
𝐹𝑦
The magnitude F of the force can be obtained by

applying the Pythagorean theorem and writing
𝐹= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2

四个
Addition of forces by summing X and Y components
重要思想
Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the

resultant of the forces on the bolt.

四个
Equilibrium of a particle. Free-body diagrams 重要思想
Determine the tension in each of the ropes AB and AC

四个
Determine the tension in each of the ropes AB and AC

四个
Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown.

Knowing that P = 500 N and α = 60°, determine the
tension in AC and BC.

四个
Rectangular components of a force in space 重要思想
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 cos𝜃𝑦
𝐹ℎ = 𝐹sin𝜃𝑦
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹ℎ cos𝜙 = 𝐹sin𝜃𝑦 cos𝜙
𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹ℎ sin𝜙 = 𝐹sin𝜃𝑦 sin𝜙

四个
Rectangular components of a force in space 重要思想
Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown.

Knowing that P = 500 N and α = 60°, determine the
tension in AC and BC.
四个
重要思想

Rigid Bodies:
Equivalent Systems of Forces
四个
重要思想
The brain is wider than the sky
Emily Dickinson
Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Systems of Forces
Introduction
Most of the bodies considered in elementary

mechanics are assumed to be rigid, a rigid body
being defined as one which does not deform.
Actual structures and machines, however, are never

absolutely rigid and deform under the loads to
which they are subjected.

Introduction
Two important concepts associated with the effect

of a force on a rigid body are the moment of a
force about a point and the moment of a force
about an axis.
Since the determination of these quantities involves

the computation of vector products and scalar
products of two vectors, the fundamentals of vector
Algebra will be introduced

External and internal forces
The external forces represent the action of other

bodies on the rigid body under consideration. They
are entirely responsible for the external behavior of
the rigid body. They will either cause it to move or
ensure that it remains at rest.
The internal forces are the forces which hold

together the particles forming the rigid body. If the
rigid body is structurally composed of several parts,
the forces holding the component parts together are
also defined as internal forces
External forces

Principle of transmissibility: Equivalent forces
The principle of transmissibility states that the conditions

of equilibrium or motion of a rigid body will remain
unchanged if a force F acting at a given point of the rigid
body is replaced by a force F’ of the same magnitude and
same direction, but acting at a different point, provided that
the two forces have the same line of action.

Principle of transmissibility: Equivalent forces

The two forces F and F’ have the same effect on the rigid
body and are said to be equivalent . This principle, which
states that the action of a force may be transmitted along
its line of action, is based on experimental evidence.

Vector product of two vectors

In order to gain a better understanding of the effect of a force
on a rigid body, a new concept, the concept of a moment of a
force about a point , will be introduced at this time. This
concept will be more clearly understood, and applied more
effectively, if we first add to the mathematical tools at our
disposal the vector product of two vectors.

The vector product of two vectors P and Q is
defined as the vector V which satisfies the following
conditions.
The line of action of V is perpendicular to the plane
containing P and Q
The magnitude of V is the product of the magnitudes
of P and Q and of the sine of the angle 𝜃 formed by
P and Q .
𝑽 = 𝑷𝑸𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
The direction of V is obtained from the right-hand

rule. Close your right hand and hold it so that your
fingers are curled in the same sense as the rotation
through 𝜃 which brings the vector P in line with the
vector Q; your thumb will then indicate the
direction of the vector V

𝑽=𝑷x𝑸
When two vectors P and Q have V either the same

direction or opposite directions, their vector product
is zero.
The magnitude of V is the product of the magnitudes

of P and Q and of the sine of the angle 𝜃 formed by
P and Q .

The magnitude V of the vector

product of P and Q is equal to the
area of the parallelogram which has
P and Q for sides .
The vector product P X Q will therefore remain

unchanged if we replace Q by a vector Q’ which is
coplanar with P and Q and such that the line
joining the tips of Q and Q’ is parallel to P .
𝑽 = 𝑷 𝑿 𝑸 = 𝑷 𝑿 𝑸’
𝑽=𝑸𝑿𝑷=− 𝑷𝑿𝑸
The vector product P X Q will therefore remain

unchanged if we replace Q by a vector Q’ which is
coplanar with P and Q and such that the line
joining the tips of Q and Q’ is parallel to P .

Vector products expressed in terms of rectangular components
Let us now determine the vector product of any two

of the unit vectors i , j , and k
𝒊𝐱𝒋=𝒌 𝒋 𝐱 𝒊 = −𝒌
𝒊𝐱𝒊=𝟎 𝒋 𝐱 𝒊 = −𝒌 𝒌𝐱𝒊=𝒋
𝒊𝐱𝒋=𝒌 𝒋𝐱𝒋=𝟎 𝒌 𝐱 𝒋 = −𝒊
𝒊 𝐱 𝒌 = −𝐣 𝒋𝐱𝒌=𝒊 𝒌𝐱𝒌=𝟎

We can now easily express the vector product V of two

given vectors P and Q in terms of the rectangular
components of these vectors. Resolving P and Q into
components, we first write
𝑽=𝑷𝐱𝑸
= 𝑃𝑥 𝐢 + 𝑃𝒚 𝐣 + 𝑃𝑧 𝐤 𝐱
𝑄𝑥 𝐢 + 𝑄𝑦 𝐣 + 𝑄𝑧 𝐤
𝐕 = 𝑽𝒙 + 𝑽𝒚 + 𝑽𝒛
𝐕
= 𝑷𝒚 𝑸𝒛 − 𝑷𝒛 𝑸𝒚 𝒊
+ 𝑷𝒛 𝑸𝒙 − 𝑷𝒙 𝑸𝒛 𝒋
+ 𝑷𝒙 𝑸𝒚 − 𝑷𝒚 𝑸𝒙 𝒌

The vector product V can thus be expressed in the

following form, which is more easily memorized
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
𝐕 = 𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑦 𝑃𝑧
𝑄𝑥 𝑄𝑦 𝑄𝑧

Moment of a force about a point
Let us now consider a force F acting

on a rigid body. As we know, the force
F is represented by a vector which
defines its magnitude and direction.
However, the effect of the force on the
rigid body depends also upon its point
of application A . The position of A
can be conveniently defined by the
vector r which joins the fixed
reference point O with A

We will define the moment of F about O as the vector

product of r and F
𝑴𝟎 = 𝒓 𝐱 𝑭
The moment 𝑀0 must be perpendicular to the plane
containing O and the force F. The sense of 𝑀0 is
defined by the sense of the rotation which will bring the
vector r in line with the vector F ; this rotation will
be observed as counterclockwise by an observer located
at the tip of 𝑀0
Finally, denoting by u the angle between the lines of

action of the position vector r and the force F , we find
that the magnitude of the moment of F about O is
𝑴𝟎 = 𝑟𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑑
where d represents the perpendicular distance from O to

the line of action of F

The magnitude of 𝑀0 measures the tendency of the force

F to make the rigid body rotate about a fixed axis directed
along 𝑀0

Varignon’s theorem
The moment about a given point O of the resultant of

several concurrent forces is equal to the sum of the
moments of the various forces about the same point O .
𝒓 𝐱 (𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 + 𝑭𝟑
+ 𝑭𝟒 + ⋯ … … . )
= 𝒓 𝐱 𝑭𝟏 + 𝒓 𝐱 𝑭𝟐 +……

Rectangular components of the moment of a force
The moment about a given point O of the resultant of

several concurrent forces is equal to the sum of the
moments of the various forces about the same point O .
𝒓 = 𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 + 𝑧𝐤
𝑭 = 𝐹𝑥 𝐢 + 𝐹𝑦 𝐣 + 𝐹𝑧 𝐤
𝑴𝟎 = 𝒓 𝐱 𝑭
𝑴𝟎 = 𝑀𝑥 𝐢 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐣 + 𝑀𝑧 𝐤
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
𝑴𝟎 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑧

To compute the moment 𝑴𝑩

about an arbitrary point B of
a force F applied at A
𝑴𝑩 = 𝒓𝐴Τ𝐵 𝐱 𝑭
𝑴𝑩 = 𝒓𝐴 − 𝒓𝑩 𝐱 𝑭
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
𝑴𝑩 = 𝑥𝐴Τ𝐵 𝑦𝐴Τ𝐵 𝑧𝐴Τ𝐵
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑧 Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG
𝑥𝐴Τ𝐵 = 𝑥𝐴 − 𝑥𝐵
𝑦𝐴Τ𝐵 = 𝑦𝐴 − 𝑦𝐵
𝑧𝐴Τ𝐵 = 𝑧𝐴 − 𝑧𝐵

Example
A force of 800 N acts on a bracket as shown. Determine
the moment of the force about B
𝒓𝐴Τ𝐵 = −0.2 𝐢 + 0.16 𝐣
0 0
𝑭 = 800 cos 60 𝐢 + 800 sin 60 𝐣
𝑭 = 400 𝐢 + 693𝐣
Example
𝑴𝑩 = −0.2 𝐢 + 0.16 𝐣 𝐱 400 𝐢 + 693𝐣
𝑴𝑩 = −202.6 𝑁. m
0 0
𝑭 = 800 cos 60 𝐢 + 800 sin 60 𝐣
𝑭 = 400 𝐢 + 693𝐣
Pin-Jointed Frames
四个
重要思想
Successful and unsuccessful

people do not vary greatly in
their abilities. They vary in
their desires to reach their
potential. – John Maxwell

Pin-Jointed Frames
Introduction
The use of beams/plate-girders does not always

provide the most economic or suitable structural
solution when spanning large openings.
In buildings which have lightly loaded, long span roofs,

when plated structures are impractical, or for
aesthetic/architectural reasons, the use of roof trusses,
lattice girders or space-frames may be more appropriate

Pin-Jointed Frames
Introduction
Trusses, generally, transfer their loads by inducing

axial tension or compressive forces in the individual
members.
The magnitude and sense of these forces can be

determined using standard methods of analysis such
as ‘the method of sections’,‘the method of joint-
resolution’, ‘the method of tension coefficients’ or the
use of ‘computer software’.

Pin-Jointed Frames
Introduction
Trusses, generally, transfer their loads by inducing

axial tension or compressive forces in the individual
members.
The magnitude and sense of these forces can be

determined using standard methods of analysis such
as ‘the method of sections’,‘the method of joint-
resolution’, ‘the method of tension coefficients’ or the
use of ‘computer software’.

Pin-Jointed Frames
Introduction
The sign convention adopted to indicate ties (i.e. tension

members) and struts (i.e. compression members).

Pin-Jointed Frames
Method of Sections
The method involves considering an imaginary section line

which cuts the frame under consideration into two parts

Pin-Jointed Frames
Method of Sections
Step 1: Evaluate the support reactions. It is not necessary to

know any information regarding the frame members at this
stage other than dimensions
𝐻𝐴 = 0
𝑉𝐴 = 15 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝐵 = 15 𝐾𝑁

Pin-Jointed Frames
Method of Sections
Step 2: Select a section through which the frame can be
considered to be cut and using the same three equations of
equilibrium determine the magnitude and sense of the
unknown forces (i.e. the internal forces in the cut members).

Pin-Jointed Frames
Method of Sections
It is convenient to assume all unknown forces to be
tensile and hence at the cut section their direction and
lines of action are considered to be pointing away from
the joints
The application of the equations of equilibrium to either

part of the cut frame will enable the forces X(FDE) , Y(FEI)
and Z(FHI) to be evaluated.

Pin-Jointed Frames
Method of Sections
Note: The section considered must not cut through more
than three members with unknown internal forces
𝐹𝐸𝐼 = 7.07 𝐾𝑁
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = −20.0 𝐾𝑁
𝐹𝐻𝐼 = 15. 0 𝐾𝑁

Pin-Jointed Frames
Method of Joint Resolution

Pin-Jointed Frames
Method of Joint Resolution
𝐹𝐹𝐺 = −15 𝐾𝑁 𝐹𝐹𝐻 = 21.21 𝐾𝑁 𝐹𝐸𝐻 = −15.0 𝐾𝑁
𝐹𝐺𝐻 = 0 𝐾𝑁 𝐹𝐸𝐹 = −15.0 𝐾𝑁 𝐹𝐻𝐼 = 15.0 𝐾𝑁
𝐹𝐸𝐼 = 7.07 𝐾𝑁 𝐹𝐷𝐸 = −20.0Civil

𝐾𝑁and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG
Pin-Jointed Frames
Determine the support reactions and the forces in the

members of the pin-jointed frames indicated by the ‘*’

Pin-Jointed Frames


Pin-Jointed Frames


Thank you

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Mechanics of Materials 1

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Examples in Structural Analysis

Structural and Stress Analysis

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Mechanics can be defined as that science which describes

It is divided into three parts: mechanics of rigid bodies,

The mechanics of deformable bodies, structures and machines,

The third division of mechanics, the mechanics of fluids, is

In stress analysis, a force can be categorized as either external or

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

The magnitude of the moment of a force acting about a point or axis

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

◼ normal force, F, which is perpendicular to the cross-section;

The Principle of Transmissibility.

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

The brain is wider than the sky

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

◼ Experimental evidence shows that two forces P and Q

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

The two forces P and Q act on a bolt A . Determine their

A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If the resultant of the

F has been resolved into a component 𝐹𝑥 along the x

The magnitude F of the force can be obtained by

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Determine the tension in each of the ropes AB and AC

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Determine the tension in each of the ropes AB and AC

Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown.

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹ℎ cos𝜙 = 𝐹sin𝜃𝑦 cos𝜙

𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹ℎ sin𝜙 = 𝐹sin𝜃𝑦 sin𝜙

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown.

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

The brain is wider than the sky

Most of the bodies considered in elementary

Actual structures and machines, however, are never

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Two important concepts associated with the effect

Since the determination of these quantities involves

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

External and internal forces

The external forces represent the action of other

The internal forces are the forces which hold

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Principle of transmissibility: Equivalent forces

The principle of transmissibility states that the conditions

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Principle of transmissibility: Equivalent forces

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Vector product of two vectors

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

The direction of V is obtained from the right-hand

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG